Bebbington Accounting for sustainable development performance

1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-0-08-055123-4
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 144 Seiten, Web PDF

This CIMA research project provides insights into the interrelationship between existing management accounting practices and accounting tools which seek to guide organisations towards sustainable development and create information about accounting techniques which addresses the issue of sustainable development.
Few studies have sought management accountants views on accounting techniques. This research project builds on the existing literature by paying attention to interactions between sustainable development performance data, management accountants, management accounting processes and management accounting generated data.
The research also draws from FCA (full accounting technique)which is an accounting technique gaining currency within policy and business circles. The project points out that the SAM (Sustainability Assessment Model) is a form of full cost accounting and the research furthers our knowledge of FCA and its usefulness as an accounting tool.
The project also examines how sustainable development data is used within a case study organisation (BP) and how such data can be used within other organisations.
* Shows how Sustainability Assessment Model (SAM) performance data is perceived by project management teams.
* Provides a broad perception of the SAM from the oil and gas industry.
* Evaluates the usefulness of the SAM in the electricity and building industry

Autoren/Hrsg.

Bebbington, Jan

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
2;TOC$Contents;5
3;About the Authors;12
4;Section I. An Introduction to PIC Microcontrollers;14
4.1;CH$Chapter 1. The PIC Microcontroller Family;16
4.1.1;1.1: 12-bit Instruction Word;19
4.1.2;1.2: 14-bit Instruction Word;20
4.1.3;1.3: 16-bit Instruction Word;24
4.1.4;1.4: Inside a PIC Microcontroller;25
4.2;CH$Chapter 2. Introducing the PIC® 16 Series and the 16F84A;52
4.2.1;2.1 The Main Idea—the PIC 16 Series Family;52
4.2.2;2.2 An Architecture Overview of the 16F84A;55
4.2.3;2.3 A Review of Memory Technologies;57
4.2.4;2.4 The 16F84A Memory;59
4.2.5;2.5 Some Issues of Timing;64
4.2.6;2.6 Power-Up and Reset;67
4.2.7;2.7 What Others Do—the Atmel AT89C2051;68
4.2.8;2.8 Taking Things Further—the 16F84A On-Chip Reset Circuit;69
4.2.9;2.9 Summary;72
4.2.10;References;72
4.3;CH$Chapter 3. Parallel Ports, Power Supply and the Clock Oscillator;74
4.3.1;3.1 The Main Idea—Parallel Input/Output;75
4.3.2;3.2 The Technical Challenge of Parallel Input/Output;75
4.3.3;3.3 Connecting to the Parallel Port;81
4.3.4;3.4 The PIC 16F84A Parallel Ports;84
4.3.5;3.5 The Clock Oscillator;87
4.3.6;3.6 Power Supply;91
4.3.7;3.7 The Hardware Design of the Electronic Ping-Pong;93
4.3.8;3.8 Summary;95
4.3.9;References;95
5;Section II. Programming PIC Microcontrollers Using Assembly Language;96
5.1;CH$Chapter 4. Starting to Program—An Introduction to Assembler;98
5.1.1;4.1 The Main Idea—What Programs Do and How We Develop Them;99
5.1.2;4.2 The PIC 16 Series Instruction Set, with a Little More on the ALU;102
5.1.3;4.3 Assemblers and Assembler Format;105
5.1.4;4.4 Creating Simple Programs;107
5.1.5;4.5 Adopting a Development Environment;110
5.1.6;4.6 An Introductory MPLAB Tutorial;112
5.1.7;4.7 An Introduction to Simulation;116
5.1.8;4.8 Downloading the Program to a Microcontroller;119
5.1.9;4.9 What Others Do—A Brief Comparison of CISC and RISC Instruction Sets;121
