Bullinger / Shackel Human-Computer Interaction - INTERACT '87

Proceedings of the Second IFIP Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Held at the University of Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany, 1-4 September 1987
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-9854-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 1179 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: INTERACT

Since the first INTERACT Conference in September 1984, the field of Human-Computer Interaction has received increasing attention from researchers and industrial practitioners, the importance of the topic now being widely recognized. Technological developments have made it possible to seek new solutions to the problem of supporting work processes by information technology and for designing the interface between user and the machine. Computers have become an everyday and common tool in the work of many people. This has motivated the development of an interdisciplinary field of research, which now appears much more established than it was a few years ago.The INTERACT forums provide the opportunity for regular presentation and discussion of new results from research and application by bringing together the various disciplines and research approaches on a worldwide basis.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Bullinger, H. -J.

Shackel, B.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Human—Computer Interaction—Interact '87;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Preface;20
6;COMITE D'HONNEUR - LIST OF MEMBERS;22
7;INVITED LECTURES;24
8;CHAPTER 1. COGNITIVE ENGINEERING;26
8.1;1. INTRODUCTION;26
8.2;2. COGNITIVE SCIENCE;26
8.3;3. HCl, HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION;26
8.4;4. COGNITIVE ENGINEERING;27
8.5;5. RESEARCH PROBLEMS OF COGNITIVE ENGINEERING;27
8.6;6. A FRAMEWORK FOR SYSTEMS ANALYSIS;28
8.7;7. ENGINEERING; A PROFESSION OF DESIGN OR ANALYSIS?;30
8.8;8. CONCLUSION;31
8.9;9. REFERENCES;31
9;CHAPTER 2. ON HUMAN PARSING;32
9.1;1. INTRODUCTION:;32
9.2;2. ON KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION;32
9.3;3. CONCEPTS, CONCEPT RELATIONS AND INFERENCES;33
9.4;4. OUTLINE OF AN APPROXIMATIVE MODEL OF HUMAN TEXT (SENTENCE) COMPREHENSION;34
9.5;REFERENCES;35
10;CHAPTER 3. HOW TO DESIGN USABLE SYSTEMS;36
10.1;1. INTRODUCTON;36
10.2;2. Four System Design Principles;36
10.3;3.1 Principle 1. Early-and Continual—Focus on Users;37
10.4;4.1 Principle 2. Integrated Design;37
10.5;5.1 Principle 3. Early—and Continual--User Testing;38
10.6;6.1 Principle 4. Iterative Design;38
10.7;7. Evaluation of These Principles;39
10.8;REFERENCES;40
11;SECTION 1: HUMAN FACTORS IN SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT;44
11.1;S1.1: Usability Issues;46
11.1.1;CHAPTER 4. OBJECTIVES FOR THE HUMANIZATION OF SOFTWARE - A NEW AND EXTENSIVE APPROACH -HELMUT BALZERT;48
11.1.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;48
11.1.1.2;2. DEMANDS ON AN OBJECTIVES MODEL;48
11.1.1.3;3. ERGONOMIC OBJECTIVES;48
11.1.1.4;4. REQUIREMENTS OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY;51
11.1.1.5;5. SPECIFICATION OF A DESIGN OBJECTIVES MODEL;52
11.1.1.6;6. FROM A GENERAL OBJECTIVES MODEL TO TASK DESIGN;53
11.1.1.7;7. REFERENCES;53
11.1.2;CHAPTER 5. THE PRESENTATION OF HUMAN FACTORS TO DESIGNERS OF I.T. PRODUCTS;54
11.1.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;54
11.1.2.2;2. THE USER-CENTRED DESIGN APPROACH;54
11.1.2.3;3. TOOLING ENVIRONMENT;55
11.1.2.4;4. INTUIT;57
11.1.2.5;5. IMPLEMENTATION OF HUMAN FACTORS TOOLS;59
11.1.2.6;REFERENCES;59
11.1.2.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;59
11.1.3;CHAPTER 6. The Dialectic of Usability Engineering;60
11.1.3.1;1. Introduction*;60
11.1.3.2;2. Overview of usability engineering;60
11.1.3.3;3. Usability;61
11.1.3.4;4. Engineering;62
11.1.3.5;5. Summary;63
11.1.3.6;References;63
11.1.4;CHAPTER 7. DEVELOPING A USER INTERFACE TECHNOLOGY FOR USE IN INDUSTRY;64
11.1.4.1;1 INTRODUCTION;64
11.1.4.2;2. STEPS IN THE ANALYSIS PROCESS;65
11.1.4.3;3.0 SUMMARY;69
11.1.4.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;69
11.1.4.5;REFERENCES;69
11.2;S1.2 Psychological Issues;70
11.2.1;CHAPTER 8. MASTERING THE COMPLEXITY OF DIALOGUE SYSTEMS BY THE AID OF WORK CONTEXTS;72
11.2.1.1;1. DESIGN CONCEPTS AND THEIR IMPACTS;72
11.2.1.2;2. SYSTEM USE IN COMPLEX AREAS OF WORK;73
11.2.1.3;3. THE CONCEPT "WORK CONTEXT";74
11.2.1.4;4. THE DIALOGUE WITH THE "WORK CONTEXT";74
11.2.1.5;5. DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS;76
11.2.1.6;6. REFERENCES;76
11.2.2;CHAPTER 9. DO USERS KNOW THEY HAVE USER MODELS? SOME EXPERIENCES IN THE PRACTICE OF USER MODELLING;78
11.2.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;78
11.2.2.2;2. METHODS;78
11.2.2.3;3. RESULTS;79
11.2.2.4;4. DISCUSSION;81
11.2.2.5;REFERENCES;82
11.2.3;CHAPTER 10. DOES COMPUTER INTEREST INDUCE MECHANICAL THINKING?;86
11.2.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;86
11.2.3.2;2. THE PRESENT STUDIES;88
11.2.3.3;3. RESULTS;89
11.2.3.4;4. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION;90
11.2.3.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;90
11.2.3.6;REFERENCES;90
11.3;SI.3: Cognitive Factors;92
11.3.1;CHAPTER 11. The Use of Thinking-out-loud and Protocol Analysis in Development of a Process Model of Interactive Database Searching;94
11.3.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;94
11.3.1.2;2. METHOD;95
11.3.1.3;3. RESULTS;96
11.3.1.4;4. DISCUSSION;98
11.3.1.5;5. CONCLUDING REMARKS;99
11.3.1.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;99
11.3.1.7;REFERENCES;99
11.3.2;CHAPTER 12. MODELS IN HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION: A CLASSIFICATION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THEIR USES IN DESIGN;100
11.3.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;100
11.3.2.2;2. THE BASIS OF THE CLASSIFICATION;100
11.3.2.3;3. THE CLASSIFICATION;101
11.3.2.4;4. HOW MIGHT MODELS HELP COMPUTER SYSTEM DESIGNERS?;103
11.3.2.5;5 . DISCUSSION;105
11.3.2.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;105
11.3.2.7;REFERENCES;105
11.3.3;CHAPTER 13. Parsing and gnisrap: a model of device use;108
11.3.3.1;1 Introduction;108
11.3.3.2;2 Overview of the Parsing-Gnisrap model;109
11.3.3.3;3 Determinants of strategy;109
11.3.3.4;4 Empirical Support;111
11.3.3.5;5 Implications;112
11.3.3.6;References;112
11.3.4;CHAPTER 14. AN EMPIRICAL VALIDATION OF COGNITIVE COMPLEXITY THEORY;114
11.3.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;114
11.3.4.2;2. TASK DESIGN;115
11.3.4.3;3. SUBJECTS;115
11.3.4.4;4. PROCEDURE;115
11.3.4.5;5. RESULTS;116
11.3.4.6;6. DISCUSSION;118
11.3.4.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;118
11.3.4.8;REFERENCES;118
11.4;SI .4: Professionals Workplace;120
11.4.1;CHAPTER 15. THE HUMAN INTERFACE TO COMPUTERISED BANKING SERVICES;122
11.4.1.1;1. A Review Of The Current State Of Computer-Based Financial Services;122
11.4.1.2;2. HUMAN FACTORS & COMPUTERISED FINANCIAL SERVICES;124
11.4.1.3;3. conaosioNs;127
11.4.1.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;127
11.4.1.5;REFERENCES;127
11.4.2;CHAPTER 16. STATISTICAL SOFTWARE AND THE USER INTERFACE;128
11.4.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;128
11.4.2.2;2 . THE MYTH OF THE USER;129
11.4.2.3;3 . THE MENTALITY OF THE BATCH ERA;129
11.4.2.4;4. PROPOSED INTERFACE;130
11.4.2.5;5, CONCLUSION;131
11.4.2.6;REFERENCES;131
11.4.3;CHAPTER 17. INTEGRATION AT A WORK PLACE FOR STATISTICAL CONSULTING;132
11.4.3.1;1. Example of a problem and a task structure;132
11.4.3.2;2. Example of a tool;133
11.4.3.3;3. Design principies;135
11.4.3.4;REFERENCES;135
11.4.4;CHAPTER 18. DATA-BASE ORGANIZATION AND COGNITIVE STRUCTURE: USING INFORMATION SYSTEMS ORGANIZED BY ONESELF AND BY OTHERS;136
11.4.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;136
11.4.4.2;2. EXPERIMENT;138
11.4.4.3;3. IMPLICATIONS FOR DATABASE DESIGN;140
11.4.4.4;REFERENCES;141
11.5;S1.5: Interface Complexity;142
11.5.1;CHAPTER 19. Designing a Human Interface by Minimising Cognitive Complexity;144
11.5.1.1;User Models and the Design Interface Imaga;144
11.5.1.2;The FORS methodology developed on a simple exemple;145
11.5.1.3;LIstors and their scope;147
