Bajusz / Alexander / Bacq Physiology and Pathology of Adaptation Mechanisms

Neural - Neuroendocrine - Humoral
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-8598-9
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 598 Seiten, Web PDF

Physiology and Pathology of Adaptation Mechanisms: Neural - Neuroendocrine - Humoral is a collection of papers that covers various aspects of the vital physiologic mechanisms involved in adaptive reactions. The title first covers the development of regulatory processes, and then proceeds to tackling the regulatory and adaptive functions of the pituitary-adrenocortical system. Next, the selection deals with the regulation of adaptive hormones, along with topics about adaptation to environmental temperature variation. The text also deals with the neural, neuroendocrine, and hormonal regulatory and adaptation mechanisms. The book will be of great interest to researchers and practitioners of biology and medicine. Other evolutionary scientists will also benefit from the text.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Bajusz, Eörs

Alexander, P.

Bacq, Z. M.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Physiology and Pathology of Adaptation Mechanisms: Neural – Neuroendocrine – Humoral;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;The Contributors;8
6;Foreword;10
7;PART I: DEVELOPMENT OF REGULATORY PROCESSES;16
7.1;Chapter 1. Interrelationships Between the Fetal and Maternal Hypophyseal-Adrenal Axes in Rats and Mice;18
7.1.1;INTRODUCTION;18
7.1.2;THE ROLE OF THE FETAL HYPOPHYSIS IN THE GROWTH OF THE ADRENAL;19
7.1.3;FUNCTIONING OF THE FETAL ADRENAL;21
7.1.4;MATERNAL HORMONAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FETAL ADRENAL;22
7.1.5;HYPERTROPHY OF THE FETAL ADRENAL AFTER MATERNAL ADRENALECTOMY;26
7.1.6;CHANGES IN THE SIZE OF THE ADRENAL JUST BEFORE AND JUST AFTER BIRTH;28
7.1.7;THE FEED-BACK MECHANISM IN FETAL AND NEONATAL HYPOPHYSEAL-ADRENAL AXES;32
7.1.8;SUMMARY;35
7.1.9;REFERENCES;36
7.2;Chapter 2. Responsiveness of the Pituitary-Adrenocortical System During Embryonic and Early Postnatal Periods of Life;43
7.2.1;I. INTRODUCTION;43
7.2.2;II. RESPONSIVENESS OF THE FETAL PITUITARY-ADRENOCORTICAL SYSTEM;44
7.2.3;III. PITUITARY-ADRENOCORTICAL SYSTEM DURING THE FLRST FEW DAYS OF POSTNATAL LIFE;48
7.2.4;IV. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS;51
7.2.5;V. SUMMARY;55
7.2.6;REFERENCES;56
7.3;Chapter 3. Development of Metabolic Processes and Their Adaptations During Postnatal Life;63
7.3.1;METABOLIC ADAPTATION TO FOOD CHANGES DURING EARLY LIFE;64
7.3.2;EFFECT OF EARLY NUTRITION ON THE APPEARANCE OF PATHOLOGIC CHANGES LATER IN LIFE;76
7.3.3;REFERENCES;80
7.4;Chapter 4. Environmental Factors Influencing Mammalian Growth;89
7.4.1;SUMMARY;99
7.4.2;REFERENCES;99
8;PART II: THE PITUITARY-ADRENOCORTICAL SYSTEM, ITS REGULATION AND ADAPTIVE FUNCTIONS;102
8.1;Chapter 5. The Pituitary-Adrenocortical System, its Regulation and Adaptive Functions;104
8.1.1;INTRODUCTION;104
8.1.2;PRINCIPLES OF NEUROENDOCRINE REGULATION OF ADAPTIVE MECHANISMS;110
8.1.3;NEURAL AND NEUROENDOCRINIE COMPONENTS IN REGULATION OF PITUITARY- ACTH SECRETION;113
8.1.4;ACTH RELEASING NEUROHUMORAL FACTORS IN THE CNS;125
8.1.5;HORMONAL AND OTHER POSSIBLE HUMORAL FACTORS IN THE REGULATION OF HYPOPHYSEAL-ADRENOCORTICAL ACTIVITIES;130
8.1.6;ADAPTATION AND RESISTANCE TO STRESS;139
8.1.7;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;147
8.1.8;REFERENCES;150
8.2;Chapter 6. Influence of Limbic System and Related Structures on the Pituitary-Adrenal Axis;161
8.2.1;1. EFFECT OF BRAINSTEM AND LIMBIC STIMULATION ON ADRENAL VENOUS CORTICOSTEROID RELEASE IN THE ACUTE ENCÉPHALE ISOLÉ CAT PREPARATION;162
