Coto-Millán / Inglada Essays on Transport Economics

1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-3-7908-1765-2
Verlag: Physica-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 381 Seiten

This book explores analytical methods used in transportation economics and policy analysis. Encompassing fields of economics such as Industrial Organisation, Welfare Economics, General Equilibrium Theory and Input-Output-Analysis, the study of transport from an economic point of view serves as a test bench for applying methodologies of economic science to the real world. Each chapter opens with a brief theoretical introduction before evaluating case studies, using the state-of-the-art statistical and econometric techniques.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Coto-Millán, Pablo

Inglada, Vicente

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;6
2;Introduction;13
3;PART I DEMAND;17
3.1;1 A Reassessment of the Characterisation of Congestion on an Urban Road Network – Some Theoretical Suggestions and Illustrative Experiments;19
3.1.1;1.1 Introduction;19
3.1.2;1.2 Defining ‘Capacity’ and ‘Congestion’;20
3.1.3;1.3 Linking ‘Capacity’ and ‘Congestion’ Concepts to the Basic Individual Travel Activity across a Transport Link;23
3.1.4;1.4 Equilibrium Condition for a Heterogenous Population of Travellers;29
3.1.5;1.5 Application;31
3.1.6;1.6 Conclusions;43
3.1.7;References;43
3.2;2 Estimation of the Economic Value of Student Urban Travel Time;45
3.2.1;2.1 Introduction;45
3.2.2;2.2 Overview of Time Value Theories;46
3.2.3;2.3 Time Value in Journeys to Study Locations in Santander;54
3.2.4;2.4 Summary and Conclusions;58
3.2.5;References;59
3.3;3 Price and Income Elasticities for Intercity Public Transport in Spain;63
3.3.1;3.1 Introduction;63
3.3.2;3.2 Theoretical Model;65
3.3.3;3.3 Empirical Evidence;68
3.3.4;3.4 Fitted Time Series Models;71
3.3.5;3.5 Conclusions;73
3.3.6;References;73
4;PART II SUPPLY AND EFFICIENCY;76
4.1;4 Classifying Urban Passenger Transportation Services;77
4.1.1;4.1 Introduction;77
4.1.2;4.2 Service Structure and Type;78
4.1.3;4.3 Transit Services;79
4.1.4;4.4 Private Services;81
4.1.5;4.5 Paratransit Services;82
4.1.6;4.6 U. S. Street Railway and Motorbus Transit Services: A Historical Perspective;83
4.1.7;4.7 Summary;87
4.1.8;References;88
4.2;5 Analysis of the Allocative Efficiency in Public Firms: the Case of Railway;91
4.2.1;5.1 Introduction;91
4.2.2;5.2 Formalization of the Theoretical Model;92
4.2.3;5.3 Conclusions to the Theoretical Model;94
4.2.4;5.4 The Distance Function;94
4.2.5;5.5 Properties of the Distance Function;96
4.2.6;5.6 The Shadow Price Estimation through the Use of a Shephard Distance Function;97
4.2.7;5.7 The Functional Form;100
4.2.8;5.8 The Econometric Estimation;100
4.2.9;5.9 Data;101
4.2.10;5.10 Empirical Results;102
4.2.11;5.11 Summary and Conclusions;106
4.2.12;References;106
4.3;6 The Effect of Using Aggregated Output in the Economic Analysis of Cargo Handling Operations;109
4.3.1;6.1 Introduction: Cargo Handling in Multipurpose Port Terminals;109
4.3.2;6.2 Data and Aggregate Model Formulation;110
4.3.3;6.3 A Cost Function with Distinct Outputs;114
4.3.4;6.4 Comparisons and Discussion;117
4.3.5;6.5 Conclusion;118
4.3.6;References;119
4.4;7 Scale Economies, Elasticities of Substitution and Behaviour of the Railway Transport Costs in Spain;123
4.4.1;7.1 Introduction;123
4.4.2;7.2 The Model;124
4.4.3;7.3 The Data;127
4.4.4;7.4 Empirical Results;127
4.4.5;7.5 Summary and Conclusions;131
4.4.6;References;131
4.5;8 Efficiency Stochastic Frontiers: a Panel Data Analysis for Spanish Airports ( 1992- 1994);133
4.5.1;8.1 Introduction;133
4.5.2;8.2 The Model;134
4.5.3;8.3 The Data;136
4.5.4;8.4 Econometric Results;137
4.5.5;8.5 Conclusions;138
4.5.6;References;138
4.6;9 Multi-Output Analysis of the Costs and Productivity of Cargo Handling in Spanish Ports;139
4.6.1;9.1 Introduction;139
4.6.2;9.2 Cargo Handling Operations in Spain;140