11.5.1.4;The Usebility ProblemS of Generalised Listors;148
11.5.1.5;A FORS Anelysis of some Listor Aspects;148
11.5.1.6;Acknowledgements;151
11.5.1.7;References;151
11.5.2;CHAPTER 20. A QUANTITATIVE MEASURE FOR THE COMPLEXITY OF MAN-MACHINE INTERACTION PROCESS;152
11.5.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;152
11.5.2.2;2. A MEASURE FOR COMPLEXITY;152
11.5.2.3;3. THE COMPLEXITY OF THE INTERACTION PROCESS;155
11.5.2.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;158
11.5.2.5;REFERENCES;158
11.6;S1.6: Specialized Editors;160
11.6.1;CHAPTER 21. A SYNTAX-DIRECTED GRAPHICS EDITOR;162
11.6.1.1;1 . COMPOSITION GRAPHS;162
11.6.1.2;2. CGEDIT DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION;163
11.6.1.3;3 . USER response;166
11.6.1.4;4. CONCLUSION;167
11.6.1.5;REFERENCES;167
11.6.2;CHAPTER 22. STRUEDI: A LISP-STRUCTURE EDITOR FOR NOVICE PROGRAMMERS*;168
11.6.2.1;1 . INTRODUCTION;168
11.6.2.2;2 . DESCRIPTION OF STRUEDI;169
11.6.2.3;3. A FIRST EVALUATION STUDY;171
11.6.2.4;4 . CONCLUSIONS;172
11.6.2.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;172
11.6.2.6;REFERENCES;172
11.6.3;CHAPTER 23. User Modeling for Syntax-Directed Editors;174
11.6.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;174
11.6.3.2;2. USER MODELS;174
11.6.3.3;3. CUSTOMIZATION;174
11.6.3.4;4. EXPLICIT USER MODELS;175
11.6.3.5;5. SYNTAX-DIRECTED EDITORS;175
11.6.3.6;6. CONCLUSIONS;176
11.6.3.7;7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;176
11.6.3.8;8. REFERENCES;176
11.6.4;CHAPTER 24. GEGS - A System For Generating Graphical Editors;178
11.6.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;178
11.6.4.2;2. GRAPHICAL STRUCTURE EDITORS;179
11.6.4.3;3. IMPLEMENTATION ASPECTS;184
11.6.4.4;REFERENCES;184
11.7;SI.7: User Characteristics;186
11.7.1;CHAPTER 25. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN HUMAN-COMPUTER-INTERACTION: HOW CAN WE MEASURE IF THE DIALOG GRAMMAR FITS THE USER'S NEEDS?;188
11.7.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;188
11.7.1.2;2. QUESTIONS;188
11.7.1.3;3. DESIGN OF THE EXPERIMENT;188
11.7.1.4;4. EVALUATION METHODS;189
11.7.1.5;5. RESULTS;190
11.7.1.6;6. SUMMARY;192
11.7.1.7;REFERENCES;192
11.7.2;CHAPTER 26. USER KNOWLEDGE EVALUATION: AN EXPERIMENT WITH UNIXtm†;194
11.7.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;194
11.7.2.2;2. A DEFINITION OF KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION;194
11.7.2.3;3. UKNOW: USER KNOWLEDGE EVALUATION;195
11.7.2.4;4. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION;196
11.7.2.5;5. CONSTRUCTING THE KNOWLEDGE STRUCTURE;197
11.7.2.6;6. CONCLUSION;198
11.7.2.7;REFERENCES;199
11.7.3;CHAPTER 27. A PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW OF "USER-FRIENDLINESS";200
11.7.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;200
11.7.3.2;2. UNDERSTANDING THE USER;200
11.7.3.3;3. THE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THIS MODEL;203
11.7.3.4;4. CONCLUSION;205
11.7.3.5;REFERENCES;205
11.7.4;CHAPTER 28. Cognitive and social models of the user;208
11.7.4.1;Notes;212
11.7.4.2;References;212
11.8;S1.8: Intelligent User Support;214
11.8.1;CHAPTER 29. Information and Consultation Systems - A New Dimension of User Support;216
11.8.1.1;1 Introduction;216
11.8.1.2;2 The Basic Software Architecture;216
11.8.1.3;3 A Characterization of Information, Consultation and Recommendation Systems;217
11.8.1.4;4 Conclusions;221
11.8.1.5;5 Literature;221
11.8.2;CHAPTER 30. OPERATING SYSTEMS SUPPORT FOR FLEXIBLE HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION;222
11.8.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;222
11.8.2.2;2. OBJECTS;222
11.8.2.3;3. ACTIVITIES;223
11.8.2.4;4. ARCHITECTURAL SUPPORT;223
11.8.2.5;5. BENEFITS FOR INTERACTION;224
11.8.2.6;6. CONCLUSION;225
11.8.2.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;226
11.8.2.8;REFERENCES;226
11.8.3;CHAPTER 31. THE DIAGNOSIS OF USER STRATEGIES;228
11.8.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;228
11.8.3.2;2. THE PROCEDURAL NETWORK MODULE;229
11.8.3.3;3. THE KNOWLEDGE NETWORK MODULE;230
11.8.3.4;4. CONCLUSION;231
11.8.3.5;REFERENCES;232
11.8.4;CHAPTER 32. DO PEOPLE REALLY USE ON-LINE ASSISTANCE?;234
11.8.4.1;1. THE ISSUE;234
11.8.4.2;2. THE SYSTEM UNDER STUDY;234
11.8.4.3;3. ON-LINE ASSISTANCE;235
11.8.4.4;A. TECHNIQUES OF INVESTIGATION;235
11.8.4.5;5. RESULTS;236
11.8.4.6;6. CONCLUSIONS;236
11.8.4.7;LITERATURE;237
11.9;S1.9: Knowledge Representation;238
11.9.1;CHAPTER 33. A FRAME WORK OF DEVELOPING SEMANTIC MODELS OF USER PERFORMANCE;240
11.9.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION AND AIMS;240
11.9.1.2;2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK;241
11.9.1.3;3. INTERPRETATION OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;242
11.9.1.4;4. SUMMARY;244
11.9.1.5;REFERENCES;244
11.9.2;CHAPTER 34. COMPLEX PROBLEM SPACES: MODELLING THE KNOWLEDGE NEEDED TO USE INTERACTIVE DEVICES;246
11.9.2.1;1. THE PROBLEM SPACE HYPOTHESIS;246
11.9.2.2;2. USING COMPUTERS VERSUS SOLVING PUZZLES;246
11.9.2.3;3. YOKED STATE SPACES;247
11.9.2.4;4. AN EXAMPLE: THE PROBLEM SPACE FOR A CUT-AND-PASTE EDITOR;247
11.9.2.5;5. COGNITIVE COMPLEXITY OF THE PROBLEM SPACE;248
11.9.2.6;6. TWO MODES OF LEARNING;249
11.9.2.7;7. EMPIRICAL SUPPORT;250
11.9.2.8;8. CONCLUSIONS;250
11.9.2.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;250
11.9.2.10;REFERENCES;250
11.9.3;CHAPTER 35. THE ANALYSIS OF KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATON OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT CONTROL ROOM OPERATORS;252
11.9.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;252
11.9.3.2;2. THE EXPERIMENT;253
11.9.3.3;3. RESULTS;253
11.9.3.4;3. CONCLUSION;257
11.9.3.5;REFERENCES;257
11.9.3.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;257
11.9.4;CHAPTER 36. Representation of Domain Knowledge in an Intelligent Help System;258
11.9.4.1;1. Introduction;258
11.9.4.2;2. The SINIX Knowledge Base;259
11.9.4.3;3. Formal Semantics of Commands;261
11.9.4.4;4. State of Implementation;263
11.9.4.5;References;263
11.10;S1.10: User Models;264
11.10.1;CHAPTER 37. The Space-Concept and the Control of Space;266
11.10.1.1;1. Introduction;266
11.10.1.2;2. The space-conception in daily life;266
11.10.1.3;3 . Roots for the conception of space;267
11.10.1.4;4 . Space as a key;267
11.10.1.5;5. Space as a structured set of screen locations;267
11.10.1.6;6. Cursors are transitional objects;269
11.10.1.7;7 . Conclusions;270
11.10.1.8;References;270
11.10.2;CHAPTER 38. EMBEDDED USER MODELS;272
11.10.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;272
11.10.2.2;2. WHAT IS A USER MODEL?;272
11.10.2.3;3. SPECIFICITY OF MODELS;275
11.10.2.4;4. CONCLUSION AND PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE;277
11.10.2.5;4. REFERENCES;277
11.10.3;CHAPTER 39. THE ROLE OF TASK CHARACTERISATION IN TRANSFERRING MODELS OF USERS: THE EXAMPLE OF ENGINEERING DESIGN;280
11.10.3.1;1. lNTRODUCTION;280
11.10.3.2;2. THE DESIGN CONTEXTS;280
11.10.3.3;3. BLACKBOARD FRAMEWORK AND MODELS;282
11.10.3.4;4. STUDY OF PIPEWORK DESIGN;283
11.10.3.5;5 COMPARISON OF PIPEWORK AND CASING DESIGN;284
11.10.3.6;6. CONCLUDING COMMENTS;286
11.10.3.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;286
11.10.3.8;REFERENCES;286
11.10.4;CHAPTER 40. SYSTEM ADAPTIVITY AND THE MODELLING OF STEREOTYPES;288
11.10.4.1;1. THE NEED FOR ADAPTATION;288
11.10.4.2;2. THE TASK MODEL;289
11.10.4.3;3. THE USER MODEL;290
11.10.4.4;4. THE MONITOR SYSTEM;292
11.10.4.5;5. EXPERIMENTAL WORK;294
11.10.4.6;6. DISCUSSION;295
11.10.4.7;REFERENCES;295
11.11;S1.11: Cognitive Modelling;298
11.11.1;CHAPTER 41. ANALYSIS OF COGNITIVE ACTIVITIES IN PROCESS CONTROL FOR THE DESIGN OF COMPUTER AIDS;300
11.11.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;300
11.11.1.2;2. ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESS CONTROL TASK;300
11.11.1.3;3. METHODOLOGY;301
11.11.1.4;4. ANALYSIS OF CONTROL ACTIVITY;302
11.11.1.5;5. CONCLUSION;304
11.11.1.6;REFERENCES;305
11.11.2;CHAPTER 42. CATOOL: A COMPUTER-BASED TOOL FOR INVESTIGATIONS OF CATEGORICAL INFORMATION IN MENTAL MODELS;306
11.11.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;306
11.11.2.2;2. CATEGORY REPRESENTATIONS AND MENTAL MODELS;306
