Beeton / Meyer Electric Vehicle Business Models

Global Perspectives
2015
ISBN: 978-3-319-12244-1
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 266 Seiten, eBook

Reihe: Lecture Notes in Mobility

This contributed volume collects insights from industry professionals, policy makers and researchers on new and profitable business models in the field of electric vehicles (EV) for the mass market. This book includes approaches that address the optimization of total cost of ownership. Moreover, it presents alternative models of ownership, financing and leasing. The editors present state-of-the-art insights from international experts, including real-world case studies. The volume has been edited in the framework of the International Energy Agency's Implementing Agreement for Cooperation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (IA-HEV). The target audience primarily comprises practitioners and decision makers but the book may also be beneficial for research experts and graduate students.

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Beeton, David

Meyer, Gereon

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;Part I Industry Perspectives;10
4;1 EV Business Models in a Wider Context: Balancing Change and Continuity in the Automotive Industry;11
4.1;Abstract;11
4.2;1 Introduction;11
4.3;2 Business Model Innovation and EVs: The Search for the Right Formula;12
4.3.1;2.1 The Tesla Case;14
4.3.2;2.2 The Autolib Case;16
4.4;3 Constraints on Innovation: Continuity in the Automotive Industry;18
4.5;4 Countervailing Pressures for Change in the Automotive Industry;19
4.6;5 Market Incentives or a New State-Business Relationship?;20
4.7;6 Conclusions;22
4.8;References;22
5;2 Four Business Models for a Fast Commercialization of Plug-in Cars;25
5.1;Abstract;25
5.2;1 Introduction;25
5.3;2 Terminology;26
5.4;3 What Is a Business Model?;26
5.5;4 Why the Current Business Model for Cars Doesn't Work for Plug-in Cars;27
5.6;5 Issues to Address for a Successful Diffusion of Plug-in Cars;28
5.6.1;5.1 Social Dilemma Problems;28
5.6.2;5.2 Diffusion of Innovations;28
5.7;6 The Business Model Generation Process;29
5.8;7 Business Model Descriptions;30
5.8.1;7.1 Conditions;30
5.9;8 Four Alternative Business Models;31
5.9.1;8.1 BM1: Free-Floating All-Electric City Cars;31
5.9.1.1;8.1.1 The Initial Idea;31
5.9.1.2;8.1.2 How It Works;31
5.9.1.3;8.1.3 Diffusion Strengths;32
5.9.1.4;8.1.4 Viability Factors;33
5.9.2;8.2 BM2: Plug-in Cars as Company Cars;33
5.9.2.1;8.2.1 The Initial Idea;33
5.9.2.2;8.2.2 How It Works;33
5.9.2.3;8.2.3 Diffusion Strengths;34
5.9.2.4;8.2.4 Viability Factors;35
5.9.3;8.3 BM3: All-Electric Car Subscription;35
5.9.3.1;8.3.1 The Initial Idea;35
5.9.3.2;8.3.2 How It Works;35
5.9.3.3;8.3.3 Diffusion Strengths;36
5.9.3.4;8.3.4 Viability Factors;37
5.9.4;8.4 BM4: Leasing Chain for All-Electric Cars;37
5.9.4.1;8.4.1 The Initial Idea;37
5.9.4.2;8.4.2 How It Works;38
5.9.4.3;8.4.3 Diffusion Strengths;38
5.9.4.4;8.4.4 Viability Factors;39
5.10;9 Social Dilemma Problems Revisited;39
5.11;10 Conclusion;40
5.11.1;10.1 Limitations;41
5.12;Acknowledgments;41
5.13;References;42
6;3 Electrification of the Powertrain in Automotive Applications: ``Technology Push'' or ``Market Pull''?;43
6.1;Abstract;43
6.2;1 Introduction;44
6.2.1;1.1 Problem and Motivation;44
6.2.2;1.2 Automotive Industry's Current Situation and Future;45
6.3;2 Barriers in the Powertrain Electrification;46
6.3.1;2.1 Lack of Infrastructure;46
6.3.2;2.2 Poor Performances of the Battery;47
6.3.3;2.3 Eternal Comeback of the Fuel Cell;48
