Behrens The adaption of competition rules in new and future member states to European Union Law (V)

Turkey
1. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-3-8452-5881-2
Verlag: Nomos
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, Band 72, 303 Seiten, Format (B × H): 153 mm x 227 mm

Reihe: Schriftenreihe des EUROPA-KOLLEGS HAMBURG zur Integrationsforschung

For Central and Eastern European countries, the adaptation of their competition rules to European Union Law as well as the creation of adequate administrative structures for their implementation in the context of accession to or association with the EU is particularly challenging after so many years of central economic planning by the state.

The subject matter of this study is the adaptation of the Turkish competition law to EU competition rules on the basis of the Association Agreement between Turkey and the European Union. It analyzes by way of comparison the prohibition of cartels, the prohibition of abuses of a dominant position as well as the control of mergers, including the Turkish enforcement practice and the European Court of Justice.

This is a comprehensive scholarly study on the current Turkish Competition Law. It is at the same time a valuable source of information for legal practice.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Behrens, Peter

Fachgebiete

• Rechtswissenschaften Internationales Recht und Europarecht Europarecht Europäisches Handels-, Wirtschafts- und Gesellschaftsrecht, Währungsrecht
• Rechtswissenschaften Ausländisches Recht Asien (inkl. Türkei und Naher Osten)