11.11.2.3;3. ELICITATION OF CATEGORICAL INFORMATION BY CATOOL;307
11.11.2.4;4. USER EVALUATION AND METACOGNITIVE FEEDBACK;309
11.11.2.5;REFERENCES;310
11.11.3;CHAPTER 43. MENTAL MODEL AND PROCEDURAL ELEMENTS APPROACHES AS GUIDELINES FOR DESIGNING WORD PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS;312
11.11.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;312
11.11.3.2;2. Experiment;313
11.11.3.3;3. RESULTS;315
11.11.3.4;4. Discussion;315
11.11.3.5;5, CONCLUSIONS;317
11.11.3.6;REFERENCES;317
11.11.4;CHAPTER 44. ANALYSIS-BASED LEARNING IN HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION;318
11.11.4.1;INTRODUCTION;318
11.11.4.2;2 THE EXPL MODEL;318
11.11.4.3;3. EMPIRICAL FINDINGS;321
11.11.4.4;4. IMPLICATIONS;322
11.11.4.5;REFERENCES;323
11.12;S1.12: Programming Tools and Environments I;324
11.12.1;CHAPTER 45. A (Formal) Model for (Iconic) Programming Environments;326
11.12.1.1;1 Introduction;326
11.12.1.2;2 A Model for Iconic Environments;327
11.12.1.3;3 Applications;333
11.12.1.4;4 Summary;333
11.12.1.5;Acknowledgements;333
11.12.1.6;References;333
11.12.2;CHAPTER 46. APT: A Principled Design of an Animated View of Program Execution for Novice;334
11.12.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;334
11.12.2.2;2. WHAT NOVICES NEED TO KNOW ABOUT PROGRAM EXECUTION;334
11.12.2.3;3. THE APPROACH;335
11.12.2.4;4. PRINCIPLES;335
11.12.2.5;5. OVERVIEW OF APT;336
11.12.2.6;6. SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS;339
11.12.2.7;REFERENCES;339
11.12.3;CHAPTER 47. DISCOURSE RULES IN PROGRAM COMPREHENSION: EMERGENCE OF A CONSTRUCT AFFORDANCES RULE?;340
11.12.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;340
11.12.3.2;2. A CONSTRUCT AFFORDANCES RULE;341
11.12.3.3;3. METHOD AND MATERIALS;342
11.12.3.4;4. RESULTS;343
11.12.3.5;5. DISCUSSION;344
11.12.3.6;6. CONCLUSION;344
11.12.3.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;345
11.12.3.8;REFERENCES;345
11.13;S1.13: Programming Tools and Environments II;346
11.13.1;CHAPTER 48. The UNIVERSE Program Development Environment;348
11.13.1.1;1. Introduction;348
11.13.1.2;2 . Language and Program Construction;349
11.13.1.3;2· Execution/Debugging/Testing;350
11.13.1.4;4. Methodology;350
11.13.1.5;5. The UNIVERSE Environment;351
11.13.1.6;References;351
11.13.2;CHAPTER 49. The User Interface of PSG Programming Environments;354
11.13.2.1;Introduction;354
11.13.2.2;1. Design Issues;354
11.13.2.3;2. The User's View of IOS;354
11.13.2.4;3. Implementation Details;357
11.13.2.5;Acknowledgements;358
11.13.2.6;References;358
11.13.3;CHAPTER 50. Graphics and Learning: A Study of Learner Characteristics and Comprehension of Programming Languages;360
11.13.3.1;Introduction;360
11.13.3.2;Description of the Study;360
11.13.3.3;FPL: A Graphical Representation of Programming;361
11.13.3.4;Materials;361
11.13.3.5;Procedure;362
11.13.3.6;Design;362
11.13.3.7;Reaction Time;362
11.13.3.8;Accuracy;363
11.13.3.9;Correlation between Average FPL Reaction Time and Visual Aptitude Raw Scores;364
11.13.3.10;Correlation of Aptitude and Comprehension;364
12;SECTION 2: DESIGN AND EVALUATION METHODS;366
12.1;S2.1 Design and Evaluation Methods;368
12.1.1;CHAPTER 51. MULTI-SERVICE-TERMINALS -- HUMAN FACTORS STUDIES WITH AN EXPERIMENTAL PROTOTYPE;370
12.1.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;370
12.1.1.2;2. METHODICAL APPROACH;370
12.1.1.3;3. EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM;371
12.1.1.4;4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;372
12.1.1.5;5. RESULTS;374
12.1.1.6;6, CONCLUSIONS;375
12.1.1.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;375
12.1.1.8;REFERENCES;375
12.1.2;CHAPTER 52. GOOD SOFTWARE DESIGN : WHAT DOES IT MEAN?;376
12.1.2.1;1. OUR NERVES DEMAND PNEUMATIC TYRES;376
12.1.2.2;2. STREAMLINE OUR LINE OF LAUNDRY TUBS;377
12.1.2.3;3. FROM THE CLIENT WE HEAR CONSTANT COMPLAINTS;377
12.1.2.4;4. THE DIVISION IN INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR IS NOT MEANINGFUL;377
12.1.2.5;REFERENCES;378
12.1.3;CHAPTER 53. USABILITY EVALUATION AND FEEDBACK TO DESIGNERS - AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY;380
12.1.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;380
12.1.3.2;2. METHODOLOGY;381
12.1.3.3;3. RESULTS;381
12.1.3.4;4. DISCUSSION;382
12.1.3.5;5. USABILITY COMMENTS AND FEEDBACK TO DESIGNERS;382
12.1.3.6;6. ASSESSMENT OF THE METHODOLOGY AND FUTURE WORK;383
12.1.3.7;7. REFERENCES;383
12.1.3.8;8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;383
12.1.4;CHAPTER 54. A USER CENTRED APPROACH TO THE DESIGN OF A KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEM;384
12.1.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;384
12.1.4.2;2. SWITCHING SCHEDULES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY;385
12.1.4.3;3. PROJECT STRUCTURE;385
12.1.4.4;4. EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS OF USER AND TASK REQUIREMENTS;385
12.1.4.5;5. THE ROLE OF THE SWITCHING SCHEDULE EXPERT SYSTEM;386
12.1.4.6;6. KNOWLEDGE ELICITATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PROTOTYPE;387
12.1.4.7;7. EVALUATING THE PROTOTYPE;388
12.1.4.8;8. CONCLUSIONS;389
12.1.4.9;REFERENCES;389
12.2;S2.2: Performance Assessment;390
12.2.1;CHAPTER 55. METHODS FOR THE ERGONOMICAL EVALUATION OF ALPHANUMERIC COMPUTER-GENERATED DISPLAYS;392
12.2.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;392
12.2.1.2;2. METHOD;393
12.2.1.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;394
12.2.1.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;396
12.2.1.5;REFERENCES;396
12.2.2;CHAPTER 56. Cognitive efficiency during high work load in final system testing of a large computer system;398
12.2.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;398
12.2.2.2;2. DESIGN;399
12.2.2.3;3. METHODS;399
12.2.2.4;4. RESULTS;400
12.2.2.5;5 . DISCUSSION;402
12.2.2.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;403
12.2.2.7;REFERENCES;403
12.2.3;CHAPTER 57. "GENERICS " IN HUMAN DECISION MAKING;404
12.2.3.1;1 . INTRODUCTION;404
12.2.3.2;2. THE COGNITIVE ACTIVITY ANALYSIS;405
12.2.3.3;3. THE EVALUATION METHODOLOGY;406
12.2.3.4;4. SOME CONCLUSIVE OBSERVATIONS "FROM" A CASE STUDY;407
12.2.3.5;REFERENCES;407
12.2.4;CHAPTER 58. METHODOLOGIES EMPLOYED IN THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF H.C.I.;410
12.2.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;410
12.2.4.2;2. INTERFACE EVALUATION;411
12.2.4.3;3. PROGRAMMER PERFORMANCE AND KNOWLEDGE EVALUATION;413
12.2.4.4;4. CONCLUSION;416
12.2.4.5;REFERENCES;416
12.3;S2.3: Goals and Guidelines for Design;418
12.3.1;CHAPTER 59. GIVING CONTROL BACK TO THE USER;420
12.3.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;420
12.3.1.2;2. STRUCTURAL CORRELATION;420
12.3.1.3;3. FUNCTIONAL I/O;421
12.3.1.4;4. USER AS A NON-DETERMINISTIC FUNCTION IN DIALOGUE;422
12.3.1.5;5. LAZY SEMANTICS;422
12.3.1.6;6. UNDER-DETERMINATION, SEQUENCING AND EVENTS;423
12.3.1.7;7. ALTERNATIVE ACTIONS AND TIME-OUTS;423
12.3.1.8;8. DISCUSSION;424
12.3.1.9;REFERENCES;424
12.3.2;CHAPTER 60. COGNITIVE PROCESSES IN SOFTWARE DESIGN;426
12.3.2.1;1. MOTIVATION AND GOALS;426
12.3.2.2;2. METHODOLOGY;426
12.3.2.3;3. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS;427
12.3.2.4;4. BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE MODEL;429
12.3.2.5;5. CONCLUSIONS;429
12.3.2.6;REFERENCES;430
12.3.2.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;430
12.3.2.8;PROBLEM STATEMENT;430
12.3.3;CHAPTER 61. CONCEPTUAL CONSISTENCY IN THE USER INTERFACE: EFFECTS ON USER PERFORMANCE;432
12.3.3.1;Introduction;432
12.3.3.2;Method;433
12.3.3.3;Results;435
12.3.3.4;Discussion and Summary;436
12.3.3.5;References;437
12.3.4;CHAPTER 62. TOP-DOWN INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS DESIGN: SOME LESSONS LEARNT FROM USING COMMAND LANGUAGE GRAMMAR;438
12.3.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;438
12.3.4.2;2. CLG AS A DESIGN TOOL;438
12.3.4.3;3. THE DESIGN EXERCISE - A TRANSPORT TIMETABLING SYSTEM;439
12.3.4.4;4. MAPPING RULES AND CONSISTENCY CHECKING;439
12.3.4.5;5. ANALYSIS TIMETABLING SYSTEM DESIGNS;440
12.3.4.6;6. EXTENSIONS TO CLG;441
12.3.4.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;442
12.3.4.8;FOOTNOTE;442
12.3.4.9;REFERENCES;442
12.4;S2.4: Interface Specification Techniques;444
