Budowle / Schutzer / Breeze Microbial Forensics

1. Auflage 2005
ISBN: 978-0-08-045488-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 448 Seiten

Microbial Forensics describes the new and growing field of Microbial Forensics- the science that will help bring to justice criminals and terrorists who use biological material to cause harm. This book describes the foundation of the field of microbial forensics and will serve as a basic primer to initiate those scientists and officials that have an interest in the topic. It covers a variety of areas from forensic science, to microbiology, to epidemiology, to bioinformatics, and to legal issues.
* Provides the real science beyond that displayed on TV and in the movies
* Covers not only microbes but also the biology, chemistry, physics & computer science that is used for identification.
* Of relevance Internationally to military, intelligence, law enforcement, agricultural, legal and environmental fields

Autoren/Hrsg.

Budowle, Bruce

Schutzer, Steven E.

Breeze, Roger G.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;CONTRIBUTORS;13
2;FOREWORD;17
3;PREFACE;19
4;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;21
5;CHAPTER 1: Microbial Forensics;23
5.1;Introduction;23
5.2;The Threat;24
5.3;History;25
5.4;Forensic Science;28
5.5;Defining the Microbial Forensics Program;30
5.6;Carrying Out a Successful Microbial Forensics Program;33
5.7;SWGMGF;34
5.8;Epidemiology (A First Step in a Microbial Forensic Analysis);38
5.9;Microbial Forensic Tools;39
5.10;Bioinformatics and Genetics;41
5.11;Forensic Case Examples;42
5.12;Education;43
5.13;Conclusion;45
5.14;Acknowledgment;45
5.15;References;45
6;CHAPTER 2: Infectious Diseases: Not Just a Health Matter Anymore;49
6.1;Introduction;49
6.2;Infectious Disease: The Classic Health Viewpoint;51
6.3;Infectious Disease: The Offensive Biological Weapons Viewpoint;53
6.4;Infectious Disease: New Players and New Threats;54
6.5;Infectious Disease: What Are the Threats?;58
6.6;Infectious Disease: Biosafety and Biosecurity;59
6.7;References;61
7;CHAPTER 3: The Fundamentals of Human Virology;63
7.1;Introduction;63
7.2;An Overview of the DNA Viruses;67
7.3;An Overview of the RNA Viruses;69
7.4;Positive-sense RNA Viruses;69
7.5;Negative-sense Single-Stranded RNA Viruses;71
7.6;Segmented RNA Viruses and the Retroviridae;72
7.7;The Application of Molecular Forensics and Epidemiology to Viral Infections;73
7.8;References;75
8;CHAPTER 4: Keeping Track of Viruses;77
8.1;Introduction;77
8.2;What Is a Virus? Basic Virology;78
8.3;Virus Lifecycle;79
8.4;Virus Classification;82
8.5;Generation of Viral Diversity;84
8.6;Introduction to Viral Kinetics and Outcome;85
8.7;How Do You Identify a Virus?;88
8.8;Examples of Naturally Emerging Viruses;98
8.9;Viral Forensics;112
8.10;Engineering Novel Viruses;114
8.11;Determining the Source of an Engineered Virus;116
8.12;Conclusion;117
8.13;Acknowledgments;117
8.14;References;117
9;CHAPTER 5: Bacterial Pathogens;121
9.1;DNA Regions of Value for Forensic Identification of Bacterial Pathogens;121
9.2;Bacterial Pathogens of Concern;124
9.3;References;128
10;CHAPTER 6: Biology and Detection of Fungal Pathogens of Humans and Plants;131
10.1;Introduction;132
10.2;Classification, Nomenclature, and Taxonomy of Fungi;133
10.3;Growth Habit and Reproduction;137
10.4;Pathogenicity;140
10.5;Epidemiology;145
