E-Book, Englisch, 946 Seiten
Bilezikian MD / Marcus MD / Marcus The Parathyroids
3. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-12-397790-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark
Basic and Clinical Concepts
E-Book, Englisch, 946 Seiten
ISBN: 978-0-12-397790-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark
The third edition of The Parathyroids, led by a new stellar editorial team,ÿhas beenÿthoroughly updated to reflect the considerable advances in just about every aspect of PTH biology over the past decade. It continues to be the authoritative reference that spans the basic science of parathyroid hormone treatment to major clinical disorders in a superb, single compendium. This translational resource is invaluable to graduate students, fellows, researchers, and research clinicians in the fields of endocrinology, bone biology, osteology, and rheumatology. - Contains chapters and information on noninvasive imaging, fracture healing, secondary diseases such as CKD, Vitamin D, cell signaling pathways, vascular calcification, as well as advances in genetics/genomics - Includes essential updates on the critical importance of Vitamin D insufficiency and its relationship to secondary hyperparathyroidism - Offers new insights into the underlying mechanisms of parathyroid hormone actions on osteocytes and sclerostin - Examines essential updates in the understanding of secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with chronic kidney disease, facture healing, and vascular disease
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Front Cover;1
2;The Parathyroids: Basic and clinical concepts;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;Contributors;16
6;Preface to the Third Edition;20
7;Preface to the Second Edition;22
8;Preface to the First Edition;24
9;Introduction - A History of the Parathyroid Glands and their Secretory Product, Parathyroid Hormone;28
9.1;PREHISTORIC DEVELOPMENT;28
9.2;DISCOVERY OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS;29
9.3;DISCOVERY OF THE PARATHYROIDS’ ACTIVE PRINCIPLE;32
9.4;THE SEARCH FOR MECHANISMS OF PTH ACTION;33
9.5;MODERN APPROACHES TO PTH STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION;35
9.6;PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM—A NEW DISEASE;37
9.7;HUMORAL HYPERCALCEMIA OF MALIGNANCY AND THE DISCOVERY OF PARATHYROID HORMONE-RELATED PROTEIN (PTHRP);40
9.8;REDISCOVERY OF THE ANABOLIC EFFECT OF PTH;40
9.9;PTH: A TREATMENT FOR OSTEOPOROSIS;41
9.10;CONCLUSION;44
9.11;References;44
10;Section I - Molecular, Cellular, and Physiologic Aspects of The Parathyroids;48
10.1;Chapter 1 - Parathyroids: Morphology and Pathology;50
10.1.1;Morphology and Pathology;50
10.1.2;INTRODUCTION;50
10.1.3;EMBRYOLOGY;50
10.1.4;ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY;50
10.1.5;HYPERPARATHYROIDISM;51
10.1.6;FAMILIAL HYPERPARATHYROIDISM;56
10.1.7;UNUSUAL LESIONS OF THE PARATHYROID;56
10.1.8;INTRAOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT OF PARATHYROID—OLD AND NEW;57
10.1.9;SPECIAL STUDIES AND THE PARATHYROID;58
10.1.10;HUMORAL HYPERCALCEMIA OF MALIGNANCY;58
10.1.11;HYPOPARATHYROIDISM;58
10.1.12;References;59
10.2;Chapter 2 - Parathyroid Hormone Gene: Structure, Evolution, and Regulation;64
10.2.1;Structure, Evolution, and Regulation;64
10.2.2;INTRODUCTION;64
10.2.3;PREPROPTH;64
10.2.4;GENE STRUCTURE;65
10.2.5;EVOLUTION;66
10.2.6;REGULATION;67
10.2.7;References;69
10.3;Chapter 3 - Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein: Gene Structure, Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Regulation;72
10.3.1;Gene Structure, Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Regulation;72
10.3.2;INTRODUCTION;72
10.3.3;ISOLATION AND CLONING OF PTHRP;72
10.3.4;GENE STRUCTURE;74
10.3.5;TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION AND MRNA SPLICING;76
10.3.6;PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND POSTTRANSLATIONAL PROCESSING;79
10.3.7;NUCLEAR IMPORT AND INTRACRINE FUNCTION OF PTHRP;81
10.3.8;TISSUE DISTRIBUTION AND PARACRINE FUNCTION;82
10.3.9;CONCLUSION;85
10.3.10;References;85
10.4;Chapter 4 - Interactions of PTH with Receptors and Signaling;92
10.4.1;INTRODUCTION;92
10.4.2;PARATHYROID HORMONE—LIGAND DETERMINANTS OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY;93
10.4.3;THE PTHR1 CLONING, GENE CHARACTERIZATION, AND EVOLUTION;95
10.4.4;STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE PTHR1 AND MODE OF LIGAND BINDING;97
10.4.5;LIGAND INTERACTIONS TO THE RECEPTOR’S N-TERMINAL EXTRACELLULAR DOMAIN (ECD);98
10.4.6;THE PTHR1 TRANSMEMBRANE DOMAIN (TMD) REGION, STRUCTURE, AND MODE OF ACTION;99
10.4.7;MECHANISMS OF SIGNALING TRANSDUCTION AND SIGNAL REGULATION;100
10.4.8;MECHANISM OF CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE AND PROLONGED SIGNALING AT THE PTHR1;101
10.4.9;SMALL MOLECULE LIGANDS FOR THE PTHR;102
10.4.10;References;103
10.5;Chapter 5 - Interactions of PTHrP with Receptors and Signaling;108