12.4.1;CHAPTER 63. Modular Specification Methods for User Interfaces;446
12.4.1.1;1. Introduction;446
12.4.1.2;2. Example of a modular specification : the conferencing system;446
12.4.1.3;3. Example of conceptual abstractions : paint package;449
12.4.1.4;4. Conclusions and future issues;451
12.4.1.5;Acknowledgements;451
12.4.1.6;References;451
12.4.2;CHAPTER 64. FORMALISING MODELS OF INTERACTION IN THE DESIGN OF A DISPLAY EDITOR;452
12.4.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;452
12.4.2.2;2. STATE AND DISPLAY;452
12.4.2.3;3. DIRECT MANIPULATION;454
12.4.2.4;4. CURSOR AND BLOCK POINTERS;455
12.4.2.5;5. IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATON;456
12.4.2.6;6. CONCLUSIONS;456
12.4.2.7;7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;456
12.4.2.8;8. REFERENCES;456
12.4.3;CHAPTER 65. TOWARDS A STRUCTURED APPROACH TO SPECIFYING USER INTERFACE DESIGN;458
12.4.3.1;1 INTRODUCTION;458
12.4.3.2;2 THE SYNTACTIC GRAPHICS PROJECT;458
12.4.3.3;3 A TYPICAL USE OF GRANOT;459
12.4.3.4;4 AN EXTENSION OF FOLEY AND VAN DAM'S METHODOLOGY;460
12.4.3.5;5 DETERMINING THE USER MODEL EMPIRICALLY;462
12.4.3.6;6 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS;463
12.4.3.7;REFERENCES;464
12.4.4;CHAPTER 66. SPECIFYING THE INTERFACE LOGIC;466
12.4.4.1;1 INTRODUCTION;466
12.4.4.2;2 DIALOGUE GAMES;467
12.4.4.3;3 INTERFACE LOGIC;469
12.4.4.4;4 CONCLUSIONS;470
12.4.4.5;REFERENCES;471
12.5;S2.5: Dialogue Design and Evaluation;472
12.5.1;CHAPTER 67. PAC, an Object Oriented Model for Dialog Design;474
12.5.1.1;1. Introduction;474
12.5.1.2;2. The Abstract Foundation of PAC;474
12.5.1.3;3. PAC, an Implementation model;474
12.5.1.4;4. The Interest of PAC;475
12.5.1.5;5. The Use of PAC;477
12.5.1.6;6. Related work;477
12.5.1.7;Acknowlegment;479
12.5.1.8;References;479
12.5.2;CHAPTER 68. WINDOWNET - A FORMAL NOTATION FOR WINDOW-BASED USER INTERFACES;480
12.5.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;480
12.5.2.2;2. WINDOW SYSTEMS;480
12.5.2.3;3. THE WINDOW MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TUWIN;481
12.5.2.4;4. DEFINITION OF AN INTERACTIVE,STATE-ORIENTED SYSTEM;482
12.5.2.5;5. WINDOWNET - A GRAPHIC DIALOGUE DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE;482
12.5.2.6;6. CONCLUSION;484
12.5.2.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;484
12.5.2.8;REFERENCES;484
12.5.3;CHAPTER 69. DESIGN PROCESS AND OPERATER TASKS DURING AUTOMATION OF A SUGAR FACTORY;486
12.5.3.1;1. PRODUCTION OF SUGAR;486
12.5.3.2;2. DECISIONS ON INVESTMENT;487
12.5.3.3;3. THE DESIGN PROCESS;488
12.5.3.4;4. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FUNCTIONS OF OPERATORS OF COR AND COB;491
12.5.3.5;5. CONCLUSIONS;494
12.5.4;CHAPTER 70. A TAXONOMY OF EVALUATION TECHNIQUES FOR HCl;496
12.5.4.1;1. EVALUATION: what, why, when, where;496
12.5.4.2;2. PREVIOUS WORK ON EVALUATION: how;496
12.5.4.3;3. DEFICIENCIES IN THE EVALUATION PROCESS;498
12.5.4.4;4. MATCHING TECHNIQUES TO NEEDS;500
12.5.4.5;5. THE EVALUATION ENVIRONMENT AS A SELECTION DEVICE;501
12.5.4.6;6. CONCLUSIONS;501
12.5.4.7;7. REFERENCES;501
12.5.5;CHAPTER 71. THE DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF ONLINE HELP FOR UNIX EMACS: ACCESS MECHANISMS;504
12.5.5.1;1. INTRODUCTION;504
12.5.5.2;2. METHOD;505
12.5.5.3;3. ANALYSIS;505
12.5.5.4;4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;506
12.5.5.5;5. CONCLUSION;508
12.5.5.6;REFERENCES;509
12.6;S2.6: Participative Design;510
12.6.1;CHAPTER 72. THE USE OF PARTICIPATIVE EXERCISES IN HUMAN FACTORS FOR EDUCATION AND DESIGN;512
12.6.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;512
12.6.1.2;2. AN EXAMPLE OF A DESIGN EXERCISE;513
12.6.1.3;3. PROBLEMS IN USING PARTICIPATIVE EXERCISES;514
12.6.1.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;514
12.6.1.5;REFERENCES;515
12.6.2;CHAPTER 73. THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF USER MODELS;516
12.6.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;516
12.6.2.2;2. USER MODELS;516
12.6.2.3;3. THE RELEVANCE OF PERSONALITY;518
12.6.2.4;4 . NEED FOR MANAGEMENT OF THE MODEL;519
12.6.2.5;5. DESIGN OF INTERACTION CONTROLLERS;520
12.6.2.6;6. SUMMARY;520
12.6.2.7;REFERENCES;520
12.6.3;CHAPTER 74. EVOLUTIONARY PROTOTYPING AND THE HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERFACE;522
12.6.3.1;1. INTRODUCTON;522
12.6.3.2;2. PROTOTYPING;522
12.6.3.3;3. WIDE-SPECTRUM LANGUAGES;523
12.6.3.4;4. OUR RESEARCH AIMS;523
12.6.3.5;5. HUMAN/COMPUTER FACILITIES IN EPROL;524
12.6.3.6;6. EXPERIENCE;524
12.6.3.7;7. SUMMARY;524
12.6.3.8;REFERENCES;526
13;SECTION 3: HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERFACE DESIGN;528
13.1;S3.1: Human—Computer Interface Design;530
13.1.1;CHAPTER 75. EVALUATING USER INTERFACE COMPLEXITY;532
13.1.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;532
13.1.1.2;2. SYSTEMS TESTED;533
13.1.1.3;3. METHOD;534
13.1.1.4;4. RESULTS;535
13.1.1.5;5. DISCUSSION;537
13.1.1.6;REFERENCES;538
13.1.2;CHAPTER 76. Are 'programming plans' psychologically real - outsi(de Pascal?;540
13.1.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;540
13.1.2.2;2. METHOD;542
13.1.2.3;3. RESULTS;543
13.1.2.4;4. DISCUSSION;544
13.1.2.5;5. CONCLUSIONS;545
13.1.2.6;5. REFERENCES;546
13.1.3;CHAPTER 77. WORKSHOP PROGRAMMING OF NUMERICAL CONTROLS;548
13.1.3.1;1 INTRODUCTION;548
13.1.3.2;2 INFLUENTIAL FACTORS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORKSHOP PROGRAMMING;548
13.1.3.3;3 FUNCTIONS OF THE WORKSHOP PROGRAMMING;548
13.1.3.4;4 SUMMAR;554
13.1.3.5;References;554
13.1.4;CHAPTER 78. WHICH TASK IN WHICH REPRESENTATION ON WHAT KIND OF INTERFACE;556
13.1.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;556
13.1.4.2;2. METHOD;557
13.1.4.3;3. RESULTS;559
13.1.4.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;561
13.1.4.5;REFERENCES;561
13.2;S3.2 Interface Design of Application Programmes;562
13.2.1;CHAPTER 79. Report Generation Using a Visual Programming Interface;564
13.2.1.1;Introduction;564
13.2.1.2;Background;565
13.2.1.3;Design of the VPI;565
13.2.1.4;Some Problems;570
13.2.1.5;Future Work;570
13.2.1.6;Summary;571
13.2.1.7;References;571
13.2.2;CHAPTER 80. AN OBJECT ORIENTED EXTENSION LANGUAGE FOR INTEGRATING DISPARATE APPLICATIONS;572
13.2.2.1;1. Introduction;572
13.2.2.2;2. Goals;573
13.2.2.3;3. Design;573
13.2.2.4;4. Some Examples;575
13.2.2.5;5. Future Issues;576
13.2.2.6;6. Summary;576
13.2.2.7;Acknowledgements;576
13.2.2.8;Notes;576
13.2.2.9;Bibliography;576
13.2.3;CHAPTER 81. HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION—A FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS;578
13.2.3.1;1.Introduction;578
13.2.3.2;2.Interface Points;578
13.2.3.3;3.Interface Point Representations;579
13.2.3.4;4.The Deep Structure of an Interface Point;579
13.2.3.5;5.A Deep Structure Implementation;581
13.2.3.6;6.The Surface Structure Handler;581
13.2.3.7;7.A Brief Note on Rules and Networks;583
13.2.3.8;8.Conclusions;583
13.2.4;DESIGNING AN USER-ORIENTED TO A DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM;584
13.2.4.1;1. Introduction;584
13.2.4.2;2. Design Considerations;585
13.2.4.3;3. Prototyping;588
13.2.4.4;4· References;589
13.3;S3.3: Natural Language Dialogues;590
13.3.1;CHAPTER 83. THE MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE: THE NATURAL LANGUAGE BARRIER;592
13.3.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;592
13.3.1.2;2. DECOMPOSITION OF THE PROBLEM;592
13.3.1.3;3. LEXICAL ANALYSIS;592
13.3.1.4;4. SYNTAX ANALSYSIS;593
13.3.1.5;5. SEMANTIC ANALYSIS;595
13.3.1.6;6. Pragmatic analysis;596
13.3.1.7;7. Conclusion;597
13.3.2;CHAPTER 84. THE NATURAL LANGUAGE METAPHOR: AN APPROACH TO AVOID MISLEADING EXPECTATIONS;598
13.3.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;598
13.3.2.2;2. THE ROLE OF MENTAL MODELS AND METAPHORS FOR LEARNING AND USABILITY;599
13.3.2.3;3. REQUIREMENTS AND METAPHORS FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE USER INTERFACES;600
13.3.2.4;4. THE PROTOTYPE-SYSTEM QUIZ;601
13.3.2.5;5. CONCLUDING REMARKS AND OPEN QUESTIONS;602
13.3.2.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;603
13.3.2.7;REFERENCES;603
13.3.3;CHAPTER 85. What do users say to their natural language interface?;604
13.3.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;604
