E-Book, Englisch, Band 180/4, 959 Seiten
Reihe: Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs [TiLSM]ISSN
Baldi / Cuzzolin Complex Sentences, Grammaticalization, Typology
1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-3-11-025341-2
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
Volume 4: Complex Sentences, Grammaticalization, Typology
E-Book, Englisch, Band 180/4, 959 Seiten
Reihe: Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs [TiLSM]ISSN
ISBN: 978-3-11-025341-2
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
is the fourth in a set of four volumes dealing with the long-term evolution of Latin syntax, roughly from the 4th century BCE up to the 6th century CE. As in the other volumes, the non-technical style and extensive illustration with classical examples makes the content readable and immediately useful to the widest audience.
Zielgruppe
Latinists, Classical Philologists, Historical Linguists, Indo-Europeanists
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Acknowledgments;5
2;List of abbreviations;29
3;Epilegomena;35
3.1;1. Retrospective;35
3.2;2. Volume 4;39
4;Adverbial subordination: Introductory overview;45
4.1;1. Introduction;45
4.2;2. The concept of subordination: Adverbial phrases and studies of relations;45
4.3;3. Treatment of adverbial clauses;46
4.3.1;3.1. Purpose and result;47
4.3.2;3.2. Conditionals and concessives;48
4.3.3;3.3. Causals;49
4.3.4;3.4. Temporals;50
4.3.5;3.5. Comparatives;51
5;Purpose and result clauses;53
5.1;1. Introduction: Clarification of previous concepts and methodologies;53
5.2;2. Function and possible syntactic structures;55
5.2.1;2.1. Vt + subjunctive;57
5.2.2;2.2. Non-finite forms;60
5.2.3;2.3. Relative connector-clause;64
5.2.3.1;2.3.1. Generic relative in purpose clauses;64
5.2.3.2;2.3.2. Quo;66
5.2.3.3;2.3.3. The relative pronoun as an introductory element for result clauses;67
5.3;3. The semantic level;69
5.3.1;3.1. Characterizing semantic features;69
5.3.2;3.2. Analysis of the characterizing features;70
5.3.2.1;3.2.1. Possibility and Factuality;71
5.3.2.2;3.2.2. Control, intentionality, animacy, and prospectivity;75
5.3.2.3;3.2.3. The semantic value of the governing verb;80
5.3.3;3.3. Some related semantic relations;83
5.3.3.1;3.3.1. ‘Conditionals’;83
5.3.3.2;3.3.2. Comparative-Modal clauses;84
5.3.3.3;3.3.3. Causal clauses;86
5.3.4;3.4. Continuum in/between semantic relations;88
5.3.5;3.5. Recapitulation of semantic features;89
5.4;4. The syntactic level;90
5.4.1;4.1. Syntactic status;91
5.4.2;4.2. Analysis of (formal) features with syntactic implications;96
5.4.2.1;4.2.1. Correlation;96
5.4.2.2;4.2.2. First element of the correlation;98
5.4.2.3;4.2.3. Introductory element;101
5.4.2.4;4.2.4. Nominalization;107
5.4.2.5;4.2.5. Polarity;108
5.4.2.6;4.2.6. Verb tense;110
5.4.3;4.3. The syntactic function and the level of integration;115
5.5;References;119
6;Conditionals and concessives;127
6.1;1. Conditionals;127
6.1.1;1.1. Preliminary remarks;127
6.1.1.1;1.1.1. Paratactic conditionals;128
6.1.1.2;1.1.2. The origin of conditional clauses;131
6.1.1.3;1.1.3. Condensed conditions;133
6.1.2;1.2. Types of conditional clauses;135
6.1.2.1;1.2.1. The first type: Objectivity;135
6.1.2.2;1.2.2. The second type: Possibility;138
6.1.2.3;1.2.3. The third type: Unreality;139
6.1.3;1.3. Some historical considerations;142
6.1.4;1.4. Conditional perfection;145
6.1.4.1;1.4.1. Necessary and sufficient conditions;146
6.1.5;1.5. Exclusive nisi and exceptive nisi;148
6.1.5.1;1.5.1. Exclusive nisi;149
6.1.5.2;1.5.2. Exceptive nisi;149
6.1.5.3;1.5.3. Nisi and si non;152
6.1.5.4;1.5.4. Other negative conditional conjunctions: ni, si minus, sin;155
