Braddick / Atkinson Gene Expression to Neurobiology and Behaviour

Human Brain Development and Developmental Disorders
1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-0-444-53885-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 189, 376 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: Progress in Brain Research

How does the genome, interacting with the multi-faceted environment, translate into the development by which the human brain achieves its astonishing, adaptive array of cognitive and behavioral capacities? Why and how does this process sometimes lead to neurodevelopmental disorders with a major, lifelong personal and social impact? This volume of Progress in Brain Research links findings on the structural development of the human brain, the expression of genes in behavioral and cognitive phenotypes, environmental effects on brain development, and developmental processes in perception, action, attention, cognitive control, social cognition, and language, in an attempt to answer these questions. - Leading authors review the state-of-the-art in their field of investigation and provide their views and perspectives for future research - Chapters are extensively referenced to provide readers with a comprehensive list of resources on the topics covered - All chapters include comprehensive background information and are written in a clear form that is also accessible to the non-specialist

Autoren/Hrsg.

Braddick, Oliver

Atkinson, Janette

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Gene Expression to Neurobiology and Behavior: Human Brain Development and Developmental Disorders;4
3;Copyright;5
4;List of Contributors;6
5;Preface;8
5.1;The developing brain: From developmental biology to behavioral disorders and their remediation;8
5.2;Visual processing;16
5.3;Social perception;16
5.4;Language;17
5.5;Concluding remarks;17
5.6;Acknowledgments;17
6;Contents;18
7;Section I: Overview of brain development;22
7.1;Chapter 1: Brain development and the nature versus nurture debate;24
7.1.1;Psychological models of inheritance;25
7.1.2;Biological perspective on inheritance;26
7.1.3;The brain as a model of biological development;26
7.1.4;Five milestones in the development of the areal organization of neocortex;27
7.1.5;Early intrinsic signaling and the development of the embryonic central nervous system;28
7.1.6;Extrinsic signaling and the organization of neocortical areas;35
7.1.7;The dynamics of brain development: Exuberance and constraints;37
7.1.8;Nature v Nurture or Nature X Nurture;40
7.1.9;Acknowledgments;41
7.1.10;References;41
7.2;Chapter 2: The dynamics of ontogeny: A neuroconstructivist perspective on genes, brains, cognition and behavior;44
7.2.1;Introduction;44
7.2.2;The biological (im)plausibility of modular assumptions;45
7.2.3;Neuroconstructivism;47
7.2.4;Developmental cognitive psychology;48
7.2.5;Developmental fMRI;49
7.2.6;Developmental cognitive genetics;51
7.2.7;Concluding thoughts;52
7.2.8;References;52
8;Section II: Processes of brain development;56
8.1;Chapter 3: Molecular bases of cortico-cerebral regionalization;58
8.1.1;Pallial regionalization and cortical arealization: Generalities and methodologies of investigation;58
8.1.2;Regionalization/arealization models: Protomap versus tabula rasa;61
8.1.3;Molecular players of the canonical protomap model: Secreted ligands (SLs) and transcription factors (TFs);63
8.1.4;Patterning activity of SLs: Fgfs, Wnts, Bmps, Egf-like ligands;64
8.1.5;Feedforward information flow: Control of TFs by patterning edges;67
8.1.6;Patterning activities of TFs: Lhx2, Foxg1, Pax6, Couptf1, Emx2, Emx1, Sp8;69
8.1.7;Functional complexity of the system;72
8.1.8;Modulation of the cortical areal blueprint by CR cells;76
8.1.9;Digitizing an analog pattern: How may it work?;77
8.1.10;Concluding remarks;79
8.1.11;References;79
8.2;Chapter 4: Development and evolution: Two determinants of cortical connectivity;86
8.2.1;Introduction;86
8.2.2;The axonal phenotype in evolution and development;87
8.2.3;The computational properties of axons;90
8.2.4;Development and evolution of axon diameters;91
8.2.5;Environmental control of differentiation;94
8.2.6;Conclusions and perspectives;94
8.2.7;Acknowledgments;94
8.2.8;References;95
