Bowen Paleotemperature Analysis

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-7506-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 2, 276 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: Methods in Geochemistry and Geophysics

Methods in Geochemistry and Geophysics, 2: Paleotemperature Analysis focuses on the paleotemperature-analytical method, including the use of oxygen isotopes in carbonate analysis and in advancing knowledge on paleoclimates. The manuscript first offers information on the isotopes of oxygen as climatic indicators and sampling of fossil organisms, as well as oxygen and paleotemperatures, belemnoidea, and other fossils. The book also ponders on chemical techniques and mass spectrometric methods. Discussions focus on thermal and acid decomposition of carbonates, slow formation of carbonate solids, precipitation of carbonate, and mass spectrometry. The text examines paleotemperature scales and magnesium and strontium concentrations. Topics include salinity, standards, magnesium and strontium contents, history of sea water, and Mccrea's carbonate paleotemperature scale. The publication also takes a look at paleozoic, Jurassic, cretaceous, and tertiary and Pleistocene paleotemperatures. The publication is a dependable reference for readers interested in paleotemperatures.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Bowen, Robert

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Paleotemperature Analysis;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;PREFACE;6
6;CHAPTER 1. ANCIENT CLIMATES;12
6.1;Climate today;12
6.2;Ancient climates;15
6.3;Cold climates;19
6.4;Hot climates;19
6.5;The carbonate thermometer;20
6.6;Uniformitarianism;20
6.7;The post-Silurian climatic history of the earth;22
7;CHAPTER 2. THE ISOTOPES OF OXYGEN AS CLIMATIC INDICATORS;33
7.1;Oxygen and paleotemperatures;35
7.2;Technical problems;41
8;CHAPTER 3. THE SAMPLING OF RECENT AND FOSSIL ORGANISMS;43
8.1;Belemnoidea;52
8.2;Other fossils;55
9;CHAPTER 4. CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES;60
9.1;Thermal decomposition of carbonates;60
9.2;Acid decomposition of carbonates;61
9.3;Precipitation of carbonate;65
9.4;Slow formation of carbonate solids;66
9.5;Impurity problems;67
9.6;Isotopic exchange experiments;73
10;CHAPTER 5. MASS SPECTROMETRIC METHODS;78
10.1;Mass spectrometry;78
10.2;Nier–McKinney–Urey type machine;81
10.3;The data recorded;89
10.4;Conclusion;91
11;CHAPTER 6. PALEOTEMPERATURE SCALES;94
11.1;McCrea's carbonate paleotemperature scale ;95
11.2;The Naidin, Teis and Chupakhin scale;96
11.3;The Epstein, Buchsbaum, Lowenstam and Urey carbonate-water isotopic temperature scales;96
11.4;Standards;107
11.5;Salinity;109
11.6;Average d18O for oceans;110
11.7;Relationship between 18O content and salinity;111
12;CHAPTER 7. MAGNESIUM AND STRONTIUM CONCENTRATIONS;114
12.1;Magnesium and strontium contents;116
12.2;History of sea water;119
12.3;Recent and fossil samples;122
13;CHAPTER 8. PALEOZOIC PALEOTEMPERATURES;132
13.1;Devonian;132
13.2;Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous);133
13.3;Permian;134
14;CHAPTER 9. JURASSIC PALEOTEMPERATURES;141
14.1;Europe;143
14.2;North America;151
14.3;South America;156
14.4;Australia and New Guinea;158
14.5;India;160
14.6;Seasonal variation analyses;160
15;CHAPTER 10. CRETACEOUS PALEOTEMPERATURES;165
15.1;Introduction;165
15.2;Temperature ranges;165
15.3;General climatic trends;172
15.4;Latitudinal climatic gradients;180
15.5;Shifts of isotherms;184
16;CHAPTER 11. TERTIARY AND PLEISTOCENE PALEOTEMPERATURES;190
16.1;Tertiary;190
16.2;Pleistocene;195
16.3;Causes of ice ages;204
16.4;Absolute chronology of human evolution;213
17;CHAPTER 12. OXYGEN-18/OXYGEN-16 MEASUREMENTS ON RECENT ORGANISMS;215
17.1;Temperature conditions on Bermuda platform ;215
17.2;Depth habitats of some pelagic Foraminifera ;216
17.3;Isotopic composition of some Recent marine organisms;219
18;ADDENDUM;225
18.1;Phosphate thermometry;227
18.2;Future prospects;229
19;APPENDIX 1: METHOD OF PREPARATION OF 100% PHOSPHORIC ACID;234
20;APPENDIX 2: CORRECTION FACTORS FOR MASS-SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF CO2;235
21;APPENDIX 3: AVERAGE OCEAN WATER, SMOW AND THE PDB-1 STANDARD;236
22;APPENDIX 4: ADDITIONAL STANDARDS;238
23;APPENDIX 5: SEASONAL ANALYSES ON JURASSIC BELEMNOIDEA ;239
24;APPENDIX 6: THE APTIAN IN THE DEVOLUY;244
25;FINAL NOTE;246
26;REFERENCES;251
27;INDEX;263