6.1.6;1.6. Speech act conditions;159
6.1.7;1.7. Complex conditional connectives;161
6.1.7.1;1.7.1. Speech act conditions introduced by si modo;161
6.1.7.2;1.7.2. Si modo as a true condition;162
6.1.7.3;1.7.3. Si tamen;163
6.1.7.4;1.7.4. Si quidem;167
6.1.8;1.8. The relationship between condition and cause;169
6.1.9;1.9. Epistemic conditionals;171
6.2;2. Concessive clauses;173
6.2.1;2.1. Preliminary remarks;173
6.2.2;2.2. True concessives;177
6.2.2.1;2.2.1. Quamquam;178
6.2.2.2;2.2.2. Etsi;180
6.2.2.3;2.2.3. Tametsi;184
6.2.2.4;2.2.4. Tamenetsi;185
6.2.3;2.3. The rectifying function of quamquam, etsi, and tametsi;187
6.2.4;2.4. Concessive conditionals;190
6.2.4.1;2.4.1. Quamuis;190
6.2.4.2;2.4.2. Etiamsi (etiam si);195
6.2.5;2.5. Contextual concessivity;198
6.2.5.1;2.5.1. Si-clauses;198
6.2.5.2;2.5.2. The exclusive disjunction siue ... siue ‘whether ... or not’;199
6.2.5.3;2.5.3. The type quisquis est ‘whoever it may be’;201
6.2.5.4;2.5.4. Cum-clauses;202
6.2.5.5;2.5.5. Vt-clauses;204
6.2.6;2.6. Concession in paratactic and coordinate structures;206
6.2.6.1;2.6.1. The correlative type quidem... sed (tamen);207
6.2.6.2;2.6.2. Concessive subjunctive;209
6.2.7;2.7. Licet;212
6.2.8;2.8. The concessive subordinators in Late Latin;215
6.3;References;217
7;Causal clauses;229
7.1;1. Causality and adverbial clauses;229
7.2;2. Two semantic types of causal clauses;231
7.3;3. Types of causal conjunctions in Latin;235
7.4;4. Processes of grammaticalization of the Latin causal conjunctions;238
7.4.1;4.1. Primary causal conjunctions;238
7.4.1.1;4.1.1. The conjunction quod;238
7.4.1.2;4.1.2. The conjunctions quia, cur, quare;240
7.4.2;4.2. Causal conjunctions with a temporal origin;242
7.4.2.1;4.2.1. Quoniam, quando, dum;243
7.4.2.2;4.2.2. Cum, ubi, postquam;245
7.4.3;4.3. Causal conjunctions with origins in manner;246
7.4.4;4.4. Causal conjunctions, finals, and quantifiers;248
7.5;5. Distributional properties of quod-quia vs. quoniam;249
7.5.1;5.1. Possibilities of coordination;250
7.5.2;5.2. Answer to a causal interrogative;251
7.5.3;5.3. Use of correlatives;251
7.5.4;5.4. Quod and quia as complementizers;252
7.5.5;5.5. Focalization;254
7.5.6;5.6. Scope of illocutionary force and of negation;255
7.5.7;5.7. Use of the subjunctive;256
7.5.8;5.8. The consecutio temporum;257
7.5.9;5.9. Word order;258
7.6;6. Diachronic interferences and changes;260
7.6.1;6.1. Quia instead of quoniam;260
7.6.2;6.2. Quoniam instead of quia;261
7.6.3;6.3. Quod and eo quod, pro eo quod, pro quod;262
8;Temporal clauses;269
8.1;1. Time and the temporal clause;269
8.1.1;1.1. The basic concept of time and the temporal clause;269
8.1.2;1.2. Semantic and pragmatic extensions of temporal clauses;272
8.1.3;1.3. Temporal clauses and clause-linking;275
8.1.3.1;1.3.1. Hierarchization;275
8.1.3.2;1.3.2. Desententialization and tense/mood;279
8.1.3.3;1.3.3. Desententialization and aspect;282
8.2;2. The time network in Latin;287
8.3;3. Temporal subordinators;293
8.3.1;3.1. Morphology and multifunctionality;294
8.3.2;3.2. Categories of diachronic input;296
8.3.2.1;3.2.1. Simple subordinators;297
8.3.2.1.1;3.2.1.1. Subordinators that derive from the relative;297
8.3.2.1.2;3.2.1.2. Dum;300
8.3.2.1.3;3.2.1.3. Simplicity;302
8.3.2.2;3.2.2. Complex subordinators;302
8.3.2.2.1;3.2.2.1. Postquam;302
8.3.2.2.2;3.2.2.2. Comparative constructions;303
8.3.2.2.3;3.2.2.3. Ex quo;306
8.3.3;3.3. Between Old Latin and Classical Latin: cum + subjunctive;307
8.3.3.1;3.3.1. The subjunctive in the relative clause;309
8.3.3.2;3.3.2. From relative clause to cum causale/historicum;315
8.3.4;3.4. The subordinators in Late Latin;320