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
2; Abbreviations;24
3; Introduction;26
4; First Part: The Basis for Harmonizing Turkish and EU Competition Rules;30
4.1; First Chapter: The History of Relations between the EU and Turkey;30
4.1.1;A. Turkey’s First Application to the European Union;30
4.1.1.1;I. The Association Agreement and the Additional Protocol;31
4.1.1.2;II. Customs Union;33
4.1.2;B. Turkey’s Second Application to the European Union;33
4.1.2.1;I. Pre-Candidature Developments;34
4.1.2.2;II. Turkey's European Union Candidacy;35
4.1.2.2.1;1. Copenhagen Criteria and Acquis Communitaire;36
4.1.2.2.2;2. Negotiations;36
4.1.3;C. Competition Rules Established Through the Relationship between the European Union and Turkey;38
4.1.3.1;I. Obligation to Approximate Competition Legislation;38
4.1.3.2;II. Specific Provisions on Competition Matters;39
4.1.3.3;III. Legal Status of the Association Agreement and the Customs Union Decision;40
4.1.3.3.1;1. Legal Status;40
4.1.3.3.2;2. Direct Applicability;42
4.1.4; Second Chapter: National Background;45
4.1.5;A. The Development of Turkish Competition Law;45
4.1.5.1;I. Competition Matters Prior to the Adoption of the Competition Act;45
4.1.5.1.1;1. Legislation Applied to Competition Matters;45
4.1.5.1.2;2. Draft Acts on Competition Matters;46
4.1.5.2;II. Legal Basis of the Competition Act;48
4.1.5.2.1;1. Constitutional Requirements;49
4.1.5.2.2;2. Customs Union Decision;50
4.1.5.3;III. The Legal Character of Competition Law;50
4.1.6;B. The Structure of the Competition Act;51
4.1.6.1;I. The Concept of Competition;52
4.1.6.1.1;1. Definition;52
4.1.6.1.2;2. The “More Economic Approach” Concept;54
4.1.6.2;II. The Competition Act’s Purpose and Scope of Application;57
4.1.6.2.1;1. The Purpose of the Competition Act;57
4.1.6.2.2;2. Scope of Application;58
4.1.6.2.2.1;a) Territorial Application;58
4.1.6.2.2.2;b) Personal Application;62
4.1.6.3;III. Substantive Provisions;63
4.1.6.3.1;1. Prohibition of Cartels;63
4.1.6.3.2;2. Abuse of Dominant Position;65
4.1.6.3.3;3. Merger Control;66
4.1.6.4;IV. Institutions, Procedures and Sanctions;67
4.1.6.4.1;1. Institutions;67
4.1.6.4.2;2. Powers of the Institutions;68
4.1.6.4.3;3. Judicial Review by the Courts;68
4.1.6.4.4;4. Private Law Consequences of the Competition Rules;69
4.1.6.4.4.1;a) Invalidity;69
4.1.6.4.4.2;b) Liability for Damages;70
5; Second Part: Prohibition of Cartels;72
5.1; First Chapter: Scope of the Prohibition;72
5.1.1;A. The principle of prohibition;72
5.1.2;B. Addressees of the Prohibition;73
5.1.2.1;I. Undertakings;73
5.1.2.1.1;1. Definition;73
5.1.2.1.2;2. Economic Activity;75
5.1.2.1.3;3. Economic Independence;76
5.1.2.1.4;4. State Owned Entities;77
5.1.2.2;II. Association of Undertakings;79
5.1.3;C. Types of Prohibited Conduct;81
5.1.3.1;I. Agreements;81
5.1.3.1.1;1. Concept of Agreement;81
5.1.3.1.2;2. Types of Agreements;83
5.1.3.1.2.1;a) Horizontal Agreements;84
5.1.3.1.2.2;b) Vertical Agreements;85
5.1.3.1.3;3. Agreements in Specific Conditions;86
5.1.3.1.3.1;a) Unilateral Conduct;86
5.1.3.1.3.2;b) Single Overall Agreement;88
5.1.3.2;II. Decisions by Association of Undertakings;89
5.1.3.2.1;1. Concept of Decision;89
5.1.3.2.2;2. Anti-Competitive Practices of Associations of Undertakings;90
5.1.3.3;III. Concerted Practices;92
5.1.3.3.1;1. Concept of Concerted Practice;92
5.1.3.3.2;2. Elements of Concerted Practice;93
5.1.3.3.2.1;a) Existence of at Least Two Undertakings;94
5.1.3.3.2.2;b) Parallel Behaviour;94
5.1.3.3.2.3;c) Contact between Undertakings;95
5.1.3.3.2.4;d) Restriction of Competition;96
5.1.3.3.3;3. Circumstantial Evidence;97
5.1.3.3.4;4. The Relation between Agreements and Concerted Practices;98
5.1.4; Second Chapter: Restriction of Competition;100
5.1.5;A. The Object or Effect of Prevention, Restriction or Distortion of Competition;100
5.1.5.1;I. Restriction by Object;100