13.3.3.2;2. EVALUATION ISSUES;604
13.3.3.3;3. PREVIOUS EVALUATIONS;605
13.3.3.4;4. METHOD;605
13.3.3.5;5. RESULTS;606
13.3.3.6;6. DISCUSSION;606
13.3.3.7;REFERENCES;607
13.3.4;CHAPTER 86. LANGUAGE ACQUISITION BY EXAMPLE IN A NATURAL LANGUAGE CONSULTATION SYSTEM;610
13.3.4.1;1 Introduction;610
13.3.4.2;2 KEYSTONE;610
13.3.4.3;3 Automated Knowledge Acquisition;611
13.3.4.4;4 Conclusions;612
13.3.4.5;Acknowledgements;612
13.3.4.6;References;613
13.4;S3.4: Evaluation of Input Devices;614
13.4.1;CHAPTER 87. THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SPEECH OUTPUT ON LISTENER COMPREHENSION RATES;616
13.4.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;616
13.4.1.2;2. METHOD;616
13.4.1.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;618
13.4.1.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;621
13.4.1.5;5. SUMMARY;621
13.4.1.6;REFERENCES;622
13.4.2;CHAPTER 88. Optimal Size and Spacing of Touch Screen Input Areas;624
13.4.2.1;1.0 INTRODUCTION;624
13.4.2.2;2.0 EXPERIMENT 1;625
13.4.2.3;3.0 .......E.. 2;626
13.4.2.4;4.0 DISCUSSION;626
13.4.2.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;628
13.4.2.6;REFERENCES;628
13.4.3;CHAPTER 89. WHICH INPUT DEVICE SHOULD BE USED WITH INTERACTIVE VIDEO?;630
13.4.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;630
13.4.3.2;2. THE EXPERIMENTS;631
13.4.3.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;632
13.4.3.4;4. CONCLUSION;635
13.4.3.5;5. REFERENCES;635
13.4.4;CHAPTER 90. Gestures as a Means for the Blind to Interact with a Computer;636
13.4.4.1;1. Introduction;636
13.4.4.2;2. Using the Sense of Touch;636
13.4.4.3;3. Communicating by Means of Gestures;636
13.4.4.4;4. A Star Map for the Blind;637
13.4.4.5;5. Further work;638
13.4.4.6;6. Conclusion;638
13.4.4.7;Acknowledgements;638
13.4.4.8;References;638
13.5;S3.5: Pictorial Information Presentation;640
13.5.1;CHAPTER 91. AN ..V.STIGATION INTO BUSINESS ..F.RMATION .RESENTATION AT HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERFACES;642
13.5.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;642
13.5.1.2;2. METHOD;643
13.5.1.3;3. RESULTS;644
13.5.1.4;4. DISCUSSION;646
13.5.1.5;5. CONCLUSION;647
13.5.1.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;647
13.5.1.7;REFERENCES;647
13.5.2;CHAPTER 92. PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION WITH COMPUTERS;648
13.5.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;648
13.5.2.2;2, BACKGROUND;648
13.5.2.3;3. WORKSTATION FABRICATION;649
13.5.2.4;4. INTERACTION PROTOCOLS;650
13.5.2.5;5 . EVALUATION METHODS;651
13.5.2.6;6. RESULTS;651
13.5.2.7;7. CONCLUSIONS;652
13.5.2.8;8. FUTURE WORK;652
13.5.2.9;9. REFERENCES;652
13.5.3;CHAPTER 93. THE USE OF STRUCTURAL DISPLAYS TO FACILITATE LEARNING;654
13.5.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;654
13.5.3.2;2. EXPERIMENT 1;654
13.5.3.3;3. EXPERIMENT 2;657
13.5.3.4;4. DISCUSSION;658
13.5.3.5;REFERENCES;658
13.5.4;CHAPTER 94. Optimal Organizations Guided by Cognitive Networks and Verified by Eyemovement Analyses;660
13.5.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;660
13.5.4.2;2. SELECTION AND SCALING OF MATERIALS;663
13.5.4.3;3. EXPERIMENT 1;663
13.5.4.4;4. EXPERIMENT 2;664
13.5.4.5;REFERENCES;665
13.6;S3.6: Graphics in Human-Computer Interaction;666
13.6.1;CHAPTER 95. ATTRACTION AND DISTRACTION BY TEXT COLOURS ON DISPLAYS;668
13.6.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;668
13.6.1.2;2. METHOD;668
13.6.1.3;3. RESULTS;669
13.6.1.4;4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS;672
13.6.1.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;672
13.6.1.6;REFERENCES;672
13.6.2;CHAPTER 96. GRAPHICAL TOOLS FOR DESCRIPTION OF DYNAMIC MODELS - PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS;674
13.6.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;674
13.6.2.2;2. PROBLEMS OF GRAPHICAL PROGRAMMING;674
13.6.2.3;3. VISUAL PRESENTATIONS;675
13.6.2.4;4. GRAPHICAL SIMULATION TOOLS;676
13.6.2.5;5. CENTRAL CONCEPTS IN WONDERLAND;676
13.6.2.6;6. IMPLEMENIATION ISSUES;678
13.6.2.7;7. DISCUSSION;678
13.6.2.8;8. FURTHER RESEARCH;679
13.6.2.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;679
13.6.2.10;REFERENCES;679
13.6.3;CHAPTER 97. USER INTERFACES TO A MEDICAL ARCHIVING AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM;680
13.6.3.1;1. INTRODUC.ON;680
13.6.3.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;680
13.6.3.3;3. RESULTS;684
13.6.3.4;4. CONCLUSION;684
13.6.3.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;685
13.6.3.6;REFERENCES;685
13.6.4;CHAPTER 98. An Abstract Model for Interactive Pictures;686
13.6.4.1;1. PRESENTATION;686
13.6.4.2;2. THE ABSTRACT PICTURE;687
13.6.4.3;3. ADVANTAGES OF AN ABSTRACT PICFURE;688
13.6.4.4;4. DIALOGUE MANAGEMENT;689
13.6.4.5;5. CONCLUSION;689
13.6.4.6;REFERENCES;690
13.7;S3.7: Learning and Training;692
13.7.1;CHAPTER 99. LEARNING A COMPUTER SYSTEM BY UNASSISTED EXPLORATION;694
13.7.1.1;INTRODUCTION;694
13.7.1.2;METHOD;695
13.7.1.3;RESULTS;695
13.7.1.4;CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATIONS;697
13.7.1.5;REFERENCES;698
13.7.2;CHAPTER 100. HOW TO USE PLAN RECOGNITION TO IMPROVE THE ABILITIES OF THE INTELLIGENT HELP SYSTEM SINIX CONSULTANT;700
13.7.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;700
13.7.2.2;2. PASSIVE AND ACTIVE ABILITIES OF INTELLIGENT HELP SYSTEMS;700
13.7.2.3;3. A SURVEY OF THE INTELLIGENT HELP SYSTEM SINIX CONSULTANT;701
13.7.2.4;4. PLAN RECOGNITION IN SINIX CONSULTANT;702
13.7.2.5;5. AN EXAMPLE;704
13.7.2.6;6. CONCLUSIONS;705
13.7.2.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;705
13.7.2.8;REFERENCES;705
13.7.3;CHAPTER 101. DESIGNING SYSTEMS FOR TRAINING AND DECISION AIDS: COGNITVE TASK ANALYSIS AS A PREREQUISITE;706
13.7.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;706
13.7.3.2;2. Analysis of the role of an existing method for complex decision making;706
13.7.3.3;3. Methodology, observations and generalresults;709
13.7.3.4;4 . What are the criteria for development of computer based decision making and training aids ?;710
13.7.3.5;5. Conclusions;711
13.7.3.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;711
13.7.3.7;REFERENCES;711
13.7.4;CHAPTER 102. TREND PRESENTATION ON VDT AS A DECISION AID TO OPERATORS;712
13.7.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;712
13.7.4.2;2. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIMENTS;712
13.7.4.3;3. EXPERIMENT 1;713
13.7.4.4;4. EXPERIMENT 2;714
13.7.4.5;5. EXPERIMENT 3;715
13.7.4.6;6. EXPERIMENT 4;715
13.7.4.7;7. EXPERIMENT 5;716
13.7.4.8;8. GENERAL DISCUSSION;717
13.7.4.9;REFERENCES;717
13.8;S3.8: Graphical Workstations;718
13.8.1;CHAPTER 103. AN INTERACTIVE 3D-GRAPHICS USER INTERFACE FOR ENGINEERING DESIGN;720
13.8.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;720
13.8.1.2;2. STRUCTURE OF THE 3D-GRAPHICS USER INTERFACE;721
13.8.1.3;3 . AN EXAMPLE FOR AN APPLICATION: ROBOT SIMULATION;724
13.8.1.4;4. CONCLUSION;725
13.8.1.5;5. REFERENCES;725
13.8.2;CHAPTER 104. A FRAMEWORK FOR COMPARING SYSTEMS WITH VISUAL INTERFACES;726
13.8.2.1;1.INTRODUCTiON;726
13.8.2.2;2. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM UNDER CONSIDER.TI..: DOMAIN AND PURPOSE;727
13.8.2.3;3. CORRESPONDENCE - VISUAL INTERFACE VS.UNDERLYING FUNCTIONALITY;727
13.8.2.4;4. ELEMENTS OF THE VISUAL LANGUAGE;727
13.8.2.5;5. RATIONALE GOVERNING USE OF BASIC LANGUAGE ELEMENTS;728
13.8.2.6;6. LANGUAGE POWER;728
13.8.2.7;7. INTERFACE CHARACTERSTICS;729
13.8.2.8;8. WHY IS THE SYSTEM INTERESTING?;730
13.8.2.9;9. CONCLUSION: AN ASSESSMENT;730
13.8.2.10;REFERENCES;730
13.8.3;CHAPTER 105. Linking Multiple Program Views Using a Visual Cache;732
13.8.3.1;1. Introduction;732
13.8.3.2;2. Description of the Demaps modeling environment;732
13.8.3.3;3. Methodology;734
13.8.3.4;4. Results;735
13.8.3.5;5. Conclusions;737
13.8.3.6;References;737
13.8.4;CHAPTER 106. A STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR HIERARCHICALLY DESCRIBING HUMAN-COMPUTER DIALOGUE;738
13.8.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;738
13.8.4.2;2. RELATED WORK;738
13.8.4.3;3, DERIVATION OF THE DIALOGUE TRANSACTION MODEL: OBSERVING HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION;739
13.8.4.4;4, THE DIALOGUE TRANSACTION MODEL;740