5.1.10;4.10 Taking Things Further—The 16 Series Instruction Set Format;122
5.1.11;4.11 Summary;123
5.1.12;References;123
5.2;CH$Chapter 5. Building Assembler Programs;124
5.2.1;5.1 The Main Idea—Building Structured Programs;124
5.2.2;5.2 Flow Control—Branching and Subroutines;127
5.2.3;5.3 Generating Time Delays and Intervals;131
5.2.4;5.4 Dealing with Data;133
5.2.5;5.5 Introducing Logical Instructions;138
5.2.6;5.6 Introducing Arithmetic Instructions and the Carry Flag;138
5.2.7;5.7 Taming Assembler Complexity;143
5.2.8;5.8 More Use of the MPLAB Simulator;145
5.2.9;5.9 The Ping-Pong Program;149
5.2.10;5.10 Simulating the Ping-Pong Program—Tutorial;153
5.2.11;5.11 What Others Do—Graphical Simulators;156
5.2.12;5.12 Summary;156
5.2.13;References;157
5.3;CH$Chapter 6. Further Programming Techniques;158
5.3.1;6.1 Program Timing;158
5.3.2;6.2 Hardware Counter/Timer;160
5.3.3;6.3 Interrupts;165
5.3.4;6.4 More Register Operations;171
5.3.5;6.5 Special Features;176
5.3.6;6.6 Program Data Table;180
5.3.7;6.7 Assembler Directives;183
5.3.8;6.8 Special Instructions;186
5.3.9;6.9 Numerical Types;187
5.3.10;6.10 Summary;188
5.4;CH$Chapter 7. Prototype Hardware;190
5.4.1;7.1 Hardware Design;190
5.4.2;7.2 Hardware Construction;191
5.4.3;7.3 Demo Board;196
5.4.4;7.4 Demo Board Applications;199
5.4.5;7.5 Summary;211
5.5;CH$Chapter 8. More PIC Applications and Devices;212
5.5.1;8.1: 16F877 Application;212
5.5.2;8.2: 16F818 Application;232
5.5.3;8.3: 12F675 Application;233
5.5.4;8.4: 18F452 Application;234
5.5.5;8.5: Summary;239
5.6;CH$Chapter 9. The PIC12F50x Series (8-pin PIC Microcontrollers);240
5.6.1;9.1 Differences from the PIC16F54;240
5.6.2;9.2 Example Project: PIC Dice;244
5.7;CH$Chapter 10. Intermediate Operations Using the PIC12F675;250
5.7.1;10.1 The Inner Differences;251
5.7.2;10.2 Interrupts;255
5.7.3;10.3 EEPROM;265
5.7.4;10.4 Analog to Digital Conversion;272
5.7.5;10.5 Comparator Module;277
5.7.6;10.6 Final Project: Intelligent Garden Lights;283
5.8;CH$Chapter 11. Using Inputs;288
5.8.1;11.1 Switch Flowchart;290
5.8.2;11.2 Program Development;291
5.8.3;11.3 Scanning (Using Multiple Inputs);296
5.8.4;11.4 Switch Scanning;296
5.8.5;11.5 Control Application—A Hot Air Blower;300
5.9;CH$Chapter 12. Keypad Scanning;304
5.9.1;12.1 Programming Example for the Keypad;304
5.10;CH$Chapter 13. Program Examples;320
5.10.1;13.1: Counting Events;320
5.10.2;13.2: Look-Up Table;324
5.10.3;13.3: 7-Segment Display;324
5.10.4;13.4: Numbers Larger than 255;334
5.10.5;13.5: Long Time Intervals;340
5.10.6;13.6: One Hour Delay;343
6;Section III. Programming PIC Microcontrollers Using PicBasic;346
6.1;CH$Chapter 14. PicBasic and PicBasic Pro Programming;348
6.1.1;14.1 PicBasic Language;348
6.1.2;14.2 PicBasic Pro Language;370
6.1.3;14.3 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Interface and Commands;382
6.1.4;14.4 Interrupts;393
6.1.5;14.5 Recommended PicBasic Pro Program Structure;394
6.1.6;14.6 Using Stepping Motors;394
6.1.7;14.7 Using Servomotors;397
6.2;CH$Chapter 15. Simple PIC Projects;400
6.2.1;15.1 Project #1—Flashing an LED;400
6.2.2;15.2 Project #2—Scrolling LEDs;404
6.2.3;15.3 Project #3—Driving a 7-Segment LED Display;410
6.3;CH$Chapter 16. Moving On with the 16F876;418
6.3.1;16.1 Project #4—Accessing Port A I/O;418
6.3.2;16.2 Project #5—Analog-to-Digital Conversion;425
6.3.3;16.3 Project #6—Driving a Servomotor;434
6.4;CH$Chapter 17. Communication;442
6.4.1;17.1 Project #7—Driving an LCD Module;442
6.4.2;17.2 Project #8—Serial Communication;452
6.4.3;17.3 Project #9—Driving an LCD with a Single Serial Connection;460
