Bosák / Ford / Glazek Paleokarst

A Systematic and Regional Review
1. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-1-4832-9176-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 1, 726 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: Developments in Earth Surface Processes

Prepared by some of the world's leading experts in the field, this book is the first summarizing work on the origin, importance and exploitation of paleokarst. It offers an extensive regional survey, mainly concerning the Northern Hemisphere, as well as a thorough analysis of the problems of research into paleokarst phenomena, with particular emphasis on theoretical contributions and practical exploitation. By concentrating on phenomena which have appeared in the course of geological history, the book represents a substantial development in the general theory of paleokarst and demonstrates the advantages of a comprehensive approach to the problem. Considerable emphasis is put on the economic importance of paleokarst phenomena, from the point of view of exploiting significant deposits of mineral raw materials, as well as from a civil engineering and hydrological point of view.Since the publication deals with a boundary scientific discipline, it is intended for specialists from various branches of science: geologists, paleontologists, economic geologists, geographers, mining engineers and hydrogeologists.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Bosák, P.

Ford, D. C.

Glazek, J.

Horácek, I.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Paleokarst: A Systematic and Regional Review;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;Dedication;6
6;Contributors;12
7;Preface;14
8;Foreword;16
9;PART I: INTRODUCTION;18
9.1;CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION;20
9.1.1;The Scope and Aim of this Book;20
9.2;CHAPTER 2. PALEOKARST AS A PROBLEM;24
9.3;CHAPTER 3. TERMINOLOGY;26
9.3.1;Review;26
9.3.2;Definitions Proposed Here;32
10;PART II: REGIONAL REVIEW;34
10.1;CHAPTER 4. PALEOKARST OF BELGIUM;36
10.1.1;Introduction;36
10.1.2;Geological Framework;36
10.1.3;Terminology;39
10.1.4;The Principal Paleokarst Phenomena;39
10.1.5;Deep Karst in Hainaut and Mesozic Paleokarsts;44
10.1.6;Tertiary Paleokarsts;47
10.1.7;Practical Consequences;49
10.1.8;Conclusions;51
10.2;CHAPTER 5. PALEOKARST OF BRITAIN;52
10.2.1;Introduction;52
10.2.2;The Peak District of Derbyshire;52
10.2.3;The Mendip Hills of Somerset and the Bristol Area;60
10.2.4;Anglesey;65
10.2.5;North Wales;66
10.2.6;Northern England;69
10.2.7;Northwest Scotland;69
10.2.8;South Devon;70
10.2.9;The Chalk "Potholes";70
10.2.10;Jurassic Hardgrounds;71
10.3;CHAPTER 6. PALEOKARST OF NORWAY;72
10.3.1;Introduction;72
10.3.2;Geological and Regional Setting of the Carbonate Rocks;73
10.3.3;Pre-Tertiary Buried and Subjacent Karst;74
10.3.4;Tertiary Landforms;75
10.3.5;Concluding Remarks;77
10.4;CHAPTER 7. PALEOKARST OF POLAND;78
10.4.1;Introduction;78
10.4.2;Remarks on Terminology;79
10.4.3;The Geologic Frame of Karst Development;80
10.4.4;Periods of Karstification;86
10.4.5;Practical Consequences;104
10.4.6;Conclusion;106
10.5;CHAPTER 8. PALEOKARST OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA;108
10.5.1;Introduction;108
10.5.2;The Bohemian Massif;109
10.5.3;West Carpathians;129
10.5.4;Practical Consequences of Paleokarst;135
10.5.5;Conclusions;136
10.6;CHAPTER 9. PALEOKARST OF HUNGARY;138
10.6.1;Introduction;138
10.6.2;History of Karst Investigation;139
10.6.3;Phases of Paleokarst Development;139
10.6.4;Conclusions;154
10.7;CHAPTER 10. HYDROTHERMAL PALEOKARST OF HUNGARY;156
10.8;CHAPTER 11. PALEOKARST OF ITALY. SELECTED EXAMPLES FROM CAMBRIAN TO MIOCENE;166
10.8.1;Introduction;166
10.8.2;The Structural Grain of Italy;166
10.8.3;Paleozoic Paleokarst;171