4.6.3;9.3 The Theoretical Framework;143
4.6.4;9.4 The Model;146
4.6.5;9.5 Analysis of Results;148
4.6.6;9.6 Summary and Conclusions;152
4.6.7;References;153
5;PART III MARKET AND ECONOMIC IMPACT STUDIES;157
5.1;10 Economic Impact Study: Application to Ports;159
5.1.1;10.1 Introduction;159
5.1.2;10.2 Aims and Utility;160
5.1.3;10.3 Analysis of Different Methodologies;160
5.1.4;10.4 A Dynamic View of Port Impact Studies;164
5.1.5;10.5 Criticisms and Defences of Port Impact Studies;164
5.1.6;10.6 New Openings;167
5.1.7;10.7 Final Reflections;167
5.1.8;References;168
5.2;11 Airport Management and Airline Competition in OECD Markets;171
5.2.1;11.1 Introduction;171
5.2.2;11.2 Airport Management Practices in OECD Countries;172
5.2.3;11.3 Competition in the Air Transport Industry: the Interaction between Airports and Airlines;185
5.2.4;11.4 Concluding Remarks;190
5.2.5;References;191
5.3;12 Dynamising Economic Impact Studies: the Case of the Port of Seville;195
5.3.1;12.1 Introduction;195
5.3.2;12.2 System Dynamics Model of the Port of Seville2;197
5.3.3;12.3 Economic Impact of the Port of Seville on the Province of Seville;209
5.3.4;12.4 Dynamising Employment through the Simulation Model;210
5.3.5;12.5 Sensitivity Analysis;212
5.3.6;12.6 Main Results and Conclusions;215
5.3.7;References;221
6;PART IV VALUATION OF BENEFITS AND COSTS;229
6.1;13 Estimating the Economic Benefits of Bicycling and Bicycle Facilities: an Interpretive Review and Proposed Methods;231
6.1.1;13.1 Introduction;231
6.1.2;13.2 Overview of Issues Central to Estimating Bicycle Benefits;232
6.1.3;13.3 Review of Previous Research;237
6.1.4;13.4 Proposed Benefits and Methods;243
6.1.5;13.5 Summary and Conclusions;255
6.1.6;References;256
6.2;14 Valuation of Transport Externalities by Stated Choice Methods;261
6.2.1;14.1 Introduction;261
6.2.2;14.2 Discrete Choice Models and Stated Choice Data;262
6.2.3;14.3 First Case Study: Urban Road Accidents;265
6.2.4;14.4 Second Case Study: Valuation of Local Air Pollution;272
6.2.5;14.5 Third Case Study: Valuation of Quietness;276
6.2.6;14.6 Summary;281
6.2.7;References;282
6.3;15 Externalities Analysis of Investments in Infrastructure: a Practical Approach;285
6.3.1;15.1 Introduction;285
6.3.2;15.2 Evolution of Transport Demand;286
6.3.3;15.3 Transport Externalities;288
6.3.4;15.4 Policy of Prices: the Case of Madrid-Seville;294
6.3.5;15.5 Investment Policy: the Case of the Madrid-Seville AVE;296
6.3.6;15.6 Conclusions;299
6.3.7;References;300
7;PART V TRANSPORTATION NETWORK AND INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY;303
7.1;16 ITS-Based Transport Concepts and Location Preference: Will ITS Change ‘ Business as Usual’?;305
7.1.1;16.1 Introduction;305
7.1.2;16.2 Theorizing Preferences Regarding Business Locations;307
7.1.3;16.3 Unfolding ‘;312
7.1.4;of ITS;312
7.1.5;16.4 Location Development, the Link with ITS;315
7.1.6;16.5 Methodological Framework;321
7.1.7;16.6 Conclusion;324
7.1.8;References;325
7.2;17 The Economics of Transportation Network Growth;329
7.2.1;17.1 Introduction;329
7.2.2;17.2 Literature Review;330
7.2.3;17.3 An Analytical Model of Pricing, Capacity Choice and Ownership Structure;332
7.2.4;17.4 Equilibrium Toll and Capacity under Various Ownership Regimes;339
7.2.5;17.5 Conclusions;346
7.2.6;References;347
7.3;18 Transport Network Development and the Location of Economic Activity;353
7.3.1;18.1 Introduction;353
7.3.2;18.2 Literature Review: Transport Infrastructure Investment and the Location of Economic Activity;354
7.3.3;18.3 Dynamic Effects – the Spanish Motorway Building Programme;362
7.3.4;18.4 Conclusions;368
7.3.5;References;370
7.4;19 Mapping the Terrain of Information and Communications Technology ( ICT) and Household Travel;375
7.4.1;19.1 Introduction;375
7.4.2;19.2 Part I) Previous Research;377
7.4.3;19.3 Part 2) Trends and Issues for Further Research;383
7.4.4;19.4 Summary;389
7.4.5;References;390