5.1.5.2;II. Restriction by Effect;101
5.1.5.3;III. Restriction of Potential Competition;102
5.1.5.4;IV. De Minimis Doctrine: Appreciable Effect on Competition;103
5.1.6;B. Horizontal Agreements: Cartel Agreements;105
5.1.6.1;I. Introduction;105
5.1.6.2;II. Fixing Prices and Other Trade Conditions;105
5.1.6.3;III. Market Sharing Agreements;107
5.1.6.3.1;1. Territorial Allocation of Markets;108
5.1.6.3.2;2. Allocation of Customers and Products;108
5.1.6.4;IV. Limitation and Control of Production;109
5.1.6.5;V. Prevention of New Entrants and Collective Boycotts;109
5.1.6.6;VI. Discrimination;110
5.1.7;C. Vertical Agreements;111
5.1.7.1;I. Introduction;111
5.1.7.2;II. Distribution Agreements;112
5.1.7.2.1;1. Exclusive Distribution;112
5.1.7.2.2;2. Selective Distribution;114
5.1.7.2.3;3. Resale Price Fixing;115
5.1.7.3;III. Exclusive Supply Agreements;116
5.1.7.4;IV. Agency Agreements;117
5.1.8; Third Chapter: Exemption from the Prohibition;119
5.1.9;A. Individual Exemption;119
5.1.9.1;I. Notification;120
5.1.9.2;II. The Conditions of Exemption;121
5.1.9.2.1;1. Beneficial Effects;121
5.1.9.2.2;2. Welfare of the Consumer;122
5.1.9.2.3;3. Indispensability of the Restriction;122
5.1.9.2.4;4. Preserving the Effective Competition on the Substantial Part of the Market;123
5.1.9.3;III. Duration of the Exemption;123
5.1.10;B. Block Exemption;124
5.1.10.1;I. Legal Structure of the Block Exemption Legislation;125
5.1.10.2;II. The Block Exemption Legislation on Vertical Agreements;126
5.1.10.3;III. Withdrawal of the Block Exemption;127
6; Third Part: Abuse of Dominant Position;130
6.1; First Chapter: The Principle of Prohibition;130
6.1.1; Second Chapter: Dominance;132
6.1.2;A. Definition of Dominant Position;132
6.1.2.1;I. Monopoly;132
6.1.2.2;II. Leading Position;133
6.1.3;B. Determining Dominance;133
6.1.3.1;I. Relevant Market;133
6.1.3.1.1;1. Introduction;133
6.1.3.1.2;2. Product Market;135
6.1.3.1.2.1;a) Definition;135
6.1.3.1.2.2;b) Demand Substitution;136
6.1.3.1.2.3;c) Supply Elasticity/Substitution;137
6.1.3.1.3;3. Geographic Market;138
6.1.3.2;II. Market Power;140
6.1.3.2.1;1. Market Shares;140
6.1.3.2.1.1;a) Own Market Shares;140
6.1.3.2.1.2;b) Relative Market Shares;141
6.1.3.2.2;2. Entry Barriers and Potential Competition;142
6.1.4;C. Collective Dominance;143
6.1.5; Third Chapter: Abuse;146
6.1.6;A. Definition of Abuse;146
6.1.7;B. Special Responsibility of a Dominant Undertaking;148
6.1.8;C. Abusive Practices;148
6.1.8.1;I. Introduction;148
6.1.8.2;II. Unfair Prices;149
6.1.8.2.1;1. Predatory Pricing;149
6.1.8.2.2;2. Excessive Prices;152
6.1.8.2.3;3. Price Discrimination;154
6.1.8.2.3.1;a) Definition;154
6.1.8.2.3.2;b) Selective Price Cutting;154
6.1.8.2.3.3;c) Discounts and Rebates;155
6.1.8.2.3.3.1;aa) Volume Rebates/Discounts;155
6.1.8.2.3.3.2;bb) Loyalty (Fidelity) Rebates;156
6.1.8.2.3.3.3;cc) Target Rebate Schemes;157
6.1.8.3;III. Refusal to Supply;158
6.1.8.3.1;1. Refusal to Supply an Existing Customer;159
6.1.8.3.2;2. Essential Facilities Doctrine;160
6.1.8.4;IV. Tying;162
6.1.8.4.1;1. Introduction;162
6.1.8.4.2;2. Elements of Abuse;163
6.1.8.4.2.1;a) Two Separate Products;163
6.1.8.4.2.2;b) Tying Products;164
6.1.8.4.2.3;c) Sufficient Economic Power;165
6.1.8.4.2.4;d) Restriction of Competition;165
6.1.8.4.2.5;e) Absence of Objective Justifications;166
6.1.9; Fourth Chapter: The Relationship between the Rules on the Prohibition of Cartels and the Abuse of Dominant Position;167
6.1.10;A. Introduction;167
6.1.11;B. Differences between the Prohibitions;168
6.1.11.1;I. Collusion – Unilateral Behaviour;168
6.1.11.2;II. Exemption - Objective Justifications;168
7; Fourth Part: Merger Control;170
7.1; First Chapter: Concept of Merger Control;170
7.1.1;A. Introduction;170
7.1.1.1;I. Aim of Merger Control;171
7.1.1.2;II. “Merger” or “Economic Concentration” – Broad Definition of Merger;173
7.1.2;B. Characteristics of Mergers;174