13.8.4.5;5. APPLYING THE DIALOGUE TRANSACTION MODEL: AN EXAMPLE;742
13.8.4.6;6, CONCLUSIONS;743
13.8.4.7;REFERENCES;743
13.8.4.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;743
13.9;S3.9: User Differentials;744
13.9.1;CHAPTER 107. MULTI-LEVEL USER INTERFACES: SOFTWARE TOOLS AND AN APPLICATION;746
13.9.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;746
13.9.1.2;2. DIFFERENCES IN USERS;746
13.9.1.3;3. THE DIALOOG-TOOLKIT;747
13.9.1.4;4. COMMAND;748
13.9.1.5;5. KOMPLOT, A GRAPHING SYSTEM;749
13.9.1.6;6. REMARKS;750
13.9.1.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;751
13.9.1.8;REFERENCES;751
13.9.2;CHAPTER 108. GENDER AND COGNITIVE STYLE DIFFERENCES AT THE HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERFACE.;752
13.9.2.1;1. A Man's (Computer) World;752
13.9.2.2;2. Sex differences in Cognition;752
13.9.2.3;3. Cognitive Style Theories;752
13.9.2.4;4. Cognitive style and Cognitive strategies;753
13.9.2.5;5. A brief review of the relevant literature;753
13.9.2.6;6. The Implications of Sex and Cognitive style differences at the Interface;753
13.9.2.7;7, User Modelling and Adaption;755
13.9.2.8;8. Conclusions;756
13.9.2.9;REFERENCES;756
13.9.3;CHAPTER 109. LEVELS OF .D..TIVITY INTERFACE DESIGN;758
13.9.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;758
13.9.3.2;2. THE ROLE OF ADAPTATION;758
13.9.3.3;3. THE PRISONER'S DILEMMA;759
13.9.3.4;4. IDENTIFYING THE LEVELS;759
13.9.3.5;5. BIOLOGICAL AND COMPUTER .....ATION;761
13.9.3.6;INTENTIONAL EXPLANATIONS;762
13.9.3.7;7. DESIGNING ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS;762
13.9.3.8;8. TAXONOMY;763
13.9.3.9;9. CONCLUSIONS;763
13.9.3.10;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;763
13.9.3.11;FOOTNOTE;763
13.9.3.12;REFERENCES;763
13.9.4;CHAPTER 110. Adaptability and Tailorability in NoteCards;766
13.9.4.1;1. Introduction;766
13.9.4.2;2. Overview of NoteCards;766
13.9.4.3;3. Adaptability through Flexibility;767
13.9.4.4;4. Adaptability through Parametrization;767
13.9.4.5;5. Adaptability through Integration;768
13.9.4.6;6. Adaptability through Tailorability;768
13.9.4.7;7. Example: The Instructional Design Environments;769
13.9.4.8;8. Conclusions;770
13.9.4.9;9. Acknowledgments;771
13.9.4.10;10. References;771
13.10;S3.10: Techniques of Dialogue Design;772
13.10.1;CHAPTER 111. Structured Command Interaction based on a Grammar Interpreting Synthesizer;774
13.10.1.1;1. Introduction;774
13.10.1.2;2. SbyS - an overview;775
13.10.1.3;3. Command grammars and interaction;775
13.10.1.4;4. An example;776
13.10.1.5;5. Integration with an application;777
13.10.1.6;6. Some implementation notes;778
13.10.1.7;7. Discussion;779
13.10.1.8;8. Future directions;779
13.10.1.9;9. Summary;779
13.10.1.10;Acknowledgements;780
13.10.1.11;References;780
13.10.2;CHAPTER 112. EXECUTABLE SPECIFICATIONS AS AN AID TO DIALOGUE DESIGN;782
13.10.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;782
13.10.2.2;2. RELATED WORK;784
13.10.2.3;3. DIALOGUE DESIGN USING SPI;784
13.10.2.4;4. COMPARISONS AND CONCLUSIONS;787
13.10.2.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;787
13.10.2.6;REFERENCES;787
13.10.3;CHAPTER 113. Dialogue Issues for Interactive Recovery - an Object-Oriented Framework;788
13.10.3.1;1. Introduction;788
13.10.3.2;2. Dimensions of Recovery;789
13.10.3.3;3. The recovery interface for application programmers and users;790
13.10.3.4;4. Implementation issues;791
13.10.3.5;5. Conclusions;792
13.10.3.6;References;793
13.10.4;CHAPTER 114. IMAGES - AN OBJECT ORIENTED UIMS;794
13.10.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;794
13.10.4.2;2. GENERAL ARCHITECTURE;794
13.10.4.3;3 SUPPORT OF THE USER INTERACTION;795
13.10.4.4;4. STRUCTURE OF THE APPLICATIONS;796
13.10.4.5;5. THE UIMS_D;796
13.10.4.6;6. INTERFACE GENERATOR;797
13.10.4.7;7. IMPLEMENTATION;798
13.10.4.8;8. CONCLUSIONS;798
13.10.4.9;REFERENCES;799
13.11;S3.11: Display Systems;800
13.11.1;CHAPTER 115. AN APPROACH TOWARDS A TRULY HIGH-LEVEL AND INTEGRATED USER-COMPUTER INTERFACE;802
13.11.1.1;1 . INTRODUCTION;802
13.11.1.2;2. AN EXAMPLE;803
13.11.1.3;3. TOWARDS AN ARCHITECTURAL MODEL OF THE UCI;805
13.11.1.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;807
13.11.1.5;REFERENCES;807
13.11.2;CHAPTER 116. HUMAN FACTORS RESEARCH IN REMOTE DISPLAY SYSTEMS;808
13.11.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;808
13.11.2.2;2. EXPERIMENT 1 - GRAY SCALE/RESOLUTION DEFINITION;809
13.11.2.3;3. EXPERIMENT 2 - ADDRESS READABILITY;810
13.11.2.4;4. GENERAL DISCUSSION;812
13.11.2.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;812
13.11.2.6;REFERENCES;812
13.11.3;CHAPTER 117. VIEWING GEOMETRY OF SINGLE OR MULTIPLE SCREEN DISPLAYS WITH PLANAR OR CURVED SURFACE;814
13.11.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;814
13.11.3.2;2. VIEWING GEOMETRY OF A PLANAR SCREEN;815
13.11.3.3;3. VIEWING GEOMETRY OF A SCREEN WITH CONVEX CURVATURE;816
13.11.3.4;4. VIEWING GEOMETRY OF A SCREEN WITH CONCAVE CURVATURE;817
13.11.3.5;5. VIEWING GEOMETRY OF MULTIPLE CURVED SCREENS;818
13.11.3.6;6. CONCLUSIONS;819
13.11.3.7;REFERENCES;819
13.11.4;CHAPTER 118. SOME THESES ON UNDO/REDO COMMANDS;820
13.11.4.1;1. Introduction;820
13.11.4.2;2. Different types of users;820
13.11.4.3;3. Applications;822
13.11.4.4;4. Implementation;822
13.11.4.5;5. Conclusions;823
13.11.4.6;6. Literature;824
14;SECTION 4: IMPACT OF COMPUTERS ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR;826
14.1;S4.1: Impact of Computers on Human Behavior;828
14.1.1;CHAPTER 119. TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT CONCERNING IMPACTS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS;830
14.1.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;830
14.1.1.2;2 . SOME TECHNOLOGICAL ORIENTED ASSESSMENTS;831
14.1.1.3;3. FROM THE USERS POINT OF VIEW;833
14.1.1.4;4. CONCLUSION;834
14.1.1.5;REFERENCES;834
14.1.2;CHAPTER 120. GETTING THE BABY INTO THE BATHWATER: PUTTING ORGANIZATIONAL PLANNING INTO THE SYSTEMS DESIGN PROCESS;836
14.1.2.1;1. BACKGROUND;836
14.1.2.2;2. DEVELOPMENT OF DELTA;837
14.1.2.3;3. EXPERIENCES WITH DELTA;838
14.1.2.4;4 . SUMMARY;839
14.1.2.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;839
14.1.2.6;REFERENCES;840
14.1.3;CHAPTER 121. Factory workers and the language barrier - naklng computers a tool rather than a nuisance;842
14.1.3.1;1. Abstract;842
14.1.3.2;2. State of the Art;842
14.1.3.3;3. Requirements;843
14.1.3.4;4. Research Project;843
14.1.3.5;5. Design goals and principles;843
14.1.3.6;6. PROTOS - a prototype dialogue shell;845
14.1.3.7;7. Résumé;846
14.1.4;CHAPTER 122. SOCIAL EVALUTION OF THE USER INTERFACE: WHO DOES THE WORK AND WHO GETS THE BENEFIT?;848
14.1.4.1;Introduction;848
14.1.4.2;Case 1. Automatic meeting scheduling;850
14.1.4.3;Case 2. Digitized voice applications;851
14.1.4.4;Case 3. Project management applications;852
14.1.4.5;Case 4. Natural language interfaces to databases;852
14.1.4.6;References;854
14.1.4.7;Acknowledgements;854
14.2;S4.2: Organizational Issues of Computer Use;856
14.2.1;CHAPTER 123. NEW TECHNOLOGY AND JOB SATISFACTION - A CASE STUDY OF TRAVEL AGENTS;858
14.2.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;858
14.2.1.2;2. INVESTIGATING TRAVEL TRADE EMPLOYEE ATTITUDES;858
14.2.1.3;3. THE JOB CHARACTERISTICS MODEL;859
14.2.1.4;4. METHODOLOGY;860
14.2.1.5;5· RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;860
14.2.1.6;6 . CONCLUSIONS;862
14.2.1.7;REFERENCES;863
14.2.2;CHAPTER 124. COMPARATIVE FACTORS IN USER ACCEPTANCE OF OFFICE AUTOMATION;864
14.2.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;864
14.2.2.2;2. METHODOLOGV;865
14.2.2.3;3. FINDINGS;865
14.2.2.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;868
14.2.2.5;REFERENCES;868
14.2.3;CHAPTER 125. Research on the Use of Computer Based Message Systems in Organizations - the Swedish IDAK-project;870
14.2.3.1;1. Introduction;870
14.2.3.2;2. Approach, goals and limitations;870
14.2.3.3;3. Methods;871
14.2.3.4;4. Results;871
14.2.3.5;References;875
14.2.4;CHAPTER 126. Automated Monitoring, Feedback, and Rewards: Effects on Workstation Operators' Performance, Satisfaction, and Stress;876
14.2.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;876
14.2.4.2;2. BACKGROUND;876
14.2.4.3;3. METHOD;877