Leseproben

1 A Reassessment of the Characterisation of Congestion on an Urban Road Network – Some Theoretical Suggestions and Illustrative Experiments (p. 7-8)

Truong P. Truong
School of Economics
University of New South Wales (Australia)

David A. Hensher
Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies
University of Sydney (Australia)

To the memory of Peter J. Hills

1.1 Introduction

When a road user selects a particular part of the network to use, they are in the main buying speed – or its inverse, travel time savings, in return for an outlay of money, the latter including a toll or congestion charge where applicable. To study the phenomenon of buying speed as the indicator of service levels within a particular link, it is important to consider also the issue of interconnections between different links, since speed (and all its related concepts such as travel time, link capacity, and congestion) is to be seen as the outcome, not only of what happens on a particular link, but also of available service levels on other inter-connected links. In this paper, we first establish the framework for analysing the basic activity on one link, and then extend the analysis to consider the interconnection between different links. The purpose of the framework is to establish a foundation on which more comprehensive analysis of a general inter-connected network can be carried out in a routine manner, once the basic building blocks have been created. We show that the approach can be considered as a modification and/or extension of the traditional approach (e.g., Else 1981, Evans 1992) where the concepts of ‘capacity’ and ‘congestion’ have been defined, not explicitly, in terms of the infra structure capacity of the network or the traffic volume density, but rather in terms of the traffic flow outcome, which is the product of these two basic variables1. We will illustrate that by separating out the two basic components of this traffic flow variable, we can see the underlying process of interaction between travel demand and capacity supply, or price (travel time, or its inverse, speed) and quantity (traffic density) more clearly as compared to the situation when both of these components are mixed together in a single ‘flow’ variable.

Having defined the basic concepts of ‘price’ and ‘quantity’ in an economic framework describing the underlying travel activity supply and demand, we can then relate these concepts to the empirical data on how prices and quantities (or demand and supply) are related to each other in different empirical situations. These empirical observations often take the form of traffic density-travel time (or speed) curves, which are unique characteristics for each particular link. From these empirical observations, we can deduce an underlying congestion ‘index’ to represent the equilibrium outcome of the demand-supply interactions in a particular circumstance. We then use these indices as criteria to plan for the future, either in the form of short run ‘congestion pricing’, to reduce the level of congestion at a particular link, given a fixed capacity, and/or long run investment planning, to expand capacity to cope with expected rising demand. The congestion index is a useful way of summarising the underlying demand-supply interactions, as a guide for policy design.

The paper is organised as follows. Section 2 defines the basic concepts of ‘capacity’ and ‘congestion’. Section 3 establishes the basic economic framework for linking the concepts of capacity and congestion as defined in the context of the basic individual travel activity within the transport link, as described by the theory of consumption (or production) of a congested public good. Section 4 then extends the analysis to apply to the case of a heterogenous population of travellers within a given link. Section 5 illustrates how the theoretical approach can be applied, using the example of a simple network of two parallel links with data calibrated on the information obtained from the Sydney road network. Section 6 concludes the paper.