10.5.1;INTRODUCTION;108
10.5.2;STRUCTURES OF THE PTHRP GENE, MRNA, AND PEPTIDES;109
10.5.3;N-TERMINAL PTHRP AND RECEPTORS;112
10.5.4;MID-MOLECULAR PTHRP AND RECEPTORS;114
10.5.5;NUCLEAR/NUCLEOLAR PTHRP AND ITS RECEPTORS;116
10.5.6;C-TERMINAL PTHRP AND ITS RECEPTORS;118
10.5.7;CONCLUSIONS;120
10.5.8;References;122
10.6;Chapter 6 - Control of Parathyroid Hormone Secretion by its Key Physiological Regulators;128
10.6.1;INTRODUCTION;128
10.6.2;IMPORTANCE OF PTH IN MAINTAINING MINERAL ION HOMEOSTASIS IN VIVO;128
10.6.3;GENERAL MECHANISMS DETERMINING THE OVERALL RATE OF PTH SECRETION;131
10.6.4;CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH REGULATES THE VARIOUS ASPECTS OF PARATHYROID FUNCTION DETERMINING THE OVERALL RATE OF...;132
10.6.5;REGULATION OF OVERALL PARATHYROID FUNCTION BY 1,25(OH)2D3;138
10.6.6;REGULATION OF OVERALL PARATHYROID SECRETORY FUNCTION BY PHOSPHATE;139
10.6.7;EFFECTS OF FGF23 ON OVERALL PARATHYROID FUNCTION;140
10.6.8;CONCLUSIONS;141
10.6.9;References;141
10.7;Chapter 7 - Molecular Actions of Parathyroid Hormone;146
10.7.1;INTRODUCTION;146
10.7.2;PTH SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;146
10.7.3;PTH REGULATION OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION;148
10.7.4;CONTROL OF CELL PROLIFERATION AND SURVIVAL BY PTH;149
10.7.5;REGULATION OF ION TRANSPORT BY PTH;150
10.7.6;References;150
10.8;Chapter 8 - Cellular Actions of PTH: Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, and Osteocytes;154
10.8.1;Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, and Osteocytes;154
10.8.2;INTRODUCTION;154
10.8.3;CELLULAR ACTIONS OF PTH ON BONE;154
10.8.4;CONCLUSION;160
10.8.5;References;160
10.9;Chapter 9 - Physiologic Actions of PTH I: PTH Action on the Skeleton;166
10.9.1;PTH Action on the Skeleton;166
10.9.2;INTRODUCTION;166
10.9.3;PHYSIOLOGIC, PHARMACOLOGIC, AND PATHOLOGIC INTERACTIONS OF PTH WITH THE SKELETON;167
10.9.4;MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF ACTION;169
10.9.5;CONTRIBUTIONS TO MODELING AND REMODELING OF THE SKELETON;172
10.9.6;SUMMARY;174
10.9.7;References;174
10.10;Chapter 10 - Physiological Actions of PTH II: Renal Actions;180
10.10.1;Renal Actions;180
10.10.2;INTRODUCTION;180
10.10.3;NEPHRON SITES OF PTH ACTION;180
10.10.4;PTH ACTIONS ON ION TRANSPORT;183
10.10.5;PTH EFFECTS ON METABOLISM;186
10.10.6;PTH METABOLISM BY THE KIDNEY;187
10.10.7;Acknowledgments;188
10.10.8;References;188
10.11;Chapter 11 - Physiological Actions of PTH and PTHrP III: Endochondral Bone Formation;192
10.11.1;Endochondral Bone Formation;192
10.11.2;Endochondral Bone Formation;192
10.11.3;THE PTHRP—INDIAN HEDGEHOG PATHWAY IN THE GROWTH PLATE;195
10.11.4;ACTIONS OF PTHRP DURING BONE DEVELOPMENT;198
10.11.5;ACTIONS OF INDIAN HEDGEHOG DURING BONE DEVELOPMENT;202
10.11.6;ROLES OF IHH, PTHRP, AND PTHR1 IN THE POSTNATAL SKELETON;205
10.11.7;CONCLUSION;208
10.11.8;References;208
10.12;Chapter 12 - Physiological Actions of PTH and PTHrP IV: Vascular, Cardiovascular, and CNS Biology;214
10.12.1;Vascular, Cardiovascular, and CNS Biology;214
10.12.2;INTRODUCTION;214
10.12.3;PTH/PTHRP BIOLOGY IN CARDIOVASCULAR DEVELOPMENT;214
10.12.4;PTHR SIGNALING IN ARTERIAL BIOLOGY: VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL AND ENDOTHELIAL RESPONSES TO PTH AND PTHRP;215
10.12.5;TIP39 IN VASCULAR PHARMACOLOGY AND POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF CNS TIP39 AND PTHRP TO CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE;217
10.12.6;IMPACT OF HYPERPARATHYROIDISM ON CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY, CORONARY FLOW RESERVE, AND VASCULAR STIFFNESS: AN EMERGING CONCERN IN...;218
10.12.7;SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD); THE METABOLIC “PERFECT STORM” OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK;219
10.12.8;IMPACT OF PTH AND HYPERPARATHYROIDISM ON CALCIFIC AORTIC VALVE DISEASE (CAVD): A SCLEROTIC CONUNDRUM;221
10.12.9;CHRONIC PTH1R ACTIVATION AND THE RENIN–ANGIOTENSIN–ALDOSTERONE (RAA) AXIS IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: A FEED-FORWARD VICIOUS CYCL...;221
10.12.10;PTH/PTHRP SIGNALING AND THE BONE–VASCULAR AXIS;221
10.12.11;CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS;223
10.12.12;Acknowledgments;223
10.12.13;References;223
10.13;Chapter 13 - Physiological Actions of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and PTH-related Protein: Epidermal, Mammary, Reproductive, and Pancreatic Tissues;230
10.13.1;Epidermal, Mammary, Reproductive, and Pancreatic Tissues;230
10.13.2;INTRODUCTION;230
10.13.3;SKIN;230
10.13.4;MAMMARY GLAND;232
10.13.5;REPRODUCTIVE TISSUES;237
10.13.6;ENDOCRINE PANCREAS;241
10.13.7;CONCLUSION;243
10.13.8;Acknowledgments;243
10.13.9;References;243
10.14;Chapter 14 - PTH and T-cell Biology;250
10.14.1;EFFECTS OF PTH IN BONE;250
10.14.2;T-CELL SUBSETS AND THEIR ROLE IN BONE HOMEOSTASIS;251
10.14.3;T CELLS AND PTH-INDUCED BONE LOSS;252