7;Section IV. Programming PIC Microcontrollers Using MBasic;476
7.1;CH$Chapter 18. MBasic Compiler and Development Boards;478
7.1.1;18.1 The Compiler Package;478
7.1.2;18.2 BASIC and Its Essentials;480
7.1.3;18.3 Development Boards;483
7.1.4;18.4 Programming Style;486
7.1.5;18.5 Building the Circuits and Standard Assumptions;488
7.1.6;18.6 Pins, Ports and Input/Output;489
7.1.7;18.7 Pseudo-Code and Planning the Program;498
7.1.8;18.8 Inside the Compiler;500
7.1.9;References;504
7.2;CH$Chapter 19. The Basics—Output;506
7.2.1;19.1 Pin Architectures;507
7.2.2;19.2 LED Indicators;511
7.2.3;19.3 Switching Inductive Loads;516
7.2.4;19.4 Low Side Switching;519
7.2.5;19.5 Isolated Switching;537
7.2.6;19.6 Fast Switching—Sound from a PIC;546
7.2.7;References;549
7.3;CH$Chapter 20. The Basics—Digital Input;552
7.3.1;20.1 Introduction;552
7.3.2;20.2 Switch Bounce and Sealing Current;561
7.3.3;20.3 Hardware Debouncing;562
7.3.4;20.4 Software Debouncing;564
7.3.5;20.5 Isolated Switching;568
7.3.6;20.6 Reading a Keypad;570
7.3.7;Reference;574
7.4;CH$Chapter 21. Introductory Stepper Motors;576
7.4.1;21.1 Stepper Motor Basics;576
7.4.2;21.2 Programs;599
7.4.3;References;626
7.5;CH$Chapter 22. Digital Temperature Sensors and Real-Time Clocks;628
7.5.1;22.1 DS18B20 Temperature Sensor;628
7.5.2;22.2 Reading Multiple Sensors on the Same Bus;641
7.5.3;22.3 DS1302 Real-Time Clock;646
7.5.4;22.4 Combination Date, Time and Temperature;660
7.5.5;22.5 Ideas for Modifications to Programs and Circuits;666
7.5.6;References;669
7.6;CH$Chapter 23. Infrared Remote Controls;670
7.6.1;23.1 Common Encoding Standards;672
7.6.2;23.2 IR Receiver;674
7.6.3;23.3 Characterizing Wide/Narrow Pulse Intervals;677
7.6.4;23.4 Decoding a REC-80 Controller;693
7.6.5;23.5 Ideas for Modifications to Programs and Circuits;706
7.6.6;References;707
8;Section V. Programming PIC Microcontrollers Using C;708
8.1;CH$Chapter 24. Getting Started;710
8.1.1;24.1 The Plan;710
8.1.2;24.2 Checklist;710
8.1.3;24.3 Coding;711
8.1.4;24.4 Review;720
8.1.5;Books;723
8.1.6;Links;723
8.2;CH$Chapter 25. Programming Loops;724
8.2.1;25.1 The Plan;724
8.2.2;25.2 Checklist;724
8.2.3;25.3 Coding;725
8.2.4;25.4 Using the Logic Analyzer;732
8.2.5;25.5 Review;733
8.2.6;Books;736
8.2.7;Links;736
8.3;CH$Chapter 26. More Pattern Work, More Loops;738
8.3.1;26.1 The Plan;738
8.3.2;26.2 Checklist;738
8.3.3;26.3 Coding;738
8.3.4;26.4 Testing with the Logic Analyzer;745
8.3.5;26.5 Using the Explorer16 Demonstration Board;747
8.3.6;26.6 Review;747
8.3.7;Books;749
8.3.8;Links;749
8.4;CH$Chapter 27. NUMB3RS;750
8.4.1;27.1 The Plan;750
8.4.2;27.2 Checklist;750
8.4.3;27.3 Coding;750
8.4.4;27.4 Notes for C Experts;755
8.4.5;27.5 Measuring Performance;756
8.4.6;27.6 Review;759
8.4.7;Links;762
8.5;CH$Chapter 28. Interrupts;764
8.5.1;28.1 The Plan;764
8.5.2;28.2 Checklist;764
8.5.3;28.3 Coding;764
8.5.4;28.4 Managing Multiple Interrupts;777
8.5.5;28.5 Review;778
8.5.6;Books;781
8.5.7;Links;781
8.6;CH$Chapter 29. Taking a Look Under the Hood;782
8.6.1;29.1 The Plan;782
8.6.2;29.2 Checklist;782
8.6.3;29.3 Coding;782
8.6.4;29.4 Review;796
8.6.5;Books;798
8.6.6;Links;798
9;Section VI. Appendices;800
9.1;Appendix A. The PIC® 16 Series Instruction Set;802
9.2;Appendix B. The Electronic Ping-Pong;804
9.3;Appendix C. DIZI-2 Board and Lock Application;810
9.4;Appendix D. Program M;834
9.5;Appendix E. Program N;840
9.6;Appendix F. Program O;844
9.7;Appendix G. Program P;848
9.8;Appendix H. Program Q;852
9.9;Appendix I. Useful PIC Data;858
9.10;Appendix J. PIC 16F84A Data Sheet;872
10;IDX$Index;916