6.4;3 Disruptive Technologies;50
6.4.1;3.1 Introduction of a New Technology;50
6.4.2;3.2 Market Pull Versus Technology Push;51
6.4.3;3.3 Regulatory Push;52
6.4.4;3.4 Market for the Electric Vehicles;53
6.5;4 Key Enablers for the Future Mass Market: The ``3C'';54
6.5.1;4.1 No Loss of Comfort;54
6.5.2;4.2 Low Climatic Dependency;55
6.5.3;4.3 Lower Costs;55
6.5.4;4.4 Enablers and Vision;56
6.6;5 Conclusion;57
6.7;Acknowledgments;59
6.8;References;59
7;Part II Recharging;60
8;4 Identification of Market Models and Associated Billing Strategies for the Provision of EV Charging Services;61
8.1;Abstract;61
8.2;1 Introduction;61
8.3;2 Market Models;62
8.3.1;2.1 Charging Infrastructure in the Public Domain;62
8.3.2;2.2 Private Charging Infrastructure;64
8.3.3;2.3 Home Charging Infrastructure;65
8.4;3 Billing Structures;66
8.4.1;3.1 Payment Method;66
8.4.1.1;3.1.1 Prepaid Methods;67
8.4.1.2;3.1.2 Postpaid Methods;68
8.4.1.3;3.1.3 Combined Billing Structures;69
8.4.2;3.2 Billing Rate;69
8.5;4 Correlated Factors;70
8.5.1;4.1 Location of Charging;70
8.5.2;4.2 Parking and Mobility Policies;70
8.5.3;4.3 Type of End User;71
8.6;5 Conclusions;72
8.7;References;72
9;5 Business Case for EV Charging on the Motorway Network in Denmark;73
9.1;Abstract;73
9.2;1 Background;73
9.3;2 EV Charging Solutions Applied in Denmark;74
9.4;3 The Danish EV Recharging Market;76
9.5;4 Charging Specifications of EVs on the Danish Market 2013--2014;78
9.6;5 Duration of Charging Sessions;79
9.7;6 Distribution of EV Charging According to Location of Charging Station;81
9.8;7 Market Uptake of EVs in Denmark;82
9.9;8 EV Charging Station Located on the Motorway Network;83
9.10;9 Provision of Power to Charging Stations on the Motorway Network;85
9.11;10 Business Case for Establishing EV Recharging Station on the Danish Motorway Network;85
9.12;11 Conclusion;91
9.13;A.x(118). Appendix;92
9.14;References;92
10;6 Pricing Plug-in Electric Vehicle Recharging in Multi-unit Dwellings: Financial Viability and Fueling Costs;94
10.1;Abstract;94
10.2;1 Introduction;94
10.2.1;1.1 Background, Objectives, and Article Structure;94
10.3;2 Methods and Assumptions;95
10.3.1;2.1 MUD Recharging Facility Financial Model Elements;95
10.3.1.1;2.1.1 Costs;96
10.3.1.2;2.1.2 Financial Assumptions;97
10.3.1.3;2.1.3 Facility Utilization Assumptions;98
10.3.2;2.2 Fueling Costs Calculations for Resident Drivers: Additional Inputs;98
10.4;3 Results and Discussion;99
10.4.1;3.1 MUD Recharging Facility Financial Viability and Pricing Options;99
10.4.1.1;3.1.1 Residential Recharging Facility Financial Viability;99
10.4.1.2;3.1.2 Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis of Financial Viability;101
10.4.1.2.1;Summary and Comparison of Uncertainty Across Fee Structures;104
10.4.1.3;3.1.3 Revenue Scenarios: Increasing Utilization to Improve Cost Recovery;104
10.4.2;3.2 Fueling-Cost Benchmarks: MUD Charging and Gasoline Equivalents;107
10.4.2.1;3.2.1 Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis of Driver Cost Calculations;109
10.5;4 Conclusions;110
10.6;Acknowledgments;111
10.7;References;111
11;7 Solutions and Business Models for Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles;113
11.1;Abstract;113
11.2;1 Introduction to Wireless Technology;113
11.3;2 Wireless Vehicle Features;115
11.4;3 Toward a Wireless City: Vision of the Future;117
11.4.1;3.1 Static Wireless City;117
11.4.2;3.2 Static En-route Wireless City;119
11.4.2.1;3.2.1 Case Study of Static En-route Charging for a Bus Service;119
11.4.2.2;3.2.2 Taxi Cabs;124
11.4.3;3.3 Dynamic Wireless City;125
11.5;4 Available Service for Users;126