10.14.4;ROLE OF T CELLS IN THE ANABOLIC ACTIVITY OF INTERMITTENT PTH TREATMENT;253
10.14.5;ROLE OF T CELLS ON THE EXPANSION OF HSCS INDUCED BY PTH;255
10.14.6;CONCLUSIONS;256
10.14.7;References;256
10.15;Chapter 15 - Anabolic and Catabolic Pathways of Parathyroid Hormone on the Skeleton;260
10.15.1;INTRODUCTION;260
10.15.2;PTH SIGNALING;260
10.15.3;ACTIONS OF PTH THAT CONTRIBUTE TO INCREASED BONE RESORPTION: CATABOLIC;261
10.15.4;ACTIONS OF PTH CONTRIBUTING TO INCREASED BONE FORMATION: ANABOLIC;262
10.15.5;GENE PROFILE IN CATABOLIC AND ANABOLIC PTH REGIMES;265
10.15.6;THE ROLE OF T CELLS ON THE ANABOLIC AND CATABOLIC ACTIONS OF PTH;265
10.15.7;THE INFLUENCE OF BONE RESORPTION ON PTH-INDUCED BONE ANABOLISM;267
10.15.8;SUMMARY;267
10.15.9;References;268
10.16;Chapter 16 - Metabolism and Measurement of Parathyroid Hormone;272
10.16.1;THE CIRCULATING PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) PARADOX;272
10.16.2;FIRST-GENERATION PTH ASSAYS: CIRCULATING PTH IMMUNOHETEROGENEITY;272
10.16.3;SECOND-GENERATION PTH ASSAYS: IMMUNORADIOMETRIC (IRMA) ASSAYS;272
10.16.4;THIRD-GENERATION PTH ASSAY: IMPROVED IRMA;273
10.16.5;ORIGIN OF CIRCULATING PTH MOLECULAR FORMS;273
10.16.6;REGULATION OF CIRCULATING PTH MOLECULAR FORMS;273
10.16.7;MOLECULAR FORMS OF PTH ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC CLINICAL CONDITIONS;274
10.16.8;CONCLUSION;276
10.16.9;References;277
11;Section II - Clinical Aspects of Primary Hyperparathyroidism;280
11.1;Chapter 17 - Parathyroid Growth: Normal and Abnormal;282
11.1.1;Normal and Abnormal;282
11.1.2;INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND;282
11.1.3;ABNORMAL PARATHYROID GROWTH;286
11.1.4;INTEGRATION OF PARATHYROID GROWTH AND HORMONE SECRETION;298
11.1.5;Acknowledgments;299
11.1.6;References;299
11.2;Chapter 18 - Molecular Basis of Primary Hyperparathyroidism;306
11.2.1;INTRODUCTION;306
11.2.2;CLONALITY OF PARATHYROID TUMORS;307
11.2.3;SPECIFIC GENETIC ABNORMALITIES IN BENIGN PARATHYROID TUMORS;308
11.2.4;OTHER GENETIC ABNORMALITIES IN SPORADIC PARATHYROID TUMORS;314
11.2.5;MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF PARATHYROID CARCINOMA;314
11.2.6;EPIGENETICS AND GENE EXPRESSION ALTERATIONS IN SPORADIC PARATHYROID ADENOMAS;316
11.2.7;ECTOPIC SECRETION OF PTH;317
11.2.8;SUMMARY;318
11.2.9;References;318
11.3;Chapter 19 - Epidemiology of Primary Hyperparathyroidism;324
11.3.1;INTRODUCTION;324
11.3.2;INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE;324
11.3.3;SPECIAL POPULATION CONSIDERATIONS IN SPORADIC PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM;326
11.3.4;CLINICAL FEATURES;327
11.3.5;MORTALITY;328
11.3.6;COST OF PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM;329
11.3.7;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION;331
11.3.8;Acknowledgment;331
11.3.9;References;331
11.4;Chapter 20 - Clinical Presentation of Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Global Perspective;336
11.4.1;A Global Perspective;336
11.4.2;INTRODUCTION;336
11.4.3;PRESENTATION IN THE UNITED STATES;336
11.4.4;PRESENTATION IN EUROPE;337
11.4.5;PRESENTATION IN LATIN AMERICA;337
11.4.6;PRESENTATION IN ASIA;338
11.4.7;BONE DISEASE IN PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM;338
11.4.8;NEPHROLITHIASIS IN PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM;339
11.4.9;NON-CLASSICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM;339
11.4.10;DIAGNOSIS OF PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM;340
11.4.11;References;341
11.5;Chapter 21 - Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism;344
11.5.1;INTRODUCTION;344
11.5.2;INCIDENCE AND PATHOGENESIS OF PRIMARY HYPERTHYROIDISM;344
11.5.3;CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM: THEN AND NOW;345
11.5.4;DIAGNOSIS AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ASYMPTOMATIC PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM;346
11.5.5;CLASSICAL ORGAN INVOLVEMENT IN ASYMPTOMATIC PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM;348
11.5.6;NON-CLASSICAL ORGAN INVOLVEMENT IN ASYMPTOMATIC PHPT;351
11.5.7;PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM: YESTERDAY, TODAY, AND TOMORROW;353
11.5.8;References;354
11.6;Chapter 22 - Normocalcemic PHPT;358
11.6.1;INTRODUCTION;358
11.6.2;PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;358
11.6.3;DIAGNOSIS;359
11.6.4;EPIDEMIOLOGY;360
11.6.5;CLINICAL PRESENTATION;361
11.6.6;NATURAL HISTORY;363
11.6.7;MANAGEMENT;364
11.6.8;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;364
11.6.9;Acknowledgments;364
11.6.10;References;364
11.7;Chapter 23 - Familial and Hereditary Forms of Primary Hyperparathyroidism;368
11.7.1;INTRODUCTION;368
11.7.2;SYNDROMIC FORMS OF PHPT;368
11.7.3;NON-SYNDROMIC (ISOLATED) FORMS OF PHPT;381
11.7.4;GENE TESTING IN CLINICAL PRACTICE FOR PHPT PATIENTS;383
11.7.5;CONCLUSIONS;385
11.7.6;Acknowledgments;385
11.7.7;References;385
11.8;Chapter 24 - Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia and Neonatal Severe Hyperparathyroidism;392