8.4;4. Time location;328
8.4.1;4.1. Simultaneity overlap, anteriority, immediate anteriority;328
8.4.1.1;4.1.1. Semantics;328
8.4.1.2;4.1.2. Expression formats;330
8.4.1.2.1;4.1.2.1. SIOVER;331
8.4.1.2.2;4.1.2.2. ANTE;334
8.4.1.2.3;4.1.2.3. IMANTE;336
8.4.1.2.4;4.1.2.4. Temporal distance;338
8.4.2;4.2. Discourse functions;339
8.4.2.1;4.2.1. The cum historicum;341
8.4.2.2;4.2.2. Cum relativum and cum inversum;345
8.4.3;4.3. The cum historicum as “general subordinator”;348
8.4.4;4.4. Posteriority;353
8.4.4.1;4.4.1. Semantics;353
8.4.4.2;4.4.2. Expression formats;355
8.4.4.2.1;4.4.2.1. Clause position;355
8.4.4.2.2;4.4.2.2. Tense/aspect;356
8.4.4.2.3;4.4.2.3. Modality;358
8.5;5. Contingency;361
8.5.1;5.1. Semantics;361
8.5.1.1;5.1.1. Types of situational plurality;361
8.5.1.2;5.1.2. CONTING as a special case of situational plurality;363
8.5.1.3;5.1.3. The plurality continuum of iterative clauses;364
8.5.2;5.2. Expression formats;365
8.5.2.1;5.2.1. Subordinators;366
8.5.2.2;5.2.2. Tense and aspect;368
8.6;6. Time extent;371
8.6.1;6.1. Co-extensiveness and terminus ad quem;371
8.6.1.1;6.1.1. Semantics;372
8.6.1.2;6.1.2. Expression formats;375
8.6.1.2.1;6.1.2.1. Dum;378
8.6.1.2.2;6.1.2.2. Donec;381
8.6.1.2.3;6.1.2.3. Quoad;383
8.6.2;6.2. Terminus a quo;385
8.6.2.1;6.2.1. Semantics;385
8.6.2.2;6.2.2. Expression formats;386
8.7;7. Conclusion;390
8.7.1;7.1. Network-external relations;390
8.7.2;7.2. Temporal subordinators and network-internal relationships;391
9;Comparative clauses;407
9.1;1. Introduction;407
9.2;2. Comparative clauses of Degree;408
9.2.1;2.1. Definition and constituent parts;408
9.2.2;2.2. The comparee and the comparative predicate;410
9.2.3;2.3. The standard;412
9.2.4;2.4. The degree marker and the standard marker;416
9.2.4.1;2.4.1. Comparatives of inequality: Superiority and inferiority;416
9.2.4.2;2.4.2. Comparative constructions of equality, or equative constructions;422
9.2.5;2.5. Lexical comparison;425
9.2.6;2.6. Pseudo-comparative structures;426
9.2.7;2.7. Syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic status of comparative clauses of Degree;429
9.3;3. Comparative clauses of Manner;433
9.3.1;3.1. Definition and constituent parts;433
9.3.1.1;3.1.1. The comparee, the parameter, and the parameter marker;434
9.3.1.2;3.1.2. The standard and the standard marker;436
9.3.2;3.2. Functions of comparative clauses of Manner;442
9.3.2.1;3.2.1. Representational level;443
9.3.2.2;3.2.2. Interpersonal level;446
9.3.3;3.3. Syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic status of comparative clauses of Manner;453
9.4;References;454
10;Relative clauses;461
10.1;1. Definition and structure of the relative clause;461
10.1.1;1.1. Status quaestionis;461
10.1.2;1.2. Definition of relative clauses;462
10.1.2.1;1.2.1. Typological definitions;462
10.1.2.2;1.2.2. Structure of Latin relative clauses;463
10.1.3;1.3. Relative pronouns and relative adverbs;463
10.1.3.1;1.3.1. Types of relative pronouns and relative adverbs;463
10.1.3.2;1.3.2. Functions of relative pronouns;464
10.1.3.3;1.3.3. Etymology of relative pronouns;464
10.1.4;1.4. Relative clauses with a finite verb;466
10.1.4.1;1.4.1. Subjunctive by attractio modi;468
10.1.4.2;1.4.2. Subjunctive with a nonspecific value;470
10.1.4.3;1.4.3. The subjunctive in adverbial relative clauses;472
10.1.5;1.5. Relative clauses without a finite verb;475
10.1.5.1;1.5.1. Participles and relative clauses;477
10.2;2. Phenomenology of the pivot in the matrix clause and semantics of the relative clauses;482
10.2.1;2.1. Lexical head;486
10.2.1.1;2.1.1. Semantics of external-headed relative clauses;487