8.2.2;II. EFFECT OF BRAINSTEM STIMULATION ON ACTH RELEASE IN CHRONIC CAT PREPARATIONS;164
8.2.3;III. EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS OR INTRACEREBRAL INJECTION OF HYDROCORTISONE ON SPONTANEOUS UNIT ACTIVITY IN THE MIDBRAIN OR DIENCEPHALON;171
8.2.4;DISCUSSION;180
8.2.5;SUMMARY;184
8.2.6;REFERENCES;185
8.3;Chapter 7. Determinants of Individual Differences in the Steroid Response to Stress;188
8.3.1;REFERENCES;200
8.4;Chapter 8. Adaptation Reaction to Ionizing Radiation;202
8.4.1;I. REACTIONS OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX;202
8.4.2;II. HYPOTHALAMO-PITUITARY CONTROL;207
8.4.3;III. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NEURO-ENDOCRINE REACTION TO IRRADIATION;212
8.4.4;V. UNSOLVED PROBLEMS;216
8.4.5;REFERENCES;216
8.5;Chapter 9. Mediated and Direct Effects of ACTH and Corticosteroids in Stress;221
8.5.1;EXTRA-ADRENAL EFFECTS OF ACTH ON THE METABOLISM OF CORTICOSTEROIDS;222
8.5.2;OTHER EXTRA-ADRENAL EFFECTS OF ACTH;225
8.5.3;DISCUSSION;227
8.5.4;REFERENCES;228
8.6;Chapter 10. Difference in Emotional Behaviour and in Function of the Endocrine System in Genetically-Different Strains of Albino Rats;231
8.6.1;INTRODUCTION;231
8.6.2;DIFFERENCES IN EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOUR;233
8.6.3;EFFECTS ON THYROID FUNCTION;234
8.6.4;SECONDARY CHANGES DUE TO ALTERED THYROID FUNCTION;238
8.6.5;BEHAVIOURAL CHANGES AFTER TREATMENT WITH DRUGS ACTING ON THE THYROID;241
8.6.6;EFFECTS ON ADRENAL FUNCTION;243
8.6.7;EFFECT ON GONADS;247
8.6.8;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;247
8.6.9;REFERENCES;248
9;PART Ill: REGULATION OF "ADAPTIVE HORMONES" OTHER THAN ACTH;252
9.1;Chapter 11. Storage and Release of Neurohypophysial Hormones with Special Reference to the Fine Structure of the Vertebrate Posterior Pituitary;254
9.1.1;I. DISTRIBUTION OF NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL PEPTIDES IN THE VERTEBRATES;254
9.1.2;II. QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL HORMONE STORAGE;257
9.1.3;III. MORPHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF HORMONE STORAGE;261
9.1.4;IV. RELEASE OF VASOPRESSIN AND OXYTOCIN;267
9.1.5;REFERENCES;287
9.2;Chapter 12. The Secretion of Neurohypophysial Hormones in Mammals and Man;294
9.2.1;REFERENCES;305
9.3;Chapter 13. Hypothalamic Influence on Pituitary Thyrotrophic Function;308
9.3.1;SUMMARY;319
9.3.2;REFERENCES;319
9.4;Chapter 14. Studies on Gonadotropin Release During Stressful Situations and the Role of the Central Nervous System;322
9.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;322
9.4.2;2. GENERAL REMARKS;322
9.4.3;3. EXTERNAL FACTORS AND GTH SECRETION;324
9.4.4;4. CORTICOID LEVELS DURING THE MENSTRUAL AND ESTROUS CYCLES;326
9.4.5;5. RELEASE OF PITUITARY TROPHIC HORMONES;327
9.4.6;6. CNS AND GTH SECRETION;330
9.4.7;7. CONCLUSIONS;332
9.4.8;REFERENCES;332
9.5;Chapter 15. Neural Factors in Lactation;339
9.5.1;INTRODUCTION;339
9.5.2;PARTICIPATION OF THE CNS IN LACTOGENESIS;340
9.5.3;ROLE OF THE CNS IN THE MAINTENANCE OF MILK SECRETION;347
9.5.4;MILK REMOVAL;356
9.5.5;REFERENCES;368
10;PART IV: ADAPTATION TO ENVIRONMENTALTEMPERATURE VARIATIONS;376
10.1;Chapter 16. Catecholamines, Corticosteroids and Thyroid Hormones in Nonshivering Thermogenesis under Different Environmental Conditions;378
10.1.1;ADAPTATION TO CONSTANT LOW TEMPERATURE IN THE LABORATORY;378
10.1.2;ADAPTATION TO OUTDOOR SEASONAL CLIMATIC CHANGES;384
10.1.3;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;389
10.1.4;REFERENCES;391
10.2;Chapter 17. Physiological Adjustment to Cold;397
10.2.1;INTRODUCTION;397
10.2.2;METABOLISM AND SHIVERING ADJUSTMENTS;399