11.8.1;HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND NOMENCLATURE;392
11.8.2;CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FHH;393
11.8.3;LABORATORY AND DYNAMIC STUDIES IN FHH;394
11.8.4;GENETICS AND MOLECULAR GENETICS OF FHH;399
11.8.5;GENOTYPE–PHENOTYPE ASSOCIATIONS;404
11.8.6;DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF FHH;405
11.8.7;CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEONATAL HYPERPARATHYROIDISM;406
11.8.8;GENETICS AND MOLECULAR GENETICS OF NEONATAL HYPERPARATHYROIDISM, INCLUDING NEONATAL SEVERE HYPERPARATHYRODISM;407
11.8.9;DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF NHPT AND NSHPT;408
11.8.10;CONCLUSIONS;409
11.8.11;Acknowledgments;409
11.8.12;References;409
11.9;Chapter 25 - Primary Hyperparathyroidism in Children and Adolescents;416
11.9.1;INTRODUCTION;416
11.9.2;ETIOLOGY OF PEDIATRIC PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM;419
11.9.3;PATHOLOGY;422
11.9.4;CLINICAL FEATURES AND COMPLICATIONS;422
11.9.5;ASCERTAINMENT AND DIAGNOSIS;422
11.9.6;MANAGEMENT AND OUTCOME;423
11.9.7;OUTCOMES;424
11.9.8;SUMMARY;424
11.9.9;References;424
11.10;Chapter 26 - Acute Primary Hyperparathyroidism;428
11.10.1;Acute Primary Hyperparathyroidism;428
11.10.2;RISK OF DEVELOPING ACUTE PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM;428
11.10.3;DEMOGRAPHICS;429
11.10.4;LABORATORY EVALUATION;429
11.10.5;TARGET ORGAN MANIFESTATIONS;431
11.10.6;PATHOLOGY;431
11.10.7;PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;432
11.10.8;ACUTE PARATHYROID CRISIS ASSOCIATED WITH PREGNANCY;432
11.10.9;OTHER ASSOCIATIONS WITH ACUTE PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM;432
11.10.10;ANIMAL MODELS OF ACUTE PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM;432
11.10.11;TREATMENT;433
11.10.12;OUTCOMES;433
11.10.13;SUMMARY;434
11.10.14;References;434
11.11;Chapter 27 - Parathyroid Carcinoma;436
11.11.1;INTRODUCTION;436
11.11.2;EPIDEMIOLOGY;436
11.11.3;ETIOLOGY;436
11.11.4;PATHOGENESIS;437
11.11.5;PATHOLOGY;438
11.11.6;CLINICAL FEATURES;440
11.11.7;IMAGING STUDIES;441
11.11.8;NATURAL HISTORY AND SURVEILLANCE;442
11.11.9;MANAGEMENT;442
11.11.10;MANAGEMENT OF HYPERCALCEMIA;444
11.11.11;PROGNOSIS;445
11.11.12;CLOSING REMARKS;445
11.11.13;References;445
11.12;Chapter 28 - Bone Turnover Markers in Primary Hyperparathyroidism;450
11.12.1;INTRODUCTION;450
11.12.2;BONE TURNOVER MARKERS;450
11.12.3;MANAGEMENT OF PHPT AND EFFECTS ON BONE TURNOVER MARKERS;451
11.12.4;CONCLUSION;453
11.12.5;References;454
11.13;Chapter 29 - Bone Histomorphometry and Bone Quality in Primary Hyperparathyroidism;456
11.13.1;INTRODUCTION;456
11.13.2;BONE HISTOMORPHOMETRY: STATIC AND DYNAMIC INDICES;456
11.13.3;BONE TURNOVER IN PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM;457
11.13.4;BONE MASS IN PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM;458
11.13.5;BONE STRUCTURE IN PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM;460
11.13.6;MECHANISM OF MAINTENANCE OF CANCELLOUS BONE VOLUME AND STRUCTURE AT THE ILIAC CREST;463
11.13.7;EFFECTS OF PARATHYROIDECTOMY ON BONE STRUCTURE AND REMODELING ACTIVITY IN THE ILIAC CREST;466
11.13.8;EFFECTS OF PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM ON MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF BONE MATRIX;467
11.13.9;CONCLUSION;470
11.13.10;Acknowledgments;470
11.13.11;References;470
11.14;Chapter 30 - Skeletal Imaging in Primary Hyperparathyroidism;474
11.14.1;INTRODUCTION;474
11.14.2;DUAL-ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY;474
11.14.3;HIGH-RESOLUTION PERIPHERAL QUANTITATIVE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (HRPQCT);476
11.14.4;TRABECULAR BONE SCORE;478
11.14.5;CONCLUSION;479
11.14.6;References;480
11.15;Chapter 31 - Primary Hyperparathyroidism and the Kidney;482
11.15.1;INTRODUCTION;482
11.15.2;CO-EVOLUTION OF THE PARATHYROID GLAND AND KIDNEY: FROM WATER TO LAND;483
11.15.3;RENAL CALCIUM REABSORPTION;483
11.15.4;CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF CALCIUM PROCESSING BY THE KIDNEY;484
11.15.5;RENAL PHOSPHATE REABSORPTION;486
11.15.6;CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF PHOSPHATE PROCESSING BY THE KIDNEY;486
11.15.7;RENAL BICARBONATE REABSORPTION;488
11.15.8;RENAL PRODUCTION OF 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D;488
11.15.9;ROLE OF KIDNEY IN SETTING THE SERUM LEVEL OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE IN PHPT;489
11.15.10;EFFECT OF RENAL FAILURE AND DRUGS ACTING ON THE KIDNEY;489
11.15.11;EFFECT OF TREATMENT OF PHPT ON THE KIDNEY;490
11.15.12;URINARY STONE DISEASE;490
11.15.13;NEPHROCALCINOSIS;492
11.15.14;References;492
11.16;Chapter 32 - Non-traditional Manifestations of Primary Hyperparathyroidism;496
11.16.1;INTRODUCTION;496
11.16.2;PSYCHOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE SYMPTOMS AND QUALITY OF LIFE;496
11.16.3;CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE;500
