Davidson Pediatrics, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, E-Book

1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-323-28729-6
Verlag: Elsevier HealthScience EN
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 44-2, 201 Seiten

Reihe: The Clinics: Veterinary Medicine

This issue focuses on pediatric disorders in dogs anf cats. Topics will include: clinical pathology of dogs and cats, pediatric neutering, pediatric immunization, nutrition, seizure disorders, canine pediatric dentistry, pediatric feline upper respiratory disease, neonatal fading syndrome, holistic pediatric medicine, management of the cleft palate, and urinary ectopia.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Davidson, Autumn

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Pediatrics;2
3;copyright
;3
4;Contributors;4
4.1;Editor;4
4.2;Authors;4
5;Contents;6
6;Veterinary Clinics Of
North America: Small
Animal Practice
;9
7;Preface;10
8;Neonatal Resuscitation;12
8.1;Key points;12
8.2;Beyond the ABCs;18
8.3;When to stop resuscitation;19
8.4;Umbilical cord management;19
8.5;Husbandry: the first days;20
8.6;Warmth;22
8.7;Immunity;22
8.8;Groceries;24
8.9;Further readings;25
9;Pediatric Clinical Pathology;26
9.1;Key points;26
9.2;Introduction;26
9.3;Hematopoietic system;27
9.3.1;Clinical Implications;27
9.4;Urinary system;28
9.4.1;Clinical Implications;31
9.5;Hepatobiliary system;33
9.5.1;Clinical Implications;37
9.6;Lipids;37
9.6.1;Clinical Implications;38
9.7;Minerals;38
9.7.1;Clinical Implications;38
9.8;References;39
10;Pros, Cons, and Techniques of Pediatric Neutering;42
10.1;Key points;42
10.2;Introduction;42
10.3;Anesthesia and surgery;43
10.4;Benefits of gonadectomy;44
10.4.1;Societal;44
10.4.2;Behavioral;45
10.4.3;Medical;45
10.4.3.1;Mammary neoplasia;45
10.4.3.2;Pyometra;45
10.4.3.3;Benign prostatic hypertrophy;45
10.4.3.4;Testicular neoplasia;45
10.4.3.5;General considerations;46
10.5;Detriments of gonadectomy;46
10.5.1;Behavioral;46
10.5.2;Medical;46
10.5.2.1;Surgical complications;46
10.5.2.2;Obesity;47
10.5.2.3;Neoplasia;47
10.5.2.4;Orthopedic problems;47
10.5.2.5;General considerations;48
10.6;Summary;48
10.7;References;49
11;2013 Update on Current Vaccination Strategies in Puppies and Kittens;56
11.1;Key points;56
11.2;Basic immunology;57
11.3;Developing vaccine guidelines using risk assessment;58
11.4;Types of vaccines;59
11.5;General recommendations;60
11.6;Core canine pediatric vaccines;60
11.6.1;Distemper;60
11.6.2;Canine Adenovirus;66
11.6.3;Canine Parvovirus;66
11.6.4;Rabies;67
11.7;Noncore canine pediatric vaccines;67
11.7.1;Leptospirosis;67
11.7.2;Bordetella;68
11.7.3;Parainfluenza;68
11.7.4;Borreliosis;69
11.7.5;Measles;69
11.7.6;Canine Influenza Virus;70
11.7.7;Rattlesnake Vaccine;70
11.8;Canine, generally not recommended;70
11.8.1;Canine Corona Virus;70
11.8.2;Canine Adenovirus Type I;71
11.9;Core feline pediatric vaccines;71
11.9.1;Feline Panleukopenia Virus;71
11.9.2;Feline Herpesvirus I;71
11.9.3;Feline Calicivirus;72
11.9.4;Rabies;72
11.9.5;Feline Leukemia Virus;73
11.10;Noncore feline pediatric vaccines;73
11.10.1;Chlamydiosis;73
11.10.2;Bordetella;74
11.11;Feline, generally not recommended;74
11.11.1;Feline Immunodeficiency Virus;74
11.11.2;Feline Infectious Peritonitis;75
11.12;Adverse events associated with vaccines;76
11.12.1;Feline Injection-Site Sarcomas;76
11.12.2;Type I Hypersensitivity;79
11.12.3;Type II Hypersensitivity;80
11.12.4;Type III Hypersensitivity;80
11.12.5;Type IV Hypersensitivity;80
11.13;Special circumstances;80
11.14;Summary;81
11.15;References;81
12;Pediatric Nutrition;86
12.1;Key points;86
12.2;Introduction;86
12.3;Pregnant and lactating bitches;86
12.3.1;Prebiotics;87
12.4;Pediatric puppies: weaning to 6 months;88
12.5;Supplements that affect the immune system in puppies and kittens;89
12.5.1;Colostrum;89
12.5.2;Probiotics;91
12.6;Milk replacers for orphaned puppies and kittens;92