10.2.3;BASAL METABOLIC RATE ADJUSTMENTS;408
10.2.4;BODY TEMPERATURE ADJUSTMENTS;409
10.2.5;SURFACE TEMPERATURE ADJUSTMENTS;410
10.2.6;MECHANISMS AND SOURCES OF NONSHIVERING THERMOGENESIS;410
10.2.7;DISCUSSION;415
10.2.8;REFERENCES;418
10.3;Chapter 18. Interrelationships of Low Environmental Temperatures on the Actions of Drugs;421
10.3.1;INTRODUCTION;421
10.3.2;COLD EXPOSURE;422
10.3.3;COLD-ACCLIMATION;422
10.3.4;DRUG STUDIES;423
10.3.5;NORADRENALINE;424
10.3.6;CHLORPROMAZINE;429
10.3.7;SODIUM SALICYLATE;434
10.3.8;GENERAL DISCUSSION;436
10.3.9;REFERENCES;438
10.4;Chapter 19. Neural Mechanism of Thermal Regulation under Normal Living Conditions;441
10.4.1;1. INNATE THERMOREGULATION PATTERNS;441
10.4.2;2. THERMOREGULATORY CONDITIONED REFLEXES IN LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS;446
10.4.3;3. NATURAL THERMOREGULATORY CONDITIONED REFLEXES;450
10.4.4;4. PHYSIOLOGIC ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF NATURAL METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS;456
10.4.5;5. THE INFLUENCE OF INTEROCEPTIVE SIGNALS AND MUSCULAR WORK ON THERMOREGULATION;458
10.4.6;6. ON THE MECHANISM OF THERMAL ADAPTATION;460
10.4.7;CONCLUSION;462
10.4.8;REFERENCES;462
11;PART V: NEURAL, NEUROENDOCRINE AND HUMORAL REGULATORY AND ADAPTATION MECHANISMS; SOME SELECTED EXAMPLES;468
11.1;Chapter 20. The Nature of Adaptive Reactions and Their Initiation;470
11.1.1;THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ADAPTIVE REACTIONS AND THE DEFINITION OF TERMS;470
11.1.2;EXAMPLES OF ADAPTIVE REACTIONS IN INDIVIDUAL TISSUES AND CELLS—ACCOMMODATION;471
11.1.3;EXAMPLES OF MATURATION OF THE ABILITY OF THE TOTAL ORGANISM TO ADAPT TO ENVIRONMENTAL EXTREMES;475
11.1.4;SUMMARY;478
11.1.5;REFERENCES;479
11.2;Chapter 21. The Receptor Hypothesis of Gene Action;483
11.2.1;LAMARCKIAN PROTEINS;483
11.2.2;THREE PHASES IN THE ORIGIN OF LIFE;484
11.2.3;THE MZ GENE-SYSTEM IN SACCHAROMYCES;485
11.2.4;THE TOPOLOGY OF THE RECEPTOR;487
11.2.5;REPRESSORS, CRYPTIC ENZYMES AND STRUCTURAL GENES;488
11.2.6;SUMMARY;491
11.2.7;REFERENCES;491
11.3;Chapter 22. Neuro-Hormonal Control of Feeding Behavior;493
11.3.1;1. STRUCTURE AND LOCATION OF THE CONTROLLING NERVOUS CENTERS;494
11.3.2;II. INFORMATION FROM THE "MILIEU INTERIEUR" IN THE CONTROL OF FEEDING BEHAVIOR;503
11.3.3;III. NEURAL MECHANISMS OF HIGHER INTEGRATION AND NEURO-MOTOR ACCOMPLISHMENT OF FEEDING BEHAVIOR;512
11.3.4;GENERAL CONCLUSION;517
11.3.5;REFERENCES;520
11.4;Chapter 23. Neurohormonal Factors in the Development of Sleep;526
11.4.1;REFERENCES;539
11.5;Chapter 24. The Role of the Pineal Gland in Environmental Adaptation;541
11.5.1;I. INTRODUCTION;541
11.5.2;II. EVOLUTION AND STRUCTURAL RELATIONS;542
11.5.3;III. BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS;545
11.5.4;IV. RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENT AND PHYSIOLOGY;548
11.5.5;V. PROBLEMS IN PINEAL DENERVATION;551
11.5.6;VI. SPURIOUS EFFECTS IN PINEAL EXPERIMENTATION;553
11.5.7;VII. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS;554
11.5.8;VIII. CONCLUSIONS;563
11.5.9;REFERENCES;564
11.6;Chapter 25. The Cerebrospinal Fluid as Possible Transmitter Medium;584
11.6.1;INTRODUCTION;584
11.6.2;ANATOMY OF THE C.S.F. SPACE AND ITS LINING;584
11.6.3;PRODUCTION, COMPOSITION, AND CIRCULATION OF THE C.S.F.;588
11.6.4;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION;591
11.6.5;REFERENCES;592
11.7;Chapter 26. Role of Hypoglycemic State in Immune Responses;594
11.7.1;INTRODUCTION;594
11.7.2;EFFECTS OF HYPOGLYCEMIA ON SENSITIZATION;597
11.7.3;EFFECTS OF HYPOGLYCEMIA ON HISTAMINE ACTIONS;602
11.7.4;DISCUSSION;606
11.7.5;REFERENCES;608
12;Index;612