10.2.2;2.2. Pronominal and free relative clauses;489
10.2.2.1;2.2.1. Pronominal relative clauses;491
10.2.2.2;2.2.2. Free relative clauses;493
10.2.2.3;2.2.3. Syntactic status of free relative clauses;494
10.2.2.4;2.2.4. Semantics of free, pronominal, and internal-headed relative clauses;496
10.2.3;2.3. Relation between the pivot and the relative pronoun;498
10.2.3.1;2.3.1. Attractio inversa;502
10.2.3.2;2.3.2. Attractio relativi;506
10.3;3. Relative clause typology;507
10.3.1;3.1. Relativization operations;508
10.3.1.1;3.1.1. Subordination;508
10.3.1.2;3.1.2. Attribution;511
10.3.1.3;3.1.3. Empty-place formation;512
10.3.2;3.2. Accessibility hierarchy;513
10.3.2.1;3.2.1. The concept of an accessibility hierarchy;514
10.3.2.2;3.2.2. The accessibility hierarchy and Latin relative clauses;515
10.3.3;3.3. Relativization strategies;517
10.3.3.1;3.3.1. Nonreduction Strategy;519
10.3.3.2;3.3.2. Resumptive Pronoun Strategy;520
10.3.3.3;3.3.3. Relative Pronoun Strategy;521
10.3.3.4;3.3.4. Gap Strategy;522
10.3.3.5;3.3.5. Concurrence of strategies;523
10.3.3.6;3.3.6. Participle Strategy;523
10.3.4;3.4. Position of relative clauses;526
10.4;4. Relative clause typology in Latin;528
10.4.1;4.1. Preposed relative clauses;528
10.4.2;4.2. Prenominal relative clauses;533
10.4.3;4.3. Postposed relative clauses;536
10.4.3.1;4.3.1. Relative connection;539
10.4.4;4.4. Postnominal relative clauses;543
10.4.5;4.5. Circumnominal relative clauses;545
10.5;5. Evolution of the relative clause;549
10.5.1;5.1. An evolutionary hypothesis;552
10.5.1.1;5.1.1. Genesis of the correlative clause;553
10.5.1.2;5.1.2. Development of other types of relative clauses;556
10.5.1.3;5.1.3. Development of free relative clauses and relative clauses with a pronominal head;560
10.5.1.4;5.1.4. Genesis of different relativization strategies;561
10.5.2;5.2. Early Latin;563
10.5.3;5.3. Classical and post-Classical Latin;566
10.5.4;5.4. Late Latin;569
11;Comparative and superlative;583
11.1;1. Basic concepts;584
11.1.1;1.1. The structure of the gradation patterns;584
11.1.2;1.2. The structure of the basic comparative pattern;588
11.1.2.1;1.2.1. The elements of comparison;588
11.1.2.2;1.2.2. The interplay between morphology and syntax;593
11.1.3;1.3. The various comparative patterns;594
11.1.3.1;1.3.1. Sapir’s analysis of gradation;596
11.1.3.2;1.3.2. Comparison of majority;600
11.1.3.3;1.3.3. Comparison of equality;601
11.1.3.4;1.3.4. Comparison of minority;601
11.1.4;1.4. Superlative;602
11.1.5;1.5. Some terminological questions;608
11.2;2. A typological survey of the comparative constructions;608
11.2.1;2.1. The comparative;610
11.2.2;2.2. The typological patterns;611
11.2.3;2.3. The cognitive bases of the comparative patterns;613
11.2.3.1;2.3.1. The separative comparative and the particle comparative: A contrastive analysis;614
11.2.3.2;2.3.2. The conjoined comparative;617
11.2.3.3;2.3.3. The surpass (exceed) comparative;618
11.2.3.4;2.3.4. Concluding remarks on the typology of the comparatives;619
11.2.3.5;2.3.5. Comparatives of equality and minority;621
11.2.4;2.4. The typology of the superlative;621
11.3;3. Historical syntax of comparison from Proto-Indo-European to Latin;623
11.3.1;3.1. The scenario in Proto-Indo-European;623
11.3.1.1;3.1.1. Comparative;623
11.3.1.1.1;3.1.1.1. The morphological tools for comparison: Their form and function;626
11.3.1.1.2;3.1.1.2. The lexical tools for comparison: Their form and function;631
11.3.2;3.2. The syntax of comparison in Latin;635
11.3.2.1;3.2.1. The various patterns of comparison in Latin;635
11.3.2.2;3.2.2. Origin and function of the ablative of comparison;637