7.1.2.1;I. Change of Control;175
7.1.2.1.1;1. Decisive Influence;175
7.1.2.1.2;2. Lasting Basis;176
7.1.2.2;II. Types of Control;177
7.1.2.2.1;1. Sole Control;177
7.1.2.2.2;2. Joint Control;178
7.1.2.3;III. Independent Undertakings;180
7.1.3;C. Types of Mergers;181
7.1.3.1;I. Horizontal Mergers;181
7.1.3.2;II. Vertical Mergers;182
7.1.3.3;III. Conglomerate Mergers;183
7.1.4; Second Chapter: Prohibition of Anti-Competitive Mergers;185
7.1.5;A. Mergers Subject to Permission from Competition Authorities;185
7.1.5.1;I. Turnover thresholds;185
7.1.5.1.1;1. General principle;185
7.1.5.1.2;2. One-Stop-Shop Principle;189
7.1.5.2;II. Restriction of Competition;190
7.1.5.2.1;1. Dominance;190
7.1.5.2.2;2. Substantive Test: SIEC;191
7.1.5.2.3;3. Failing Company Defence;193
7.1.6;B. Notification of Concentrations;194
7.1.6.1;I. Notification;194
7.1.6.1.1;1. Implementation of Concentration;195
7.1.6.1.2;2. Failure to Notify;196
7.1.6.2;II. Permission of Competition Authorities;197
7.1.6.2.1;1. Suspension Principle;198
7.1.6.2.2;2. Conditions and Obligations Attached to Permission;199
7.1.6.2.3;3. Ancillary Restraints;200
7.1.6.3;III. Prohibition of Concentrations;203
7.1.6.4;IV. Negative Clearance;204
7.1.7; Third Chapter: Powers of Investigation and Enforcement;207
7.1.8;A. Introduction;207
7.1.9;B. Phases of Investigation;207
7.1.9.1;I. Pre-Notification Contacts;207
7.1.9.2;II. Preliminary Examination;208
7.1.9.3;III. Final Examination;210
7.1.9.3.1;1. Preliminary Inquiry;210
7.1.9.3.2;2. Investigation;210
7.1.10;C. Powers of Investigation;211
7.1.10.1;I. Information Request;211
7.1.10.2;II. On-the-spot Inspections;213
7.1.10.3;III. Administrative Fines and Periodic Penalty Payments;214
7.1.10.3.1;1. Administrative Fines;215
7.1.10.3.2;2. Periodic Penalty Payments;216
7.1.11;D. Private Law Consequences of Anti-Competitive Mergers;217
7.1.11.1;I. Validity of Concentrations;217
7.1.11.2;II. Liability for Damages;218
8; Fifth Part: Enforcement of Competition Rules;220
8.1; First Chapter: Institutions;220
8.1.1;A. Public Enforcement vs. Private Enforcement;220
8.1.2;B. Competition Authorities in the European Union;221
8.1.2.1;I. Cartel Regulation 1/2003 and Decentralization of the Enforcement of EU Competition Rules;221
8.1.2.2;II. Commission;223
8.1.2.3;III. National Competition Authorities;224
8.1.3;C. Turkish Competition Institutions;225
8.1.3.1;I. Competition Authority;226
8.1.3.2;II. Competition Board;228
8.1.4;D. National Courts and their Relation with Competition Authorities;229
8.1.4.1;I. Competition Board – National Courts;230
8.1.4.2;II. Commission – National Courts;234
8.1.5; Second Chapter: Public Enforcement of Competition Rules;239
8.1.6;A. Enforcement Procedures;239
8.1.6.1;I. Investigation Process;239
8.1.6.1.1;1. Phases of Investigation;240
8.1.6.1.2;2. Collection of Evidence: Powers of Investigation;243
8.1.6.1.2.1;a) Request for Information;243
8.1.6.1.2.2;b) On-the-Spot Inspections;244
8.1.6.2;II. Decisional Process;247
8.1.6.2.1;1. Written Statements and Oral Hearings;247
8.1.6.2.2;2. Final Decision;248
8.1.6.2.2.1;a) Introduction;248
8.1.6.2.2.2;b) Termination of Infringement;249
8.1.6.2.2.3;c) Administrative Fines and Penalty Payments;251
8.1.7;B. Leniency Programmes;253
8.1.7.1;I. Introduction;253
8.1.7.2;II. Types of Leniency;255
8.1.7.2.1;1. Immunity from Fines;256
8.1.7.2.2;2. Reduction of Fines;257
8.1.8;C. Judicial Review;258
8.1.8.1;I. Jurisdiction;259
8.1.8.2;II. Parties in Judicial Review;262
8.1.8.3;III. Annulment Grounds;262
8.1.8.4;IV. Effects of Judicial Review on Decisions of Competition Authorities;263
8.1.9; Third Chapter: Private Enforcement of Competition Rules;265
8.1.10;A. Invalidity and Unjust Enrichment;265
8.1.11;B. Liability for Damages;269
9; Sixth Part: Concluding Remarks;276
10; Annex;280
11; Act on the protection of competition (Excerpts);280
12; Bibliography;294