8.3;Chapter 5: Postnatal brain development: Structural imaging of dynamic neurodevelopmental processes;98
8.3.1;Introduction;98
8.3.2;Changes in brain morphology during postnatal development;99
8.3.3;Diffusion-weighted imaging of postnatal brain development;102
8.3.4;Brain morphological correlates of behavioral differences in children;102
8.3.5;Diffusion imaging correlates of behavioral differences in children;104
8.3.6;Intrinsic and environmental factors linked to variability in neural architectural features;107
8.3.7;Important remaining questions;109
8.3.8;Acknowledgments;110
8.3.9;References;110
9;Section III: Application of new techniques for studying the typical and atypical developing brain;114
9.1;Chapter 6: VERP and brain imaging for identifying levels of visual dorsal and ventral stream function in typical and preterm infants;116
9.1.1;Introduction;117
9.1.2;The visual processing hierarchy;117
9.1.3;Visual event-related potentials;118
9.1.4;Selectivity of visual cortical neurons;119
9.1.5;Global cortical responses;121
9.1.6;Multichannel ERPs;124
9.1.7;VERPs as indicators of early atypical development;125
9.1.8;"Dorsal-stream vulnerability";128
9.1.9;Conclusion;130
9.1.10;Acknowledgments;130
9.1.11;References;130
9.2;Chapter 7: Neurodevelopment of the visual system in typically developing children;134
9.2.1;Introduction;135
9.2.2;General development of the nervous system and its implications for neuroimaging;135
9.2.3;Development of the visual system during infancy (between 0 and 1 year);142
9.2.4;Development of the visual system during childhood;145
9.2.5;Summary;151
9.2.6;Acknowledgments;151
9.2.7;References;152
10;Section IV: Neurobiology of brain development and plasticity;158
10.1;Chapter 8: Perinatal brain damage in children: Neuroplasticity, early intervention, and molecular mechanisms of recovery;160
10.1.1;Introduction;160
10.1.2;Perinatal brain damage and timing and mechanisms of the insult;161
10.1.3;Early neuroplasticity: Differential mechanisms in various functional systems;164
10.1.4;Taking advantage of early neuroplasticity: The concept of environmental enrichment;169
10.1.5;Conclusions;173
10.1.6;References;173
10.2;Chapter 9: The impact of perinatal stress on the functional maturation of prefronto-cortical synaptic circuits: Implications...;176
10.2.1;Introduction;176
10.2.2;Sensitive time windows during brain development;177
10.2.3;Adaptive structural brain plasticity;178
10.2.4;Impact of perinatal stress on the development of prefronto-limbic synaptic circuits;180
10.2.5;Relevance of perinatal stress for the pathophysiology of ADHD;183
10.2.6;Can stress- and deprivation-induced synaptic changes be "reversed" or normalized?;184
10.2.7;Acknowledgments;185
10.2.8;References;185
11;Section V: Typical and atypical development of the social brain;192
11.1;Chapter 10: The processing of social stimuli in early infancy: From faces to biological motion perception;194
11.1.1;Introduction;194
11.1.2;Mechanisms to detect faces at birth;196
11.1.3;Biological motion: Introduction;204
11.1.4;Conclusion;210
11.1.5;Acknowledgments;210
11.1.6;References;210
11.2;Chapter 11: Social and attention factors during infancy and the later emergence of autism characteristics;216
11.2.1;Modeling interactions in the developing brain;216
11.2.2;Infants at risk for autism as a model for studying developmental interactions;218
11.2.3;Infant precursors for autism characteristics: An overview;219
11.2.4;Infants at risk for autism: Implications for typical and atypical development;223
11.2.5;Acknowledgments;225
11.2.6;Appendix;225
11.2.7;Procedure and data processing;225
11.2.8;References;227
11.3;Chapter 12: How special is social looking in ASD: A review;230
11.3.1;Introduction;230
11.3.2;Hypotheses related to face scanning alterations in ASD;231
11.3.3;About this review;231
11.3.4;The age of the subjects;232
11.3.5;Mouth looking as a normative process linked to language development;233
11.3.6;The nature of the stimuli;234
11.3.7;Attending to social versus nonsocial objects and events;237
11.3.8;Predicting social events;238
11.3.9;General discussion;239
11.3.10;Acknowledgments;241
11.3.11;References;241
12;Section VI: Language and its disorders;244