11.3.2.3;3.2.3. Origin and function of quam as pivot;639
11.3.2.4;3.2.4. Other minor prepositional patterns;640
11.3.3;3.3. The patterns of comparison in Latin;641
11.3.3.1;3.3.1. Conjoined comparative;641
11.3.3.2;3.3.2. Separative comparative;642
11.3.3.2.1;3.3.2.1. Genitive;645
11.3.3.2.2;3.3.2.2. Dative;649
11.3.3.2.3;3.3.2.3. Prepositional phrases;651
11.3.3.3;3.3.3. Particle comparative;660
11.3.3.4;3.3.4. Surpass comparative;662
11.3.3.4.1;3.3.4.1. The decay of the surpass comparative;666
11.3.4;3.4. Comparative of minority;667
11.3.4.1;3.4.1. Comparative of minority encoded by sub-;671
11.3.5;3.5. Comparative of equality;672
11.3.6;3.6. Superlative;674
11.3.6.1;3.6.1. The morphology of the superlative;674
11.3.6.2;3.6.2. The absolute superlative;675
11.3.6.2.1;3.6.2.1. Intensifiers with the superlative;676
11.3.6.2.2;3.6.2.2. The absolute superlative encoded by prefixes: Per- and prae-;677
11.3.6.2.3;3.6.2.3. The superlative reinforced by quam;680
11.3.6.3;3.6.3. The encoding of the standard;680
11.3.6.3.1;3.6.3.1. The standard in the genitive;680
11.3.6.4;3.6.4. The standard with e, ex plus ablative;681
11.3.6.4.1;3.6.4.1. The standard introduced by inter, ante, and praeter;683
11.3.7;3.7. Superlative of minority;685
11.4;4. Concluding remarks;686
12;Grammaticalization in Latin;695
12.1;1. Basic concepts;695
12.1.1;1.1. Grammaticalization as a general process;695
12.1.2;1.2. Grammaticalization vs. other phenomena;696
12.1.2.1;1.2.1. Agglutination;697
12.1.2.2;1.2.2. Lexicalization (freezing) and lexemization;698
12.1.2.3;1.2.3. Demotivation and reanalysis;699
12.1.2.4;1.2.4. Analogy;701
12.1.3;1.3. The different kinds of process referred to as grammaticalization;703
12.1.4;1.4. Grammatical lexemes in Latin;704
12.1.4.1;1.4.1. Frequency;706
12.1.4.2;1.4.2. Morphological features;707
12.1.5;1.5. The relationships between grammaticalization, agglutination, and lexicalization;708
12.1.5.1;1.5.1. Co-occurrence and interaction between grammaticalization, agglutination, and lexicalization;708
12.1.5.1.1;1.5.1.1. Agglutination and lexicalization at the same time;709
12.1.5.1.2;1.5.1.2. Agglutination and the creation of new lexical items;710
12.1.5.2;1.5.2. Grammaticalization occurring without agglutination;711
12.2;2. Methodological considerations;712
12.2.1;2.1. Latin and grammaticalization: Fertile ground;712
12.2.2;2.2. Grammaticalization according to Meillet;713
12.2.2.1;2.2.1. The creation of the words grammaticalisation, se grammaticaliser;713
12.2.2.2;2.2.2. Meillet’s Latin examples;714
12.2.2.3;2.2.3. Conclusion on Meillet’s interpretation;717
12.2.3;2.3. Grammaticalization after Meillet;718
12.2.4;2.4. Degrammaticalization;719
12.2.5;2.5. The extension and the limits of grammaticalization;720
12.2.6;2.6. Reconstructed and attested data; synchronic variations721
12.2.7;2.7. A new look at grammaticalization in the light of the Latin texts;722
12.3;3. The most frequent grammaticalization processes;723
12.3.1;3.1. The starting point;723
12.3.1.1;3.1.1. Freezing of an inflected form;723
12.3.1.1.1;3.1.1.1. Freezing of the inflected form of a noun;723
12.3.1.1.2;3.1.1.2. Freezing of the inflected form of an adjective: From adjective to adverb;725
12.3.1.1.3;3.1.1.3. Freezing of the inflected form of a participle: From participle to adverb or preposition;726
12.3.1.1.4;3.1.1.4. Freezing of the inflected personal form of a verb;728
12.3.1.1.5;3.1.1.5. Freezing of the *kwo- / *kwi- pronouns into a relative, interrogative, or indefinite adverb;728
12.3.1.2;3.1.2. Agglutination of several words and freezing;730
12.3.1.2.1;3.1.2.1. Transcategorization of a nominal syntagm;730