11.6;5 Conclusions;127
11.7;References;128
12;Part III Energy Systems;130
13;8 Electric Vehicles as Grid Support;131
13.1;Abstract;131
13.2;1 Introduction;131
13.3;2 How Do Electricity Grids Work?;132
13.4;3 What Are the Characteristics of Electric Vehicles Relevant to Grid Support?;133
13.5;4 How Could EVs Provide Grid Support?;137
13.5.1;4.1 Off-peak Charging;137
13.5.2;4.2 Optimized Charging;138
13.5.3;4.3 Grid Storage for Emergency Back-up;139
13.5.4;4.4 General Grid Storage;140
13.5.5;4.5 Grid Storage for Renewables Integration;141
13.5.6;4.6 Grid Storage for Ancillary Services;142
13.6;5 The Path Forwards;143
13.7;6 Conclusion;145
13.8;References;145
14;9 Energy Efficiency in Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Its Impact on Total Cost of Ownership;149
14.1;Abstract;149
14.2;1 Introduction;149
14.3;2 EV/PHEV Design to Reduce Energy Demand During Driving Conditions;150
14.3.1;2.1 EV/PHEV Body Aerodynamics;150
14.3.2;2.2 EV/PHEV Kerb Weight;151
14.3.3;2.3 EV/PHEV On-Board or Off-Board Charging;153
14.4;3 Demand from Auxiliary (Non Power Train) Loads/Functions;154
14.5;4 Battery Cycle Life and State of Health;155
14.6;5 Smart Battery Charging;156
14.7;6 Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of EV/PHEV;157
14.8;7 EV/PHEV CO2 Impact and Production Costs;159
14.9;8 EV/PHEV New Business Models and TCO Reduction Contributions Across Industries and Regulatory Context;161
14.10;9 Conclusions;162
14.11;References;163
15;Part IV Fleets;168
16;10 Evolution of E-Mobility in Carsharing Business Models;169
16.1;Abstract;169
16.2;1 Introduction;169
16.3;2 Electric Vehicles in Carsharing;170
16.3.1;2.1 Station Car Programmes;170
16.3.2;2.2 Roundtrip Carsharing;171
16.3.3;2.3 Hybrid Station Car/Carsharing Models;172
16.3.4;2.4 One-Way Carsharing;172
16.3.5;2.5 Lessons Learned;173
16.4;3 Current and Projected Growth of EV Carsharing;174
16.4.1;3.1 E-Mobility Systems by Automakers;174
16.4.2;3.2 Re-Emergence into Existing Carsharing Fleets;175
16.5;4 Conclusion;176
16.6;References;176
17;11 Personalized Total Cost of Ownership and Range-Capability Assessment as an EV Sales Accelerator;179
17.1;Abstract;179
17.2;1 Why Does Personalization Matter?;180
17.3;2 How Does It Work?;182
17.3.1;2.1 Introduction;182
17.3.1.1;2.1.1 Model-Based Design;182
17.3.1.2;2.1.2 Model Library Generation;183
17.3.1.3;2.1.3 Electric Vehicle Suitability and Costing;184
17.3.1.4;2.1.4 Electric Vehicle Monitoring;184
17.3.2;2.2 Methodology;185
17.3.2.1;2.2.1 Electric Vehicle Modelling and Simulation Process;185
17.3.2.2;2.2.2 Electric Vehicle Monitoring Process;185
17.3.3;2.3 Accuracy;186
17.4;3 Results;186
17.4.1;3.1 A City in Eastern Canada;186
17.4.2;3.2 A University in Western Canada;189
17.4.3;3.3 A Town in Eastern Canada;190
17.4.4;3.4 MyCarma for Personal Use;191
17.5;4 General Conclusions;192
17.6;References;193
18;Part V Case Studies;194
19;12 Business Models for Electric Vehicles: Lessons from the Japanese EV Ecosystem;195
19.1;Abstract;195
19.2;1 Introduction;195
19.3;2 Case Study Data;196
19.4;3 The Development of a Charging Network;197
19.5;4 Mobility-as-a-Service Business Models;200
19.5.1;4.1 Case 1: Okinawa Electric Vehicle Rental Service;200
19.5.1.1;4.1.1 Challenges of the Okinawa EV Rental Service;202
19.5.1.2;4.1.2 Outcomes of the Okinawa EV Rental Service;203
19.5.1.3;4.1.3 Lessons for EV Mobility Services;203
19.5.2;4.2 Case 2: E-Mobility Services in Smart City Projects (Kashiwa and Toyota-City Trials);204
19.6;5 Energy Service Business Models;206
19.7;6 Conclusions;209
19.8;References;210