10.6;Detection and Identification;147
10.7;References;150
11;CHAPTER 7: Forensic Aspects of Biologic Toxins;153
11.1;Introduction;153
11.2;Botulinum Neurotoxin and Botulism;154
11.3;Ricin;168
11.4;Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B;169
11.5;Clostridia perfringens Epsilon Toxin;170
11.6;Summary;171
11.7;References;171
12;CHAPTER 8: Epidemiologic Investigation for Public Health, Biodefense, and Forensic Microbiology;179
12.1;Introduction;179
12.2;Dynamics of Disease Transmission;180
12.3;Outbreak Investigation;181
12.4;Deliberate Introduction of a Biological Agen;181
12.5;Molecular Strain Typing;185
12.6;Summary;191
12.7;References;191
13;CHAPTER 9: Molecular Epidemiology and Forensics of RNA Viruses;195
13.1;Challenges Posed by RNA Viruses;196
13.2;A Case Study: Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the United Kingdom, 2001;197
13.3;What Needs To Be Done?;199
13.4;References;202
14;CHAPTER 10: Investigation of Suspicious Disease Outbreaks;209
14.1;Natural and Deliberate Disease;209
14.2;Importance of Disease Surveillance;212
14.3;Global Disease Reporting Systems;213
14.4;U.S. Disease Surveillance and Reporting Systems;214
14.5;Epidemiologic Investigation;216
14.6;Composition of an Outbreak Investigation Team;216
14.7;Epidemiologic Analysis;217
14.8;Evaluation of Clinical Findings;222
14.9;Investigation of Animal Disease Outbreaks;223
14.10;Investigation of Crop Disease Outbreaks;224
14.11;Specimen Collection;225
14.12;Environmental Sampling;225
14.13;Sample Handling;226
14.14;Specimen Storage;226
14.15;Laboratory Analysis;226
14.16;Serology;227
14.17;Evaluation of the Etiologic Agent;227
14.18;Analysis of Meteorological and Climatic Conditions;228
14.19;Economic Analysis;228
14.20;Media Reports;229
14.21;Available Documents;229
14.22;Evaluation of Scientific Literature;229
14.23;Training or Work Experience;230
14.24;Equipment or Potential Means of Delivery;230
14.25;Summary;231
14.26;References;231
15;CHAPTER 11: Forensic Handling of Biological Threat Samples in the Lab;235
15.1;Introduction;235
15.2;Use of Test Plans to Implement Operational Strategies;235
15.3;Biological and Physical Integrity of a Sample;240
15.4;Legal Concerns for Sample Handling and Data Records;241
15.5;Safety Issues;245
15.6;Sample Shipping Regulations;247
15.7;CDC/NIH Regulations;248
15.8;References;252
16;CHAPTER 12: Forensic Genetic Analysis of Microorganisms: Overview of Some Important Technical Concepts and Selected Genetic T;255
16.1;Introduction;255
16.2;Useful Definitions and Concepts;257
16.3;Taxonomy and Epidemiology;257
16.4;Genetic Considerations;258
16.5;Restriction Endonucleases and Polymerase Chain Reaction;259
16.6;Of Dendrograms and Phylogenetic Trees;262
16.7;Molecular Genetic Techniques for Strain Typing;263
16.8;Multilocus Sequence Typing;263
16.9;Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Typing;264
16.10;PCR-Based Genetic Typing;266
16.11;Viruses and Fungi;267
16.12;Conclusions;268
16.13;References;269
17;CHAPTER 13: Non-DNA Methods for Biological Signatures;273
17.1;Introduction;274
17.2;Intrinsic Molecular Properties: Fingerprints;279
17.3;A Multidisciplinary Approach to Biological Signatures;279
17.4;Overview of Characterization Techniques;280
17.5;Individual Methods in Detail;283
17.6;Results: Analysis of Bacillus globigii Spore Samples;308
17.7;Discussion and Future Directions;312