10.8.4;Permotriassic and Triassic Paleokarst;173
10.8.5;Jurassic Paleokarst;180
10.8.6;Cretaceous Paleokarst;181
10.8.7;Tertiary Paleokarst;187
10.8.8;Discussion;189
10.9;CHAPTER 12. PALEOKARST RELATED ORE DEPOSITS OF THE MAGHREB, NORTH AFRICA;192
10.9.1;Introduction;192
10.9.2;Ore Occurrences and Deposits Located Underneathan Unconformity and Later Covered by MarineSediments;193
10.9.3;Paleokarst Related to Regional Emergence;196
10.9.4;Paleokarst with Remobilized Ore Deposits;198
10.9.5;Conclusions;199
10.10;CHAPTER 13. PALEOKARST OF YUGOSLAVIA;202
10.10.1;Introduction;202
10.10.2;Geological Backround of the Karst;203
10.10.3;Paleokarst Phenomena;205
10.10.4;Conclusion;215
10.11;CHAPTER 14. PALEOKARST OF BULGARIA;218
10.11.1;Introduction;218
10.11.2;Infiltrational Paleokarst (Tab. 2–1);218
10.11.3;Hydrothermal Paleokarst;225
10.11.4;Mineral Deposits Connected with Paleokarst;227
10.12;CHAPTER 15. PALEOKARST OF ROMANIA;232
10.12.1;Introduction;232
10.12.2;Geological Backround;232
10.12.3;Terminology;234
10.12.4;Phases of Karst Development and Some Karst Phenomena;235
10.12.5;Quaternary Paleokarsts;248
10.12.6;Practical Consequences;251
10.12.7;Conclusions;251
10.13;CHAPTER 16. PALEOKARST OF THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS;254
10.13.1;Introduction;254
10.13.2;Geological Conditions of Karst Development;255
10.13.3;Paleokarst Genesis;267
10.13.4;Periods and Phases of Karstification;268
10.13.5;The Practical Value of Paleokarst Studies;293
10.13.6;Conclusions;295
10.14;CHAPTER 17. PALEOKARST OF CHINA;298
10.14.1;Introduction;298
10.14.2;General Description;299
10.14.3;Terminology;304
10.14.4;Time of Karstification;304
10.14.5;Practical Consequences;311
10.14.6;Conclusions;312
10.15;CHAPTER 18. PALEOKARST OF CANADA;314
10.15.1;Introduction;314
10.15.2;Archean and Proterozoic Paleokarsts;316
10.15.3;Lower Paleozoic Paleokarst;318
10.15.4;Devonian and Upper Paleozoic Paleokarst;319
10.15.5;Mesozoic and Tertiary Paleokarst;327
10.15.6;Quaternary Glaciations, Karst and Paleokarstification;329
10.15.7;Permafrost and Karst;336
10.15.8;Conclusions;336
10.16;CHAPTER 19. PALEOKARST OF THE UNITED STATES;338
10.16.1;Introduction;338
10.16.2;Geologic Background;339
10.16.3;Buried Paleokarst Surfaces;342
10.16.4;Tertiary and Quaternary Paleokarst of Florida;356
10.16.5;Paleokarst Formed by Evaporite Solution in Michigan;357
10.16.6;Economic Deposits in Paleokarst;358
10.16.7;Conclusions;364
11;PART III: MINERAL DEPOSITS CONNECTED WITH KARST;366
11.1;CHAPTER 20. AN INTRODUCTION TO KARST-RELATED MINERAL DEPOSITS;368
11.1.1;Some Specific Characteristics of Depositsin Karst;369
11.1.2;Hydrothermal Versus Recrystallization Theories;370
11.1.3;Classifications of Karst-Associated Mineral Deposits;371
11.1.4;Types of Minerals Deposited in Karst;372
11.1.5;Conclusions;376
11.2;CHAPTER 21. Pb-Zn ORES;378
11.2.1;Introduction;378
11.2.2;Underground Karst;378
11.2.3;Explanations of Karst Ores in MVTD;379
11.2.4;Geologic Setting of Karst Ores in MVTD;380
11.2.5;Morphologies and Patterns of Karst Structures in MVTD;381
11.2.6;Karst Fillings;385
11.2.7;Relationship Between the Sulphide Ores and Karst Structures;392
11.2.8;Hydrothermal Karst as a Factor in the Formation of MVTD;393
11.2.9;Processes Involved in the Formation of Mineralized Karst Structures in MVTD;393
11.2.10;Glossary;398
11.3;CHAPTER 22. BAUXITES;400
11.3.1;Introduction;400
11.3.2;Review of the Bauxite Regions;402
11.3.3;The Origin of the Bauxite Deposits and Their Relationship to Paleokarst Phenomena;412
11.3.4;Conclusions;418
11.4;CHAPTER 23. IRON ORE DEPOSITS IN PALEOKARST;420
11.4.1;Introduction;420
11.4.2;Examples of Deposits;420
11.4.3;The Role of Physico-Chemical Processes in the Genesis of the Paleokarst Type of Iron Ore Deposits;427