11.16.4;RHEUMATIC DISEASE;503
11.16.5;GASTROINTENSTINAL DISEASE;503
11.16.6;CANCER;504
11.16.7;CONCLUSIONS;504
11.16.8;References;504
11.17;Chapter 33 - Vitamin D and Primary Hyperparathyroidism;508
11.17.1;CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES;508
11.17.2;WHY ARE PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM AND LOW VITAMIN D LEVELS SO CONSISTENTLY ASSOCIATED?;509
11.17.3;VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION STUDIES;510
11.17.4;GENERAL CONCLUSIONS;512
11.17.5;References;513
11.18;Chapter 34 - Guidelines for the Management of Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism;516
11.18.1;INTRODUCTION;516
11.18.2;METHODS;516
11.18.3;WORKSHOP GROUP #1: DIAGNOSIS OF PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM;517
11.18.4;CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS OF PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM;518
11.18.5;MANAGEMENT;519
11.18.6;BLUEPRINT FOR FUTURE RESEARCH (ADAPTED FROM REFERENCE 1);522
11.18.7;CONCLUSION;522
11.18.8;Acknowledgments;522
11.18.9;References;523
11.19;Chapter 35 - Preoperative Localization of Abnormal Parathyroid Glands;526
11.19.1;INTRODUCTION;526
11.19.2;ULTRASOUND;527
11.19.3;PARATHYROID SCINTIGRAPHY;531
11.19.4;COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY;535
11.19.5;MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI);538
11.19.6;RADIOGUIDED SURGERY;539
11.19.7;CONCLUDING REMARKS;540
11.19.8;References;542
11.20;Chapter 36 - Surgical Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism;546
11.20.1;INTRODUCTION;546
11.20.2;CLINICAL PRESENTATION TO THE SURGEON AND DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS;546
11.20.3;INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY;546
11.20.4;PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION;547
11.20.5;OPERATIVE APPROACHES;548
11.20.6;POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT;552
11.20.7;OUTCOMES OF PARATHYROID SURGERY;552
11.20.8;SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS;553
11.20.9;SUMMARY;557
11.20.10;References;557
11.21;Chapter 37 - Medical Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism;560
11.21.1;INTRODUCTION;560
11.21.2;GENERAL MEASURES;560
11.21.3;PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY;561
11.21.4;SPECIFIC SITUATIONS;576
11.21.5;References;577
12;Section III - Non-Parathyroid Hypercalcemic States;582
12.1;Chapter 38 - Hypercalcemia Due to PTHrP;584
12.1.1;PTHRP DISCOVERY AND MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION;584
12.1.2;METABOLISM OF PTHRP;587
12.1.3;CIRCULATING FORMS OF PTHRP;587
12.1.4;PTHRP AS A CLINICAL TARGET;595
12.1.5;SUMMARY;596
12.1.6;References;596
12.2;Chapter 39 - Hypercalcemia Associated with Local and Ectopic Hormone Production;604
12.2.1;1.-HYDROXYLASE;604
12.2.2;25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D-24-HYDROXYLASE;606
12.2.3;SYSTEMIC ELEVATIONS OF CYTOKINES IN MALIGNANCY-ASSOCIATED HYPERCALCEMIA;607
12.2.4;BREAST CANCER;607
12.2.5;MULTIPLE MYELOMA;608
12.2.6;References;609
12.3;Chapter 40 - Genetic Disorders Caused by Mutations in the PTH/PTHrP Receptor and Downstream Effector Molecules;614
12.3.1;INTRODUCTION;614
12.3.2;THE PTH/PTHRP RECEPTOR SYSTEM;614
12.3.3;HUMAN DISORDERS CAUSED BY MUTATIONS IN THE PTH/PTHRP SIGNALING PATHWAY;617
12.3.4;MUTATIONS IN GENES DOWNSTREAM OF THE PTH/PTHRP RECEPTOR;625
12.3.5;CONCLUSIONS;628
12.3.6;References;628
12.4;Chapter 41 - The Differential Diagnosis of Hypercalcemia;634
12.4.1;INTRODUCTION;634
12.4.2;PARATHYROID HORMONE-MEDIATED HYPERCALCEMIA;634
12.4.3;PARATHYROID HORMONE-RELATED PROTEIN-MEDIATED HYPERCALCEMIA;635
12.4.4;MIXED PTHRP AND CYTOKINE-MEDIATED HYPERCALCEMIA;636
12.4.5;1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D-INDUCED HYPERCALCEMIA;637
12.4.6;OTHER CAUSES OF EXCESSIVE BONE RESORPTION;638
12.4.7;SUPPLEMENT AND DRUG-INDUCED HYPERCALCEMIA;638
12.4.8;OTHER CAUSES OF HYPERCALCEMIA, MECHANISM UNKNOWN;639
12.4.9;AN APPROACH TO THE PATIENT WITH HYPERCALCEMIA;639
12.4.10;References;641
12.5;Chapter 42 - Acute Management of Hypercalcemia;644
12.5.1;INTRODUCTION;644
12.5.2;DIFFERENTAL DIAGNOSIS OF HYPERCALCEMIA;644
12.5.3;PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ACUTE HYPERCALCEMIA;645
12.5.4;CLINICAL FEATURES OF HYPERCALCEMIA;647
12.5.5;THERAPY OF ACUTE HYPERCALCEMIA;648
12.5.6;References;653
13;Section IV - Secondary and Tertiary Hyperparathyroid States;658
13.1;Chapter 43 - Vitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone;660
13.1.1;INTRODUCTION;660
13.1.2;THE VITAMIN D–CALCIUM HOMEOSTATIC SYSTEM;660
13.1.3;PTH AND VITAMIN D INTERACTIONS IN CALCIUM BALANCE;662
13.1.4;PTH AND VITAMIN D ADEQUACY;663
13.1.5;PTH AND VITAMIN D—RECIPROCAL INFLUENCES;665
13.1.6;MAGNESIUM, PTH, AND VITAMIN D;666
13.1.7;References;666
13.2;Chapter 44 - The Parathyroids in Renal Disease: Pathophysiology and Systemic Consequences;668
13.2.1;Pathophysiology and Systemic Consequences;668