14.2.4.4;4. RESULTS;878
14.2.4.5;5. CONCLUSIONS;880
14.2.4.6;REFERENCES;880
14.3;S4.3: Novice Training and Learning;882
14.3.1;CHAPTER 127. FROM NOVICE TO EXPERT USER: A TRANSFER OF LEARNING EXPERIMENT ON DIFFERENT INTERACTION MODES;884
14.3.1.1;1. INTRODUCriON;884
14.3.1.2;2. METHOD;886
14.3.1.3;3. RESULTS;887
14.3.1.4;4. DISCUSSION;888
14.3.1.5;REFERENCES;889
14.3.2;CHAPTER 128. THE TROUBLE WITH UNIX.: INITIAL LEARNING AND EXPERTS' STRATEGIES;890
14.3.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;890
14.3.2.2;2. METHOD;891
14.3.2.3;3. RESULTS;893
14.3.2.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;896
14.3.2.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;897
14.3.2.6;REFERENCES;897
14.3.3;CHAPTER 129. Impact of feedback content in initial learning of an office system;898
14.3.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;898
14.3.3.2;2. PERSONAL PLANNER;899
14.3.3.3;3. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS;901
14.3.3.4;4. IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERFACE DESIGN;901
14.3.3.5;References;902
14.3.4;CHAPTER 130. CONCEPTUAL MODELS IN TRAINING NOVICE USERS;904
14.3.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;904
14.3.4.2;2. METHOD;906
14.3.4.3;3. FINDINGS;907
14.3.4.4;REFERENCES;909
14.4;S4.4: User Needs;912
14.4.1;CHAPTER 131. Customizing Help Systems to Task Structures and User Needs;914
14.4.1.1;1 Introduction;914
14.4.1.2;2 Analysis of the Task Structure;914
14.4.1.3;3 Help Services;914
14.4.1.4;4 Help Systems;917
14.4.1.5;5 The Customization Process;920
14.4.1.6;6 Conclusions;920
14.4.1.7;7 Literature;920
14.4.2;CHAPTER 132. COMPUTERIZING DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS;922
14.4.2.1;1. Introduction;922
14.4.2.2;2.1 Method;923
14.4.2.3;3. Results;925
14.4.2.4;4. Discussion;926
14.4.2.5;References;927
14.4.3;CHAPTER 133. The role of the system image in intelligent user assistance;928
14.4.3.1;1 The role of prior knowledge on Interfaces;928
14.4.3.2;2 A brief description of VSTAT;928
14.4.3.3;3 The VSTAT experiments;929
14.4.3.4;4 Types of misconceptions in VSTAT;929
14.4.3.5;5 Sources of misconceptions;932
14.4.3.6;6 Implications for future work;933
14.4.3.7;References;933
14.4.4;CHAPTER 134. TRANSFER OF LEARNING IN THE REAL WORLD;934
14.4.4.1;Introduction;934
14.4.4.2;Method;935
14.4.4.3;Results;936
14.4.4.4;Discussion;938
14.4.4.5;References;939
14.5;S4.5: Cognitive Aspects of Information Retrieval;940
14.5.1;CHAPTER 135. SOFTWARE FOR READING TEXT ON SCREEN;942
14.5.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;942
14.5.1.2;2. CONFIDENCE IN READING TEXT;943
14.5.1.3;3. MANIPULATION FACILITIES;943
14.5.1.4;4. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS;944
14.5.1.5;5. THE MANIPULATION PROGRAMS;944
14.5.1.6;6. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN;945
14.5.1.7;7. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;946
14.5.1.8;8. DISCUSSION;946
14.5.1.9;9. CONCLUSION;946
14.5.1.10;10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;947
14.5.1.11;11. NOTE;947
14.5.1.12;12. REFERENCES;947
14.5.2;CHAPTER 136. A HUMANISED INTERFACE TO AN ELECTRONIC LIBRARY;948
14.5.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;948
14.5.2.2;2. COMPUTERISED SEARCHING;948
14.5.2.3;3. CASUAL ACCESS;950
14.5.2.4;4. ACCESSING BOOKS IN REAL LIBRARIES;950
14.5.2.5;5. COMPUTERISING THE BOOK ACCESS MECHANISM;951
14.5.2.6;6. A PROPOSED SYSTEM;951
14.5.2.7;REFERENCES;952
14.5.3;CHAPTER 137. COMPARING WORDS AND ICONS AS CUE ENRICHERS IN AN INFORMATION RETRIEVAL TASK;954
14.5.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;954
14.5.3.2;2. METHOD;955
14.5.3.3;3. RESULTS;957
14.5.3.4;4. DISCUSSION;958
14.5.3.5;5. REFERENCES;959
14.5.4;CHAPTER 138. ADVANCED ORGANIZERS IN COMPUTER INSTRUCTION MANUALS: ARE THEY EFFECTIVE?;960
14.5.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;960
14.5.4.2;2. METHOD;961
14.5.4.3;3. RESULTS;961
14.5.4.4;4. DISCUSSION;963
14.5.4.5;NOTE;964
14.5.4.6;REFERENCES;964
14.6;S4.6: User's Language;966
14.6.1;CHAPTER 139. Digressional vs. semantic subordination: On the role of menu structure for users'understanding of a human-computer dialogue;968
14.6.1.1;Introduction;968
14.6.1.2;Two studies of menu-based graphical interaction;969
14.6.1.3;Digressive operations in an activity;970
14.6.1.4;Analogies with human dialogue;970
14.6.1.5;Conclusion: Digressions and modeless interaction;971
14.6.1.6;Consequences for design;971
14.6.1.7;References;972
14.6.2;CHAPTER 140. WHO'S THE BOSS: TALKING TO YOUR COMPUTER IN THE AI AGE;974
14.6.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;974
14.6.2.2;2. PROBLEMS WITH METAPHOR;974
14.6.2.3;3. CLASSES OF METAPHOR PROBLEMS;974
14.6.2.4;4. COMMAND AMBIGUITY (CLASS 3);976
14.6.2.5;5. UNSUPPORTED EXPECTATIONS (CLASS 4);977
14.6.2.6;6. LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL DISTANCE;978
14.6.2.7;7. CONCLUSION;978
14.6.2.8;REFERENCES;979
14.6.3;CHAPTER 141. A SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON COMMAND-SELECTION AIDS;980
14.6.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;980
14.6.3.2;2. EXPERIMENT 1: DEVELOPMENT OF THECOMMAND-SELECTION MODELS;981
14.6.3.3;3. EXPERIMENT 2: EVALUATION OF THE COMMAND-SELECTION AIDS;983
14.6.3.4;4. GENERAL DISCUSSION;985
14.6.3.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;985
14.6.3.6;REFERENCES;985
14.6.4;CHAPTER 142. DEVELOPING EXPLORATORY STRATEGIES IN TRAINING: THE GENERAL APPROACH ANDA SPECIFIC EXAMPLE FOR MANUAL USE;986
14.6.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;986
14.6.4.2;2. HOW TO ADVANCE EXPLORATORY STRATEGIES?;986
14.6.4.3;3. MANUAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR EXPLORATORY BEHAVIORS;987
14.6.4.4;4. THE EXPERIMENT;988
14.6.4.5;REFERENCES;991
15;SECTION 5: FOREFRONT SYSTEMS AND TECHNIQUES;992
15.1;S5.1: From the User's Point of View;994
15.1.1;CHAPTER 143. GIOTTO, an Intelligent User-Assistance;996
15.1.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;996
15.1.1.2;2. THE INTELLIGENT USER-ASSISTANCE;997
15.1.1.3;3. THE SEMANTIC NETWORK;997
15.1.1.4;4. AN APPLICATION;1000
15.1.1.5;5. CONCLUSIONS;1000
15.1.1.6;REFERENCES;1000
15.1.2;CHAPTER 144. CATALOGUES: A METAPHOR FOR COMPUTER APPLICATION DELIVERY;1002
15.1.2.1;REFERENCES;1007
15.1.3;CHAPTER 145. Volunteering Information -- Enhancing theCommunication Capabilities of Knowledge-Based Systems;1008
15.1.3.1;1. Introduction;1008
15.1.3.2;2. Communication Paradigms in Knowiedge-Based Systems;1008
15.1.3.3;3. REBOOTER: a Knowledge-Based System to Reboot Computers;1010
15.1.3.4;4. The SYSTEM'S ASSISTANT: Incorporating Information Volunteering;1011
15.1.3.5;5. Experiences and Future Research;1013
15.1.3.6;Acknowledgements;1014
15.1.3.7;References;1014
15.1.4;CHAPTER 146. TaskMapper;1016
15.1.4.1;Multiple windows and large screens;1016
15.1.4.2;File management;1016
15.1.4.3;Task integration;1017
15.1.4.4;The TaskMapper Prototype;1017
15.1.4.5;References;1021
15.2;S5.2: From the Designer's Point of View;1022
15.2.1;CHAPTER 147. APPLICATION MODELLING FOR THE PROVISION OF AN ADAPTIVE USER INTERFACEA KNOWLEDGE BASED APPROACH;1024
15.2.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;1024
15.2.1.2;2. ADAPTIVE INTELLIGENT DIALOGUES;1025
15.2.1.3;3. APPLICATION EXPERT;1025
15.2.1.4;4. SPECIFICATION METHOD;1026
15.2.1.5;5. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE AE;1026
15.2.1.6;6. OPERATION OF THE APPLICATION EXPERT;1027
15.2.1.7;7. THE ROLE OF APPLICATION MODELLING;1028
15.2.1.8;8. FUNCTIONALITY OF APPLICATION MODELLERS;1029
15.2.1.9;9. CONCLUSIONS;1029
15.2.1.10;10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;1029
15.2.1.11;11. REFERENCES;1029
15.2.2;CHAPTER 148. A FORMAL DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR END-USER INTERFACES- A SMALL CASE STUDY BASED ON UNICON™;1032
15.2.2.1;1 Introduction;1032
15.2.2.2;2 A General Framework;1033
15.2.2.3;3 Overview of Methodology;1034
15.2.2.4;4 CONCERNING UNICONTM;1034
15.2.2.5;5 SOME DETAILS;1035
15.2.2.6;6 DERIVED FORMALISMS AND THE EXERCISING OF SPECIFICATIONS;1036
15.2.2.7;7 RELATED SYSTEMS AND FUTURE WORK;1037
15.2.2.8;REFERENCES;1037
15.2.3;CHAPTER 149. COMPUTER AIDED ERGONOMICS DESIGN - A PROGRAM FOR SUITABLE CONTROL LOCATIONS;1040