12.3.1.2.2;3.1.2.2. Transcategorization of a prepositional syntagm;730
12.3.1.2.3;3.1.2.3. Transcategorization of a verbal syntagm;730
12.3.1.2.4;3.1.2.4. The directional adverbs in ...o-uersus;731
12.3.1.2.5;3.1.2.5. Agglutination of several uninflected elements;731
12.3.2;3.2. The arrival point;732
12.3.3;3.3. The degree of “grammaticalization” and morpholexical status;732
12.3.3.1;3.3.1. From a lexical to a grammatical element;733
12.3.3.2;3.3.2. From a grammatical to a more grammatical element;735
12.3.4;3.4. Semantic change;736
12.3.4.1;3.4.1. Partial or total desemanticization;736
12.3.4.2;3.4.2. Loss of semantic features in a noun, noun phrase, or adverb;738
12.3.4.3;3.4.3. Loss of semantic features in a suffix;739
12.3.4.4;3.4.4. Suppletion;739
12.3.4.5;3.4.5. Pragmaticization of adverbs;740
12.3.5;3.5. Other cases of grammaticalization;740
12.4;4. Negation and grammaticalization in Latin;741
12.4.1;4.1. The French standard negation ne ... pas;741
12.4.2;4.2. The Latin negations non, nihil, nemo;742
12.4.2.1;4.2.1. Origin of non;743
12.4.2.2;4.2.2. Origin of nihil;744
12.4.2.3;4.2.3. The origin of nemo;746
12.4.3;4.3. The origin of the negative bound morpheme (prefix) ne-/n-;747
12.4.3.1;4.3.1. The stages in the grammaticalization chain;747
12.4.3.2;4.3.2. From grammatical lexeme to grammatical bound morpheme;748
12.4.3.3;4.3.3. Demotivation cases involving ne... /n;749
12.4.4;4.4. The prohibitive negation ne;750
12.4.4.1;4.4.1. First stage of grammaticalization: Transcategorization as a subordinator;750
12.4.4.2;4.4.2. Second stage of grammaticalization for ne as a subordinator;750
12.4.4.3;4.4.3. From imperative to prohibitive negation;751
12.4.5;4.5. Transcategorization of a negation into a subordinator: nei > ni ‘if... not’;752
12.4.6;4.6. The archaic negation haud;753
12.4.7;4.7. Merging of a postposed negation into an interrogative, coordinator, subordinator;754
12.4.7.1;4.7.1. Quin...? and quidni...?;754
12.4.7.2;4.7.2. Quo-minus;755
12.4.8;4.8. From lexical lexeme to negation;756
12.4.9;4.9. Lexicalization of a sequence containing two negations;756
12.4.10;4.10. Cycles of negation;757
12.5;5. Endophors and deictics;757
12.5.1;5.1. Personal pronouns and grammaticalization;757
12.5.1.1;5.1.1. The reflexive pronoun se;757
12.5.1.2;5.1.2. The subject constituent;758
12.5.2;5.2. Endophoric and deictic lexemes (pronouns, adjectives, adverbs): is, hic, iste, ille, ipse;760
12.5.2.1;5.2.1. The degree of grammaticalization in Latin texts;760
12.5.2.1.1;5.2.1.1. Toward the Romance definite article;760
12.5.2.1.2;5.2.1.2. Toward the indefinite singular article;761
12.5.2.1.3;5.2.1.3. Rhythm and scale of the grammaticalization processes;767
12.5.2.2;5.2.2. Grammaticalization and the endophoric-deictic lexemes;767
12.5.2.3;5.2.3. Pronouns and enclitic particles;768
12.5.2.4;5.2.4. Hic and grammaticalization;769
12.5.2.5;5.2.5. Ille and grammaticalization;769
12.5.2.5.1;5.2.5.1. Deictic functions of ille;769
12.5.2.5.2;5.2.5.2. Ille as an endophoric operator;771
12.5.2.6;5.2.6. Iste and grammaticalization;772
12.5.2.7;5.2.7. Endophoric is (ea, id) and grammaticalization;774
12.5.2.8;5.2.8. Grammaticalization and ipse;778
12.5.2.9;5.2.9. Conclusion: The existence of a specific group of grammatical lexemes;781
12.5.3;5.3. Grammaticalization of particles postposed to deictics and endophors;782
12.5.3.1;5.3.1. The enclitic particle -pse;782
12.5.3.2;5.3.2. Grammaticalization and idem;783
12.5.3.3;5.3.3. The deictic particle -ce;784
12.5.3.3.1;5.3.3.1. The deictic “adverb” ecce;784
12.5.3.3.2;5.3.3.2. The enclitic particle -ce;785
12.5.3.4;5.3.4. The particle -met;786