11.5;CHAPTER 24. CLAYS AND SANDS IN PALEOKARST;432
11.5.1;Introduction;432
11.5.2;Selected Case Studies;433
11.5.3;Conclusions;442
11.6;CHAPTER 25. THE OCEANIC KARSTS: MODERN BAUXITE AND PHOSPHATE ORE DEPOSITS ON THE HIGH CARBONATE ISLANDS (SO-CALLED "UPLIFTED ATOLLS") OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN;444
11.6.1;Introduction;444
11.6.2;Modern Bauxite of the Oceanian Karsts;446
11.6.3;The Phosphate-Covered High Carbonate Islands;450
11.6.4;Comparision Between the Geochemistry of Bauxite, Phosphate and Soils;459
11.6.5;Discussion;468
11.6.6;Reconstruction of the Development of the Ore Cover on a Karstified Carbonate Bedrock;469
11.6.7;Karst and Ore Deposits on Oceanic Islands: New Ideas;470
11.7;CHAPTER 26. PALEOKARST-RELATED URANIUM DEPOSITS;474
11.7.1;The Problem of Uranium Accumulation in Karst;474
11.7.2;The Bakouma Uranium Deposit;476
11.7.3;Uranium Deposits of the U.S.A.;480
11.7.4;Conclusions;481
12;PART IV: HYDROGEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING HAZARDS IN PALEOKARST AREAS;482
12.1;CHAPTER 27. PALEOKARST AS AN IMPORTANT HYDROGEOLOGICAL FACTOR;484
12.1.1;Introduction;484
12.1.2;Examples of Hydrogeological Phenomena of Paleokarst in the Northeastern Limestone Alps of Austria;485
12.1.3;The Deep Karst of the Vaucluse Massif;490
12.1.4;Paleokarst of Coastal Areas, Islands and Peninsulas;493
12.1.5;Poljes and Their Hydrogeology, an Impressive Paleokarst Phenomenon;500
12.1.6;Paleokarst and Underground Water in Arid Regions;504
12.1.7;Deep Karst Aquifers Below Tertiary Sedimentary Basins;507
12.1.8;Summary and Conclusions;509
12.2;CHAPTER 28. HYDROGEOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF OPENCAST AND UNDERGROUND MINING OF MINERAL DEPOSITS ENCOUNTERED DURING THEIR EXPLORATION, DEVELOPMENT AND EXPLOITATION STAGES;512
12.3;CHAPTER 29. HYDROGEOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE CRACOW-SILESIA Zn-Pb ORE DEPOSITS;514
12.3.1;Location and Geological Setting;514
12.3.2;Groundwater Problems of Zn-Pb Ore Mining in the Past;515
12.3.3;General Characteristics of the Recent Hydrogeological Problems in the Zn-Pb Ore Mining;516
12.3.4;Hydrogeological Problems of the Zn-Pb Ore Deposits in the Olkusz Region;518
12.4;CHAPTER 30. HYDROGEOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF HUNGARIAN BAUXITE AND COAL DEPOSTIS;534
12.4.1;Introduction;534
12.4.2;Results of Hydrogeological Exploration;538
12.4.3;Protection of Coal and Bauxite Mines Against Underground Waters in the TMR;542
12.4.4;Environmental Impact;549
12.5;CHAPTER 31. PALEOKARST IN CIVIL ENGINEERING;550
12.5.1;Introduction to the Problem;550
12.5.2;Dam Building in Karst Regions;550
12.5.3;Results;558
12.6;CHAPTER 32. INTERACTION BETWEEN ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE PRESENCE OF PALEOKARST: SOME CASE HISTORIES;560
13;PART V: PALEOKARST AS A SCIENTIFIC SUBJECT;564
13.1;CHAPTER 33. SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PALEOKARST STUDIES;566
13.2;CHAPTER 34. TECTONIC CONDITIONS FOR KARST ORIGIN AND PRESERVATION;570
13.3;CHAPTER 35. PROBLEMS OF THE ORIGIN AND FOSSILIZATION OF KARST FORMS;578
13.3.1;Introduction;578
13.3.2;Carbonate Rocks;579
13.3.3;Fossilization of Karst Forms;584
13.3.4;Evaporites;591
13.3.5;The Distribution of Paleokarst in Time and Space;595
13.4;CHAPTER 36. BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC INVESTIGATIONS IN PALEOKARST;600
13.4.1;Introduction;600
13.4.2;Scope of the Methods;601
13.4.3;Terrestrial Stages and Biozones Established With the Aid of Vertebrate Remains Found in Paleokarst: Brief Case Surveys;606
13.4.4;Conclusions;613
14;PART VI: CONCLUSIONS;614
15;PART VII: REFERENCES;620
16;PART VIII: INDEXES;668
17;AUTHOR INDEX;670
18;GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX;683
19;SUBJECT INDEX;698