12.1;Chapter 13: Developmental disorders of speech and language: From genes to brain structure and function;246
12.1.1;Introduction;246
12.1.2;The KE family: A genetic disorder affecting speech and language development;247
12.1.3;Developmental stuttering: A specific neural system deficit;251
12.1.4;Discussion: The role of the basal ganglia in speech disorders;257
12.1.5;Acknowledgments;257
12.1.6;References;257
12.2;Chapter 14: Precursors to language in preterm infants: Speech perception abilities in the first year of life;260
12.2.1;Introduction;261
12.2.2;Speech perception abilities in early infancy;261
12.2.3;Preterm birth as a risk factor for language development;265
12.2.4;Data from a prospective experimental research: Overview;268
12.2.5;Early native-language recognition and discrimination;269
12.2.6;Early word-form segmentation: Monosyllabic words;272
12.2.7;The link between early speech/language perception tasks and expressive vocabulary in the second year of life;274
12.2.8;Conclusion;275
12.2.9;Acknowledgments;276
12.2.10;References;276
13;Section VII: Genetic developmental disorders: neurocognitive effects;280
13.1;Chapter 15: From genes to brain development to phenotypic behavior: "Dorsal-stream vulnerability" in relation to spatial...;282
13.1.1;Introduction: Williams syndrome;283
13.1.2;Brain mechanisms for vision, attention, and action;283
13.1.3;Models of visual and linked visual attentional systems in infancy;284
13.1.4;Development of early stages of the dorsal and ventral streams in typically developing infants;285
13.1.5;Milestones for action systems in the dorsal streams in early childhood;285
13.1.6;Tests of global motion and form coherence as "signatures" of dorsal- and ventral-stream function in young children;287
13.1.7;"Dorsal-stream vulnerability": Comparative study of form and motion processing in WS and other disorders;287
13.1.8;Dorsal-stream deficits seen in WS related to planning and generating actions;289
13.1.9;Motor control and planning in everyday tasks;289
13.1.10;Studies of attention in WS and other neurodevelopmental disorders;291
13.1.11;Control processes in spatial and nonspatial tasks;292
13.1.12;Component subsystems of attention: Typical development;294
13.1.13;The Early Childhood Attention Battery;295
13.1.14;Components of attention in WS and DS children;296
13.1.15;Remembering and transforming spatial information;298
13.1.16;Conclusions;299
13.1.17;Acknowledgments;299
13.1.18;References;300
13.2;Chapter 16: Neurocognitive development of attention across genetic syndromes: Inspecting a disorder's dynamics through the lens of another;306
13.2.1;Introduction;306
13.2.2;Neurocognitive mechanisms of attention: Adult end states and their developmental origins;307
13.2.3;Attention across syndromes: Dissociations and associations in neurocognitive profiles;309
13.2.4;Adding the developmental dimension: Earlier trajectories of attentional processes;312
13.2.5;Future directions: Understanding attention development through its constraints on learning;316
13.2.6;Conclusions;318
13.2.7;Acknowledgments;319
13.2.8;References;319
13.3;Chapter 17: Connectivity and the corpus callosum in autism spectrum conditions: Insights from comparison of autism and callosal agenesis;324
13.3.1;Introduction;324
13.3.2;Fractionating the "triad";325
13.3.3;Neuroanatomy and connectivity in ASD;327
13.3.4;Agenesis of the corpus callosum;329
13.3.5;Conclusions;334
13.3.6;Acknowledgments;335
13.3.7;References;335
13.4;Chapter 18: Biological and social influences on cognitive control processes dependent on prefrontal cortex;340
13.4.1;Introduction;340
13.4.2;Special properties of the dopamine system serving Prefrontal Cortex;341
13.4.3;Consequence of the relative dearth of DAT in PFC for understanding differences among subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD);342
13.4.4;Consequence of the higher rate of dopamine turnover in PFC for understanding why dietary treatment for phenylketonuria (PKU),...;344
13.4.5;Consequences of the relative dearth of DAT, and hence dependence on COMT, for PFC;346
13.4.6;Environmental conditions and interventions that enhance the development of the cognitive control processes dependent on PFC;350
13.4.7;Acknowledgments;354
13.4.8;References;354
14;Subject Index;362