13.2.2;INTRODUCTION;668
13.2.3;PATHOGENESIS OF CKD-MBD;668
13.2.4;SYSTEMIC CONSEQUENCES OF ABNORMAL MINERAL METABOLISM IN CKD;671
13.2.5;SUMMARY;674
13.2.6;References;674
13.3;Chapter 45 - Clinical Skeletal Syndromes Associated with Parathyroid Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease;680
13.3.1;INTRODUCTION AND EVOLUTION OF SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM;680
13.3.2;SKELETAL DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH PARATHYROID HORMONE IN CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE;681
13.3.3;CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE-MINERAL AND BONE DISORDER (CKD-MBD);684
13.3.4;OSTEOPOROSIS;685
13.3.5;BONE MINERAL DENSITY AND USE OF FRAX AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF CKD;685
13.3.6;BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS OF BONE TURNOVER COMBINED WITH PTH IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SKELETAL ABNORMALITIES IN CKD;687
13.3.7;BONE BIOPSY FOR QUANTITATIVE HISTOMORPHOMETRY IN SKELETAL DISORDERS OF CKD;688
13.3.8;TREATMENT OF SKELETAL FRACTURES IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE;688
13.3.9;CONCLUSIONS;692
13.3.10;References;692
13.4;Chapter 46 - Other Secondary Hyperparathyroid States;698
13.4.1;DISORDERS OF CALCIUM BALANCE;698
13.4.2;PHOSPHATE-WASTING DISORDERS;702
13.4.3;POST-RENAL TRANSPLANT;704
13.4.4;ACID–BASE DISORDERS;705
13.4.5;MEDICATIONS;705
13.4.6;References;706
14;Section V - The Hypoparathyroid States;712
14.1;Chapter 47 - Hypoparathyroidism in the Differential Diagnosis of Hypocalcemia;714
14.1.1;DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM;714
14.1.2;DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF HYPOCALCEMIA;715
14.1.3;CLINICAL EVALUATION;718
14.1.4;LABORATORY EVALUATION;719
14.1.5;GENE AND ANTIBODY TESTING;720
14.1.6;References;721
14.2;Chapter 48 - Magnesium Depletion and Parathyroid Function;724
14.2.1;INTRODUCTION;724
14.2.2;THE CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR;724
14.2.3;THE ROLE OF MAGNESIUM IN CASR FUNCTION;725
14.2.4;CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY;726
14.2.5;CONDITIONS THAT PRODUCE MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY;728
14.2.6;HOMEOSTASIS AND FUNCTIONS OF MAGNESIUM;728
14.2.7;DIAGNOSIS OF MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY;728
14.2.8;THE MAGNESIUM TOLERANCE TEST;729
14.2.9;TREATMENT OF MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY AND ITS EFFECT ON THE PARATHYROID CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR;729
14.2.10;MAGNESIUM DEPLETION AND VITAMIN D STATUS;730
14.2.11;SUMMARY;731
14.2.12;References;731
14.3;Chapter 49 - Epidemiology of Hypoparathyroidism;734
14.3.1;INTRODUCTION;734
14.3.2;INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS;734
14.3.3;PREVALENCE;738
14.3.4;COST;739
14.3.5;HOSPITALIZATION;739
14.3.6;MORBIDITY;739
14.3.7;MORTALITY;741
14.3.8;CONCLUSION;742
14.3.9;References;742
14.4;Chapter 50 - The Molecular Genetics of Hypoparathyroidism;746
14.4.1;INTRODUCTION;746
14.4.2;ISOLATED HYPOPARATHYROIDISM;747
14.4.3;HYPOPARATHYROIDISM ASSOCIATED WITH COMPLEX DISORDERS;751
14.4.4;DIAGNOSTIC WORK-UP IN NON-SURGICAL, IDIOPATHIC HYPOPARATHYROIDISM, PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS, AND GENETIC COUNSELING;756
14.4.5;CONCLUSION;758
14.4.6;References;758
14.5;Chapter 51 - Surgical Hypoparathyroidism;764
14.5.1;INTRODUCTION;764
14.5.2;HYPOPARA AFTER THYROID SURGERY;764
14.5.3;HYPOPARA AFTER PARATHYROID SURGERY;765
14.5.4;CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS;765
14.5.5;PREDICTING AND PREVENTING SURGICAL HYPOPARATHYROIDISM;766
14.5.6;PARATHYROID AUTOTRANSPLANTATION;767
14.5.7;MANAGEMENT OF IMMEDIATE POSTOPERATIVE HYPOCALCEMIA: OUR PROTOCOL;769
14.5.8;SUMMARY;769
14.5.9;References;769
14.6;Chapter 52 - Autoimmune Hypoparathyroidism;772
14.6.1;INTRODUCTION;772
14.6.2;HISTORY;772
14.6.3;CLINICAL FEATURES OF APS1;773
14.6.4;PATHOGENESIS;777
14.6.5;ETIOLOGY;780
14.6.6;TREATMENT;780
14.6.7;Acknowledgments;782
14.6.8;References;782
14.7;Chapter 53 - Clinical Manifestations of Hypoparathyroidism;788
14.7.1;INTRODUCTION;788
14.7.2;NEUROLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS;788
14.7.3;CARDIAC MANIFESTATIONS;791
14.7.4;OPHTHALMIC MANIFESTATIONS;792
14.7.5;CUTANEOUS MANIFESTATIONS;792
14.7.6;DENTAL MANIFESTIONS;792
14.7.7;HYPOPARATHYROIDISM-ASSOCIATED MYOPATHY;793
14.7.8;GASTROINTESTINAL MANIFESTATIONS;793
14.7.9;SKELETAL MANIFESTATIONS;793
14.7.10;RENAL MANIFESTATIONS;793
14.7.11;LATENT AND SUBCLINICAL HYPOPARATHYROIDISM;794
14.7.12;PRESENTING SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS;794
14.7.13;References;795
14.8;CHAPTER 54 - Skeletal Manifestations of Hypoparathyroidism;798
14.8.1;INTRODUCTION;798
14.8.2;SKELETAL MANIFESTATIONS OF HYPOPARATHYROIDISM;798
14.8.3;SKELETAL EFFECTS OF PTH TREATMENT IN HYPOPARATHYROIDISM;801
14.8.4;SUMMARY;804
14.8.5;References;805