15.2.3.1;1 . INTRODUCTION;1040
15.2.3.2;2. RECOMMENDED LOCATION AREAS FOR CONTROLS;1040
15.2.3.3;3. EVALUATION OF CONTROL LOCATIONS;1041
15.2.3.4;4. 3-DIMENSIONAL MAN-MODEL;1041
15.2.3.5;5. CONCLUSIONS;1042
15.2.3.6;REFERENCES;1042
15.2.4;CHAPTER 150. ALGORITHMS TO TRANSFORM THE FORMAL SPECIFICATIO. OF A USER-COMPUTER INTERFACE;1044
15.2.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;1044
15.2.4.2;2. A SAMPLE USER INTERFACE SPECIFICATION IN IDL;1044
15.2.4.3;3. TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE USER INTERFACE SPECEFICATION;1045
15.2.4.4;4. SUMMARY;1048
15.2.4.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;1049
15.2.4.6;REFERENCES;1049
15.2.5;CHAPTER 151. THE ROLE OF THE DIALOGUE SYSTEM IN A USER INTERFACE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM;1050
15.2.5.1;1. INTRODUCTION;1050
15.2.5.2;2. FURTHER FUNCTIONAL SEPARATION;1051
15.2.5.3;3. DIALOGUE SYSTEMS AND PROCESS CONTROL ISSUES;1051
15.2.5.4;4. THE DIALOGUE SYSTEM AND THE APPLICATION MODEL;1052
15.2.5.5;5. DIALOGUE ASSISTANTS;1052
15.2.5.6;6. INTERRUPTABILITY;1053
15.2.5.7;7. IMPLEMENTATION OF DIALOGUE ASSISTANTS;1053
15.2.5.8;8. INTERACTION BETWEEN ASSISTANTS;1054
15.2.5.9;9. DIALOGUE SYSTEM CONTROL;1054
15.2.5.10;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;1054
15.3;S5.3: Advances in Design Techniques;1056
15.3.1;CHAPTER 152. A REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION FOR NEXT-GENERATION CAD SYSTEMS;1058
15.3.1.1;1. CURRENT CAD DEFICIENCIES;1058
15.3.1.2;2 . THE CAD CONTEXT;1059
15.3.1.3;3 . FUTURE CAD FUNCTIONALITY;1059
15.3.1.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;1061
15.3.1.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;1062
15.3.1.6;REFERENCES;1063
15.3.2;CHAPTER 153. Human Factors in Computer Vision Systems: Design of an Interactive User Interface;1064
15.3.2.1;1 Introduction;1064
15.3.2.2;2 Basic Design Principles;1064
15.3.2.3;3 Modelling the User;1065
15.3.2.4;4 The User's System Model;1065
15.3.2.5;5 User Interface of ODISA;1066
15.3.2.6;6 Architecture of ODISA;1066
15.3.2.7;7 Conclusions;1069
15.3.2.8;Acknowledgements;1069
15.3.2.9;References;1069
15.3.3;CHAPTER 154. THE BASIS FOR USER-ORIENTED. CONTEXT SENSITIVE FUNCTIONS;1070
15.3.3.1;1. BACKGROUND CONCEPTS;1070
15.3.3.2;2. A CONTEXT CENTERED SYSTEM MODEL;1071
15.3.3.3;3. TECHNICAL APPROACHES FOR IMPLEMENTATION;1074
15.3.3.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;1075
15.3.3.5;REFERENCES;1075
15.3.4;CHAPTER 155. A NEW MODEL FOR SEPARABLE INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS;1076
15.3.4.1;1.INTRODUCTION;1076
15.3.4.2;2 TWO COMPONENT SYSTEMS ARE INSEPARABLE;1077
15.3.4.3;3 A NEW MODEL FOR SEPARABLE INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS;1077
15.3.4.4;4. REQUIREMENTS FOR INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS LINKAGES;1079
15.3.4.5;5. COMPONENT STABILITY IN THE NEW MODEL;1080
15.3.4.6;6. APPLICABILITY OF THE NEW MODEL;1081
15.3.4.7;7 RELEVANCE TO OTHER ASPECTS OF ISDESIGN;1081
15.3.4.8;8. CONCLUSION;1081
15.3.4.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;1081
15.3.4.10;REFERENCES;1081
15.4;S5.4: Advances in Rapid Prototyping;1082
15.4.1;CHAPTER 156. A BLACKBOARD ARCHITECTURE FOR THE REALIZATION OF SOFTWARE-ERGONOMIC DEMANDS;1084
15.4.1.1;1. DERIVATION OF A BASIC ARCHITECTURE;1084
15.4.1.2;2. STRUCTURE, TYPE AND CONTENTS OF THE KNOWLEDGE BASES;1085
15.4.1.3;3. THE BLACKBOARD CONCEPT;1086
15.4.1.4;4. THE HCI-AS-ARCHITECTURE;1086
15.4.1.5;5. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARCHITECTURE SUGGESTED;1088
15.4.1.6;6. THE IMPLEMENTATION;1088
15.4.1.7;7. REFERENCES;1089
15.4.2;CHAPTER 157. Constructive Formal Specifications for Rapid Prototyping;1090
15.4.2.1;1. Specification and Prototyping in the Software Development Process;1090
15.4.2.2;2. Why Constructive Formal Specifications?;1090
15.4.2.3;3. The Specification Language ESL-0;1092
15.4.2.4;4. Translating ESL-O Specifications into EMS graphs;1093
15.4.2.5;5. Conclusion;1095
15.4.2.6;References;1095
15.4.3;CHAPTER 158. Rapid Prototyping of Man-Machine Interfaces for Telecommunications Equipment Using Interactive Animated Computer Graphics;1096
15.4.3.1;1. Introduction: Human Factors in Telecommunications;1096
15.4.3.2;2. Example: Future Public Telephone Service;1097
15.4.3.3;3. Simulation Overview;1098
15.4.3.4;4. Simulation Implementation;1099
15.4.3.5;5. Conclusions and Further Development;1101
15.4.3.6;References;1101
15.4.4;CHAPTER 159. EVALUATION OF RAPID PROTOTYPING METHODOLOGY IN A HUMAN INTERFACE;1102
15.4.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;1102
15.4.4.2;2. INTIAL PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED;1103
15.4.4.3;3. LIMITATIONS OF THE PROTOTYPING TECHNIQUE;1105
15.4.4.4;4. THE USER'S NEEDS;1105
15.4.4.5;5. BENEFITS TO THE DESIGN PROCESS;1106
15.4.4.6;REFERENCES;1106
15.5;S5.5: Advances in Knowledge Based Systems;1108
15.5.1;CHAPTER 160. Design and implementation of Direct Manipulative and Deictic User Interfaces Knowledge Based Systems*;1110
15.5.1.1;1 Motivation;1110
15.5.1.2;2 Layered Architectures;1110
15.5.1.3;3 Generic Interaction Modes;1110
15.5.1.4;4 Combined, Multi-Modal Communication;1111
15.5.1.5;5 The System's implementation;1112
15.5.1.6;6 Applications;1115
15.5.1.7;7 Conclusions;1115
15.5.1.8;References;1116
15.5.2;CHAPTER 161. X-AiD: ANADAPTIVE AND KNOWLEDGE-BASED HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERFACE;1118
15.5.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;1118
15.5.2.2;2. THE KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION LANGUAGE HAL;1118
15.5.2.3;3. ARCHITECTURE OF X-AiD;1119
15.5.2.4;4. PLANS-OF-ACTION;1120
15.5.2.5;5. THE DIALOG HANDLER;1121
15.5.2.6;6. THE CONSTRUCTOR;1121
15.5.2.7;7. THE DISPLAYER;1122
15.5.2.8;8. THE NAVIGATOR;1122
15.5.2.9;9. AN EXAMPLE APPLICATION;1123
15.5.2.10;10. CONCLUSION;1123
15.5.2.11;REFRENCES;1123
15.5.3;CHAPTER 162. METRICS FOR THE BUILDING, EVALUATION AND COMPREHENSION OF SELF-REGULATING ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS.;1124
15.5.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;1124
15.5.3.2;2 . ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS;1124
15.5.3.3;3 . SELF-REGULATING ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS;1125
15.5.3.4;4. METRICS;1126
15.5.3.5;5. THE METRICS APPROACH.;1127
15.5.3.6;6. DESCRIPTIVE POWER OF THE METRICS;1128
15.5.3.7;7. BENEFITS FROM FOLLOWING THE METRICS APPROACH;1130
15.5.3.8;8. CONCLUSION;1130
15.5.3.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;1130
15.5.3.10;REFERENCES;1130
15.5.4;CHAPTER 163. THE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF KNOWLEDGE AS AN INTERFACE TO KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS;1132
15.5.4.1;1.0 BACKGROUND AND TOOLS;1132
15.5.4.2;2.0 KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION;1133
15.5.4.3;3.0 GRAPHICAL INTERFACES;1134
15.5.4.4;4.0 APPLICATIONS;1134
15.5.4.5;5.0 COGNITIVE ISSUES;1135
15.5.4.6;REFERENCES;1136
15.6;S5.6: Novel Application Systems;1138
15.6.1;CHAPTER 164. Computer Aided Architectural Design Work;1140
15.6.1.1;THE USER'S COMPETENCE;1140
15.6.1.2;MENTAL MODELS;1140
15.6.1.3;COMPUTER ENVIRONMENT;1141
15.6.1.4;PROTOTYPE PROGRAMS;1141
15.6.1.5;EXPERIMENTS;1142
15.6.1.6;INTERDISCIPLINARY ENVIRONMENT;1142
15.6.1.7;CONCLUSIONS;1143
15.6.1.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;1143
15.6.1.9;REFERENCES;1143
15.6.2;CHAPTER 165. Research on Model Based Document Processing System;1144
15.6.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;1144
15.6.2.2;2. DESIGN CONCEPTS;1145
15.6.2.3;3. DOCUMENT ARCHITECTURE EXTRACTION PROCESS;1146
15.6.2.4;4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;1148
15.6.2.5;5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE VORK;1149
15.6.2.6;ACKNOWLADGEMENT;1149
15.6.2.7;REFERENCES;1149
15.6.3;CHAPTER 166. How Do We Distinguish the Hyper from the Hype in Non-linear Text;1150
15.6.3.1;1. Introduction;1150
15.6.3.2;2. Selectivity: The promise and the problems of hypertext;1151
15.6.3.3;3. Towards a greater selectivity of hypertext access;1152
15.6.3.4;4· Conclusion;1155
15.6.3.5;Acknowledgements;1155
15.6.3.6;References;1155
16;INDEXES;1158
16.1;SUBJECT INDEX;1160
16.2;AUTHORS INDEX;1166