17.8;References;313
18;CHAPTER 14: Microbial Forensics Host Factors;317
18.1;General Concepts;318
18.2;Utility of Serologic Analysis of People Exposed to Anthrax: Strengths and Limitations;324
18.3;Considerations and Concerns Raised by Analysis of Other Infections;328
18.4;Possible Scenarios of Bioterrorism Attacks: Distinguishing Victims from Perpetrators;330
18.5;References;333
19;CHAPTER 15: Bioinformatics Methods for Microbial Detection and Forensic Diagnostic Design;335
19.1;A Working Definition of Bioinformatics;335
19.2;An Overview of Microbial Diagnostics;336
19.3;Detection Diagnostics;337
19.4;Nucleic Acid Detection Diagnostics;338
19.5;Chemistries for Nucleic Acid Detection;339
19.6;Protein Detection Diagnostics;341
19.7;Monoclonal Antibody;341
19.8;High-Affinity Ligands;342
19.9;Forensic Diagnostics;343
19.10;Large-Scale, Chip-Based Techniques;345
19.11;Protein Forensic Diagnostics;346
19.12;Genome Sequencing and Analysis Techniques;346
19.13;Basecalling and Accuracy;347
19.14;Draft versus Finished;349
19.15;Strategies for Bacterial and Viral Sequencing;350
19.16;Assembly;350
19.17;Annotation;352
19.18;Tools for Annotation;352
19.19;Annotation for Diagnostics versus Traditional Genomic Annotation;353
19.20;Comparative Genomics;354
19.21;Pairwise Comparison and Alignment;355
19.22;Multisequence and Multigenome Alignment;355
19.23;Common Substring Comparison;358
19.24;Comparative Genomic Tools;358
19.25;Protein Structure;360
19.26;Tools for Protein Structure Modeling;361
19.27;Tools for Protein Structure Analysis;363
19.28;Visualization;363
19.29;Other Forensic Techniques;364
19.30;Protein Mass Spectrometer Analysis;365
19.31;Image Analysis;365
19.32;Examples;365
19.33;Anthracis Analysis;366
19.34;Nucleic Acid Signature Pipeline;367
19.35;Determination of Target Pathogen Consensus Sequence;368
19.36;Fast, Scalable Sequence Comparison Programs to Locate Unique Sequence;369
19.37;Primer and Probe Selection and Acceptance;371
19.38;Protein Signature Pipeline;372
19.39;Acknowledgments;373
19.40;References;373
20;CHAPTER 16: Population Genetics of Bacteria in a Forensic Context;377
20.1;Introduction;377
20.2;DNA Forensics of Humans and Bacteria;378
20.3;Case Study of Bacillus anthracis;379
20.4;Conclusions;388
20.5;Recommendations;389
20.6;Acknowledgments;390
20.7;References;390
21;CHAPTER 17: Quality Management in Microbial Forensics Laboratories;393
21.1;Introduction;393
21.2;Laboratory Quality Management;395
21.3;A Few Definitions Are in Order at This Point;395
21.4;Laboratory Accreditation;396
21.5;Validation of Laboratory Tests;397
21.6;Proficiency Testing;397
21.7;Quality Control Testing;398
21.8;Quality Assurance Monitoring;398
21.9;Competency Assessment of Laboratory Employees;398
21.10;Procedure Manuals;399
21.11;Laboratory Reports;399
21.12;Laboratory Records;400
21.13;Laboratory Security;400
21.14;Conclusions;400
21.15;Bibliography;401
22;CHAPTER 18: Admissibility Standards for Scientific Evidence;403
22.1;Legal Admissibility;404
22.2;Background to the Daubert Decision;405
22.3;Analysis of the Daubert Decision;405
22.4;The DNA Admissibility Litigation;408
22.5;Fingerprint Admissibility Litigation Under Daubert;411
22.6;Observations;412
22.7;References;413
23;APPENDIX: Quality Assurance Guidelines for Laboratories Performing Microbial Forensic Work;415
24;SUBJECT INDEX;433