14.9;Chapter 55 - Molecular and Clinical Aspects of Pseudohypoparathyroidism;808
14.9.1;HISTORY AND NOSOLOGY;808
14.9.2;PTH SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND THE ROLE OF G-PROTEINS;810
14.9.3;MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE GNAS GENE;813
14.9.4;TISSUE-SPECIFIC IMPRINTING OF GNAS;814
14.9.5;PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PTH RESISTANCE IN PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM;815
14.9.6;MOLECULAR CLASSES OF PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM;816
14.9.7;MULTIPLE HORMONE RESISTANCE IN PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM TYPE 1A;818
14.9.8;CLINICAL FEATURES;819
14.9.9;DIAGNOSIS OF PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM;822
14.9.10;TREATMENT;823
14.9.11;CONCLUSION;825
14.9.12;References;825
14.10;Chapter 56 - Treatment of Hypoparathyroidism with Calcium and Vitamin D;834
14.10.1;TREATMENT;835
14.10.2;CONCLUSION;836
14.10.3;References;836
14.11;Chapter 57 - Treatment of Hypoparathyroidism with Parathyroid Hormone;838
14.11.1;INTRODUCTION;838
14.11.2;TREATMENT OF HYPOPARATHYROIDISM WITH PTH(1–34);838
14.11.3;TREATMENT OF HYPOPARATHYROIDISM WITH PTH(1–84);840
14.11.4;SUMMARY, AREAS OF UNCERTAINTY, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS;847
14.11.5;References;849
15;Section VI - The Parathyroids and Osteoporosis;852
15.1;Chapter 58 - Parathyroid Hormone in the Pathophysiology of Osteoporosis;854
15.1.1;INTRODUCTION;854
15.1.2;EARLY POSTMENOPAUSAL BONE LOSS;854
15.1.3;AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN PTH SECRETION;855
15.1.4;RELATIONSHIP OF AGE-RELATED INCREASES IN SERUM PTH TO INCREASED BONE TURNOVER AND BONE LOSS;857
15.1.5;ETIOLOGY OF THE SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM OF AGING;859
15.1.6;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;860
15.1.7;References;860
15.2;Chapter 59 - Parathyroid Hormone and Glucocorticoid-induced Osteoporosis;864
15.2.1;INTRODUCTION;864
15.2.2;MECHANISM OF GLUCOCORTICOID- INDUCED BONE LOSS;864
15.2.3;MECHANISM OF ANABOLIC ACTION OF PTH ON BONE IN GIOP;864
15.2.4;ROLE OF PTH IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF GIOP;865
15.2.5;TREATMENT OF GIOP WITH PARATHYROID HORMONE;866
15.2.6;CONCLUSION;868
15.2.7;References;868
15.3;Chapter 60 - Parathyroid Hormone as Monotherapy for the Treatment of Osteoporosis;870
15.3.1;INTRODUCTION;870
15.3.2;INDICATIONS FOR PTH THERAPY IN OSTEOPOROSIS;870
15.3.3;MODE OF ACTION;871
15.3.4;PERSISTENCE OF EFFECT;875
15.3.5;RECHALLENGE WITH PTH;875
15.3.6;COST EFFECTIVENESS OF TPTD;875
15.3.7;PTH TREATMENT IN GLUCOCORTICOID-TREATED PATIENTS;876
15.3.8;OTHER POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS FOR PTH TREATMENT;877
15.3.9;CONCLUSION REGARDING OSTEOPOROSIS TREATMENT;877
15.3.10;References;877
15.4;Chapter 61 - Combination Osteoporosis Therapy with Parathyroid Hormone;880
15.4.1;INTRODUCTION;880
15.4.2;COMBINATION OSTEOPOROSIS THERAPY;880
15.4.3;PARATHYROID HORMONE AND ESTROGEN OR SELECTIVE ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR MODULATOR THERAPY IN POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS;881
15.4.4;PARATHYROID HORMONE AND BISPHOSPHONATES IN POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS;881
15.4.5;PARATHYROID HORMONE AND DENOSUMAB IN POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS;884
15.4.6;COMBINATION THERAPY IN MALE OSTEOPOROSIS;884
15.4.7;PARATHYROID HORMONE AFTER ANTIRESORPTIVE THERAPY;885
15.4.8;ANTIRESORPTIVE THERAPY AFTER PARATHYROID HORMONE;886
15.4.9;HYPERCALCEMIA AND HYPERCALCIURIA WITH COMBINATION THERAPY;887
15.4.10;SUMMARY;887
15.4.11;References;888
15.5;Chapter 62 - The Role of Parathyroid Hormone in Fracture Healing;892
15.5.1;THE BIOLOGY OF FRACTURE REPAIR;892
15.5.2;THE ROLE OF PTH IN PRE-CLINICAL MODELS OF FRACTURE HEALING;895
15.5.3;THE ROLE OF PTH IN CLINICAL MODELS OF FRACTURE HEALING;899
15.5.4;THE EFFECT OF PTH WITH ADDITIONAL ADJUVANTS;901
15.5.5;CONCLUSIONS;902
15.5.6;References;902
15.6;Chapter 63 - Parathyroid Function and Disease during Pregnancy, Lactation, and Fetal/Neonatal Development;904
15.6.1;INTRODUCTION;904
15.6.2;MINERAL PHYSIOLOGY DURING PREGNANCY;904
15.6.3;MINERAL PHYSIOLOGY DURING FETAL DEVELOPMENT;907
15.6.4;MINERAL PHYSIOLOGY DURING LACTATION;908
15.6.5;MINERAL PHYSIOLOGY IN THE NEONATE;911
15.6.6;PARATHYROID DISORDERS DURING PREGNANCY;912
15.6.7;PARATHYROID DISORDERS DURING LACTATION;917
15.6.8;PARATHYROID DISORDERS DURING FETAL AND NEONATAL DEVELOPMENT;919
15.6.9;CONCLUSIONS;922
15.6.10;References;923
16;Index;930
Contributors