20;13 Orchestrating Ecosystem Co-opetition: Case Studies on the Business Models of the EV Demonstration Programme in China;212
20.1;Abstract;212
20.2;1 Introduction;212
20.3;2 The Business Ecosystem Framework;213
20.3.1;2.1 Business Ecosystem Review;213
20.3.2;2.2 EV Business Ecosystem Structure;214
20.4;3 The Chinese Electric Vehicle Demonstration Programme;216
20.4.1;3.1 Demonstration Programme Overview;216
20.4.2;3.2 Demonstration Programme: Hangzhou's Battery Swapping Model;217
20.4.3;3.3 Demonstration Programme: Shenzhen's Battery Charging Model;218
20.5;4 Competing and Co-existing Business Models;219
20.5.1;4.1 Business Model Review;219
20.5.2;4.2 Competing and Co-existing EV Business Models in China;220
20.6;5 Findings;222
20.7;6 Conclusion;223
20.8;References;223
21;14 EVs to Reduce Dependence on Imported Oil: Challenges and Lessons from Maui;225
21.1;Abstract;225
21.2;1 Why Hawaii Needs EVs;226
21.3;2 Hawaii: The State, The Counties, The Islands;227
21.4;3 State Policies and Incentives for Early Adopters;230
21.5;4 Maui as a Test-Bed for EVs;232
21.6;5 Maui Electric Vehicle Alliance;234
21.7;6 Residents to Prepare for Visitors;236
21.8;7 Lessons Learned from Maui EVA;238
21.8.1;7.1 Planning and Coordination to Avoid Inconvenience;239
21.8.2;7.2 The PV to EV Link: The Key to Greater EV Adoption;240
21.8.3;7.3 Incentives and Penalties for Charging Infrastructure Deployment;240
21.9;References;242
22;15 Charging up Chile: Enabling Shared, Electric Mobility in an Emerging Market;244
22.1;Abstract;244
22.2;1 Introduction: Chilean Context, Demographics, Existing EVs, and Charging Infrastructure;245
22.2.1;1.1 Jurisdictional Structure;246
22.2.2;1.2 Chilean Vehicle Ownership Trends;247
22.2.3;1.3 Energy Production Portfolio and Pricing in Chile;248
22.2.4;1.4 Existing Electric Vehicles, Charging Stations, and E-Mobility Policy in Chile;249
22.2.5;1.5 Electric Charging Infrastructure in Santiago de Chile;250
22.3;2 Vehicle Sharing as a Cost Reduction Measure for Enabling Electric Mobility;252
22.3.1;2.1 Colectivo Scenario (Dedicated Driver, Payment Per Trip);252
22.3.2;2.2 Traditional Vehicle Sharing Scenario (User-Driven, Payment by Rental Time or Mileage);253
22.4;3 EV Charging Station and Metro Station Accessibility Analysis;255
22.4.1;3.1 Metro Station Location and Household Income;256
22.4.2;3.2 Metro Station Pedestrian Accessibility (5, 10, 15 min) and Household Income;256
22.4.3;3.3 EV Charging Station Driving Accessibility (5, 10, 15 min) and Household Income;258
22.4.4;3.4 Holistic Urban Accessibility and Future Charging Station Opportunities Analysis;259
22.5;4 Lithium Production and Electric Mobility;260
22.6;5 Conclusions and Extension to Other Latin American Markets;264
22.7;Acknowledgments;265
22.8;References;265

EV business models in a wider context: balancing change and continuity in the automotive industry.- Four business models for a fast commercialization of plug-in cars.- Electrification of the Powertrain in Automotive Applications: "Technology Push" or "Market Pull"?.- Identification of market models and associated billing strategies for the provision of EV charging services.- Business Case for EV charging on the Motorway Network in Denmark.- Pricing Plug-in Electric Vehicle Recharging in Multi-Unit Dwellings: Financial Viability and Fueling Costs.- Solutions and Business Models for Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles.- Electric Vehicles as Grid Support.- Energy Efficiency in Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and its Impact on Total Cost of Ownership.