12.5.3.5;5.3.5. The particle -te;787
12.5.3.6;5.3.6. The particle -pte;789
12.5.3.7;5.3.7. Conclusion;790
12.6;6. Grammaticalization and the formation of the verbal paradigm in Latin;791
12.6.1;6.1. Paradigmatization;791
12.6.1.1;6.1.1. Verbal periphrasis before the first Latin texts;792
12.6.1.2;6.1.2. The origins of reflexive verbs in the Romance languages;794
12.6.2;6.2. Transcategorization: From the nominal to the verbal form;795
12.6.3;6.3. The formation of the Latin infinitives;796
12.6.3.1;6.3.1. Grammaticalization of process nouns: From a nominal to a verbal paradigm;796
12.6.3.2;6.3.2. Locative and dative infinitives;796
12.6.4;6.4. The supine: From a nominal inflected free form to a verbal frozen grammaticalized form;797
12.6.4.1;6.4.1. Ambiguity in the intermediate stages between noun and verb;798
12.6.4.1.1;6.4.1.1. An “ablative supine”?;798
12.6.4.1.2;6.4.1.2. Ambiguous cases with the -tum supine;800
12.6.4.2;6.4.2. Supine and grammaticalization;802
12.6.4.2.1;6.4.2.1. Grammaticalization in the emergence of the supine;802
12.6.4.2.2;6.4.2.2. A different case: the -tio nouns;802
12.6.4.2.3;6.4.2.3. A vanishing category;804
12.6.5;6.5. Grammaticalization in the formation of the future passive infinitive in ... tum iri (datum iri);805
12.6.6;6.6. Decrease of the verbal paradigm: The opposite of paradigmatization;807
12.6.6.1;6.6.1. Neutralization of the opposition active vs. passive in the present infinitive;807
12.6.6.2;6.6.2. Neutralization of the oppositions in Latin participles; The emergence of a past active participle808
12.6.6.2.1;6.6.2.1. Neutralization of the feature “passive” in the -tus, -a, -um participle;809
12.6.6.2.2;6.6.2.2. Neutralization of the aspecto-temporal properties of the present active participle;810
12.6.7;6.7. Conclusion;811
12.7;7. Auxiliarization;812
12.7.1;7.1. Grammaticalization of ire ‘go’;812
12.7.2;7.2. Semantic weakening of the verb coepi (+ infin.);813
12.7.3;7.3. The modal verb uolo ‘want’;815
12.7.4;7.4. The evolution of facio;816
12.7.4.1;7.4.1. Full morphologization in Sanskrit;816
12.7.4.2;7.4.2. Latin: a lexicalized element;816
12.7.4.3;7.4.3. The causative morpheme fac- and its allomorphs -fic- / -fec-;817
12.7.4.4;7.4.4. Desemantization of facere: A hyperonym;819
12.7.5;7.5. Semantic weakening of habeo in Latin;820
12.7.5.1;7.5.1. Lat. habeo + *-to-;822
12.7.5.1.1;7.5.1.1. The criteria for full grammaticalization of habeo + past passive participle in *-to-;822
12.7.5.1.2;7.5.1.2. Development of the construction “‘have’ + past passive participle” in the Romance languages;824
12.7.5.1.3;7.5.1.3. The uses and development of “habeo + past passive participle” in Latin;827
12.7.5.1.4;7.5.1.4. Conclusion;833
12.7.5.2;7.5.2. Habeo + infinitive;834
12.7.5.2.1;7.5.2.1. The origin of the construction “habeo + infinitive”;834
12.7.5.2.2;7.5.2.2. The formation of the future tense in Romance languages;834
12.7.5.2.3;7.5.2.3. Sense of “habeo + infinitive” in Latin;835
12.7.5.2.4;7.5.2.4. “Habeo + infinitive” in the Itinerarium Egeriae: A minor construction for necessity;835
12.7.5.2.5;7.5.2.5. “Habeo + infinitive” in Christian authors: A prophetic future;837
12.7.5.2.6;7.5.2.6. Early occurrences in some Romance languages;842
12.7.5.2.7;7.5.2.7. Grammaticalization and the Latin future: From analytic to synthetic periphrasis in cyclic renewal;844
12.8;8. Grammaticalization and modal verbs and adverbs;845
12.8.1;8.1. Licet as a subordinator;845
12.8.1.1;8.1.1. Specifics of the grammaticalization process;846
12.8.1.2;8.1.2. The progressive development of licet;847
12.8.1.3;8.1.3. Methodological considerations;849
12.8.1.4;8.1.4. Origin;850