Robert A. Adler, MD, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA C.E. Ambrosini, MD, Department of Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy Andrew Arnold, MD, Center for Molecular Medicine and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA Zubair W. Baloch, MD, PhD, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA Francisco Bandeira, MD, PhD, FACE, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Agamemnon Magalhães Hospital, Brazilian Ministry of Health, University of Pernambuco, Medical School, Recife, Brazil Carlo Bartolozzi, MD, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy Sanjay Kumar Bhadada, MD, DM, Associate Professor of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India John P. Bilezikian, MD, Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA Jens Bollerslev, MD, DMSC, Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Oslo University Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway Maria Luisa Brandi, MD, PhD, Bone Metabolic Disease Unit, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy Edward M. Brown, MD, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Roger Bouillon, MD, PhD, FRCP (London), Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium Glenda G. Callender, MD, Department of Surgery, Section of Endocrine Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Tobias Carling, MD, PhD, Department of Surgery, Section of Endocrine Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Vincenzo Carnevale, MD, Unit of Internal Medicine, “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza” Hospital, IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy Monica Therese B. Cating-Cabral, MD, Department of Internal Medicine and the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA Filomena Cetani, MD, PhD, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy Luisella Cianferotti, MD, PhD, Bone Metabolic Disease Unit, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy Roberto Civitelli, MD, Division of Bone and Mineral Disease, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Departments of Internal Medicine, and Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Bart L. Clarke, MD, Department of Internal Medicine and the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Aline Correia, MD, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Agamemnon Magalhães Hospital, Brazilian Ministry of Health, University of Pernambuco, Medical School, Recife, Brazil Felicia Cosman, MD, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA, and Clinical Research Center, Helen Hayes Hospital, West Haverstraw, NY, USA Aline G. Costa, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA, and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, São Paulo Federal University, São Paulo, Brazil Natalie E. Cusano, MD, Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA Pierre D’Amour, MD, CHUM Research Centre, Hôpîtal Saint-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada Anthony F. De Giacomo, MD, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Marian Dejaeger, MD, Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium David W. Dempster, PhD, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA and Regional Bone Center, Helen Hayes Hospital, West Haverstraw, NY, USA Marcella Donovan Walker, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA Richard Eastell, MD, FRCP, FRCPath, FMedSci, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK Thomas A. Einhorn, MD, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Ghada El-Hajj Fuleihan, MD, MPH, FRCP, Calcium Metabolism and Osteoporosis Program, WHO Collaborating Center for Metabolic Bone Disorders, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon Dorothy A. Fink, MD, Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA Lorraine A. Fitzpatrick, MD, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Diseases, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA Adam N. Freeman, MD, Department of Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital, and Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Peter A. Friedman, PhD, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Thomas J. Gardella, PhD, Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Andrea Giustina, MD, Department of Endocrinology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy David Goltzman, MD, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Didier Hans, PhD, Center of Bone diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, VD, Switzerland Robert P. Heaney, MD, John A. Creighton University, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA Sarada Jaimunga, MD, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Sophie Jamal, MD, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada Suzanne M. Jan De Beur, MD, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA Harald Jüppner, MD, Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Pediatric Nephrology, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Aliya A. Khan, MD, FRCPC, FACP, FACE, Department of Medicine, Divisions of Endocrinology and Geriatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Sundeep Khosla, MD, Endocrine Research Unit and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,...
