Buch, Englisch, 464 Seiten
Design, Performance Evaluation, Combustion Analysis, and Exhaust Emissions
Buch, Englisch, 464 Seiten
ISBN: 978-1-394-24568-0
Verlag: John Wiley & Sons Inc
A comprehensive and authoritative resource for the development of hydrogen-specific internal combustion engines
Hydrogen Engines: Design, Performance Evaluation, Combustion Analysis, and Exhaust Emissions, authored by Dr. Lalit Mohan Das, a seasoned alternative fuels researcher, offers an in-depth technical description of hydrogen as a fuel, presenting a balanced analysis of hydrogen’s advantages and challenges. The book covers hydrogen’s performance, emissions, combustion, and safety aspects for both spark ignition (SI) engines and compression ignition (CI) engines. A comprehensive source of information on the design requirements for hydrogen-specific engines, the book compiles the technical guidelines typically found only in research papers scattered amongst the scientific literature.
In Hydrogen Engines, readers will find: - A thorough consideration of the distinctive properties of hydrogen, such as minimum ignition energy, flammability limit, and flame speed, and their influence on undesirable combustion phenomena, such as pre-ignition, backfire, and knocking
- Comprehensive explorations of the modes of utilization of hydrogen in internal combustion engines, neat hydrogen engines, dual fuel, and hydrogen in blends with other fuels, such as CNG, LPG, Alcohols, Biogas, Biodiesel, DME producer gas, etc.
- Upgraded strategies such as supercharging, turbocharging, stratification, HCCI, RCCI, and rotary engine configuration using hydrogen fuel
- Applications of laser diagnostics and other sensing techniques
- NOx formation and exhaust emission control, lean engine operations, and exhaust gas recirculation
- A detailed description of how to mitigate hydrogen’s challenges to develop efficient, low-emission engines and prototype real-world vehicles
Invaluable for researchers in academia and government labs, the book will also benefit policymakers and engineers working in research and development within the automotive and transportation industries.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
List of Figures and Tables xiii
The Journey Begins xxxiii
About the Author xxxv
Acknowledgments xxxvii
Abbreviations xxxix
About the Companion Website xlvii
1 Hydrogen: A Promising Frontier for Energy-Environment Solutions 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Fossil Fuel Combustion: Energy Security and Environmental Impact 1
1.3 Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion (IC) Engines 2
1.4 Pollution from Vehicles 3
1.5 Hydrogen Energy Pathways 6
1.6 Hydrogen in a Net Zero Emission (NZE) Scenario 7
1.7 Hydrogen Color Codes and Carbon Footprint 7
1.8 Green Hydrogen 9
1.9 Electrolysis Development: Energy Demand and Global Warming Potential 11
1.10 Emission Through Hydrogen Production by Different Routes 12
1.11 Exhaust Emissions from Hydrogen Combustion in Engines 13
2 Hydrogen's Properties and Fuel Induction in Engines 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Physical Properties 17
2.3 Combustive Properties of Hydrogen 21
2.4 Emissivity of the Hydrogen Flame 31
2.5 Hydrogen Embrittlement 32
2.6 Green Hydrogen and Hydrogen Use in Engines 32
2.7 Combustion Strategy 33
3 The Hydrogen Engine: Performance, Emission, and Combustion 39
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Hydrogen Engines: A Historical Journey of Nearly Two Centuries 39
3.3 Mixture Formation and Fuel Induction Techniques 41
3.4 Port Fuel Injection: Performance, Combustion, and Emission Features 44
3.5 Timed Manifold Injection: Injector Development 50
3.6 Direct Injection 63
3.7 Hydrogen as a Fuel for the Compression Ignition Engine 72
3.7.1 Hydrogen-Diesel Dual Fuel Engine 73
3.8 Optimization of Dual Fuel Operation 84
3.9 Liquid Hydrogen 89
4 Undesirable Combustion Phenomena 109
4.1 Introduction 109
4.2 Hydrogen-Oxygen Reaction Mechanism 109
4.3 Flammability Range and Explosion Limit 111
4.4 Flame Propagation 113
4.5 Laminar Burning Velocity 114
4.6 Preferential Diffusion and Turbulent Burning Velocity 121
4.7 Undesirable Combustion Phenomena in a Hydrogen Engine 123
4.8 Backfire: Causes and Character 143
5 Modeling and Simulation Studies on the Hydrogen Engine 175
5.1 Introduction 175
5.2 Chemical Kinetics Models 177
5.3 Thermodynamic Models 182
5.4 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Models 195
5.5 Heat Transfer Submodel 209
6 Laser Diagnostics, Optical, and Other Sensing Techniques 227
6.1 Introduction 227
6.2 Key Laser Diagnostics and Optical Methods 227
6.3 Mixture Formation in a Hydrogen Engine 229
6.4 Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF), Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF), and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 229
6.5 Particle Image Velocimetry 238
6.6 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) 240
6.7 Spark-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (SIBS) 242
6.8 Plume Ignition Combustion Concept (PCC) 246
6.9 High-Speed Schlieren Imaging 246
6.10 Controlled Autoignition (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) 247
7 Design Criteria and Safety Features of a Dedicated Hydrogen Engine 253
7.1 Introduction 253
7.2 Safety-Related Properties for the Hydrogen Engine 254
7.3 Technical Features for Hydrogen Engine Design 255
7.4 Some Property-Based Benefits and Challenges 256
7.5 NOx Emission 258
7.6 Load Control Strategy and Engine Components 258
7.7 Emerging Ignition Technologies 259
7.8 Fuel Delivery System 261
7.9 Valves 264
7.10 Crankcase Ventilation 264
7.11 Hot Spots 265
7.12 Lubrication System 265
7.13 Piston Rings and Crevice Volumes 266
7.14 Combustion Chamber 266
7.15 Throttle, Compression Ratio 268
7.16 Materials 268
7.17 Rotary Engine Structure for Hydrogen Operation 270
7.18 Safety Features for Engine Tests in the Laboratory 270
7.19 Safety Considerations for H2IC Vehicles 271
8 Hydrogen in Blends with Other Fuels 279
8.1 Introduction 279
8.2 Adding Hydrogen to CNG 279
8.3 Oil Analysis 300
8.4 Hydrogen Added to Biogas, Biodiesel 305
8.5 Hydrogen-Ethanol Blend 318
8.6 Hydrogen-DME 320
8.7 Hydrogen with LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) and Propane 327
9 Some Upgraded Strategies for Hydrogen Engines 349
9.1 Introduction 349
9.2 Supercharging and Turbocharging 349
9.3 Stratification and Injection Strategy 359
9.4 Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) 368
9.5 Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) 374
9.6 Hydrogen Rotary Engine 375
Concluding Remarks and Perspectives 380
10 The Path Forward 389
10.1 Introduction 389
10.2 Hydrogen Engines for Land and Marine Transport 389
10.3 Heavy-Duty Engines, Trucks, and Generating Sets 393
10.4 The Rotary Engine 397
Concluding Remarks 398
References 398
Index 401