12.8.2;8.2. The illocutionary adverbs scilicet, uidelicet, ilicet;851
12.8.2.1;8.2.1. Scilicet;852
12.8.2.1.1;8.2.1.1. The full expression “scire licet + subordinate clause”;852
12.8.2.1.2;8.2.1.2. The main verb “scilicet + subordinate clause”;852
12.8.2.1.3;8.2.1.3. Scilicet as an illocutionary adverb;854
12.8.2.2;8.2.2. Videlicet;855
12.8.2.3;8.2.3. Ilicet;857
12.8.2.3.1;8.2.3.1. Two verbs in a free syntagm;857
12.8.2.3.2;8.2.3.2. Ilicet as a main verb governing a subordinate clause;858
12.8.2.3.3;8.2.3.3. Ilicet as a complete utterance by itself;858
12.8.2.4;8.2.4. Origin of sci-, uide-, i-licet;859
12.8.2.4.1;8.2.4.1. An infinitive origin;859
12.8.2.4.2;8.2.4.2. An imperative origin?;859
12.8.2.4.3;8.2.4.3. Conclusion;860
12.8.3;8.3. The formation of indefinite pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs;861
12.8.4;8.4. The formation of concessive subordinators;862
12.8.5;8.5. The origin and evolution of modal verbs;864
12.8.6;8.6. Origin of licet;865
12.8.7;8.7. The origin of necesse est;866
12.8.8;8.8. Agglutination and downgrading: possum, potest;867
12.8.8.1;8.8.1. Reanalysis;867
12.8.8.2;8.8.2. Semantic evolution;868
12.8.8.3;8.8.3. From a personal to an impersonal verb;868
12.8.9;8.9. A semantic development from a concrete social situation to modality: debeo;869
12.8.10;8.10. Queo ‘can, be able’ and ne-queo ‘not be able’;869
12.8.11;8.11. The illocutionary adverb nimirum;870
12.8.12;8.12. The modal adverb forsitan ‘perhaps’;870
12.8.13;8.13. Conclusion;871
12.9;9. Grammaticalization and the formation of quantifiers;871
12.9.1;9.1. Grammaticalization of a noun as a quantifier;871
12.9.1.1;9.1.1. A noun denoting a body part;871
12.9.1.2;9.1.2. An inanimate noun denoting a small quantity;872
12.9.2;9.2. Grammaticalization of a prefix as a quasi-negative morpheme;874
12.9.3;9.3. Grammaticalization of a lexical or semi-lexical axiological (evaluative) adverb;875
12.9.3.1;9.3.1. The adverb ualde: An intensive morpheme;875
12.9.3.2;9.3.2. The adverb bene: From axiological (evaluative) adverb to quantifier;876
12.9.3.3;9.3.3. The adverb male: A progressive grammaticalization;877
12.10;10. Conclusions;879
12.10.1;10.1. Grammaticalization: A slow process in along diachrony;879
12.10.2;10.2. Absence of congruence for the various criteria;880
12.10.3;10.3. Cyclic renewal;880
12.10.4;10.4. A preference given to morphologization and downgrading;881
12.10.5;10.5. Other cases of grammaticalization;882
12.11;References;882
13;Syntactic change in the history of Latin: Do new perspectives lead to new results?;899
13.1;1. Introduction;899
13.2;2. Determinants of syntactic change;900
13.2.1;2.1. Structural processes;901
13.2.2;2.2. Typological factors;901
13.2.3;2.3. Functional factors;902
13.2.4;2.4. Pragmatic factors;902
13.3;3. “Drift”;903
13.3.1;3.1. Nominal constituents;904
13.3.1.1;3.1.1. Word order;904
13.3.1.1.1;3.1.1.1. Facts about word order;905
13.3.1.1.2;3.1.1.2. Myths about word order;905
13.3.1.1.3;3.1.1.3. Discussion;906
13.3.1.2;3.1.2. Phonetic erosion of case-endings;909
13.3.1.3;3.1.3. Prepositional usage;910
13.3.1.4;3.1.4. From postposition to preposition;912
13.3.1.5;3.1.5. The development of definite and indefinite articles;913
13.3.2;3.2. Verbal constituents;914
13.3.2.1;3.2.1. The development of periphrastic auxiliaries;914
13.3.2.1.1;3.2.1.1. The perfect;915
13.3.2.1.2;3.2.1.2. The future;916
13.3.2.2;3.2.2. Discussion;917
13.3.3;3.3. Clausal constituents;918
13.3.3.1;3.3.1. Comparison;918
13.3.3.2;3.3.2. Complementation;920
13.4;4. Explanations and generalizations;923
13.5;References;924
14;Subject index;929
15;Index of classical references;937