12.7;Summary;93
12.8;References;93
13;Pediatric Seizure Disorders in Dogs and Cats;96
13.1;Key points;96
13.2;Portosystemic shunts;97
13.3;Hydrocephalus;99
13.4;L-2 hydroxyglutaric aciduria;101
13.5;Lissencephaly;102
13.6;Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis;102
13.7;Necrotizing encephalitis;104
13.8;Infectious diseases;105
13.9;Distemper;107
13.10;Neosporosis;108
13.11;Toxoplasmosis;108
13.12;Cryptococcosis;109
13.13;FIP;110
13.14;Epilepsy;111
13.15;Anticonvulsant choices;111
13.16;Phenobarbital;112
13.17;Bromide;113
13.18;Levetiracetam;113
13.19;Zonisamide;113
13.20;Gabapentin;114
13.21;Pregabalin;114
13.22;Felbamate;114
13.23;Benzodiazepines;115
13.24;Therapeutic monitoring;116
13.25;References;117
14;Canine Pediatric Dentistry;124
14.1;Key points;124
14.2;Normal deciduous dentition;124
14.3;Developmental anomalies in puppies;126
14.3.1;Microglossia and Ankyloglossia;126
14.3.2;Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate;126
14.4;Delayed eruption of teeth;128
14.5;Persistent deciduous teeth;128
14.6;Endodontal disease in deciduous teeth;129
14.7;Exodontics of deciduous teeth;129
14.8;Normal Occlusion;130
14.9;Malocclusions;130
14.10;Commonly observed malocclusions;131
14.11;Treatment of malocclusions;133
14.12;Developmental anomalies in juvenile dogs;135
14.12.1;Dentigerous Cysts;135
14.12.2;Anatomic Anomalies;135
14.12.3;Abnormalities in Number of Teeth;137
14.12.4;X-linked Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia;138
14.12.5;Localized Enamel Hypoplasia;138
14.12.6;Generalized Enamel Hypoplasia;138
14.12.7;Intrinsic Tooth Discoloration;139
14.13;Oral tumors in juvenile dogs;139
14.13.1;Odontomas;139
14.13.2;Canine Papillomatosis;139
14.13.3;Canine Oral Papillary Squamous Cell Carcinoma;140
14.14;References;142
15;Successful Management Permitting Delayed Operative Revision of Cleft Palate in a Labrador Retriever;146
15.1;Key points;146
15.2;References;150
16;Pediatric Feline Upper Respiratory Disease;152
16.1;Key points;152
16.2;Introduction;152
16.3;Feline herpesvirus-1 infection;153
16.4;Feline calicivirus infection;154
16.5;Chlamydiosis;156
16.6;Bordetellosis;156
16.7;Mycoplasma infections;157
16.8;Streptococcus infections;157
16.9;Diagnosis;158
16.10;Treatment;159
16.11;Prevention;160
16.12;References;161
17;Diagnosis and Management of Urinary Ectopia;164
17.1;Key points;164
17.2;Supplementary data;173
17.3;References;174
18;Holistic Pediatric Veterinary Medicine;176
18.1;Key points;176
18.2;Holistic perspective;176
18.2.1;Individual Nature of Health and Disease;176
18.2.2;Progression of Disease;177
18.2.3;Treating Whole Patients;177
18.3;Description of common complementary and alternative veterinary medicine modalities;177
18.3.1;Traditional Chinese (Veterinary) Medicine;177
18.3.1.1;Traditional Chinese (veterinary) medicine terminology;178
18.3.1.2;Treatment using the traditional Chinese (veterinary) medicine model;178
18.3.2;Homeopathy;178
18.3.2.1;Law of similars;178
18.3.2.2;Medicinal (primary) action induces curative (counter) action;178
18.3.2.3;Medicine selection;179
18.3.2.4;Homeopathy definitions;179
18.3.3;Chiropractic Therapy;179
18.3.4;Manual Therapy;179
18.4;Treatment of diseases in pediatric patients;180
18.4.1;Gastroenteritis;180
18.4.1.1;Infection-associated gastroenteritis;180
18.4.1.2;Endoparasite-associated gastroenteritis;180
18.4.2;Helminth Infestations;181
18.4.3;Protozoal Infections;181
18.4.4;Treatment of Gastroenteritis;181
18.4.4.1;Homeopathics, Herbals and Nutritional Supplements;181
18.4.4.2;Adjunctive therapy;182
18.4.5;Infection-Associated Respiratory Disease;182
18.4.5.1;CIRD;182
18.4.6;Treatment of CIRD;182
18.4.6.1;Herbal supplements;183
18.4.6.2;Feline upper respiratory infections;183
18.4.7;Treatments for Feline Upper Respiratory Disease;183
18.4.7.1;Homeopathics, herbals and nutritional supplements;183
18.4.8;Dermatologic Disease;184
18.4.8.1;Otitis externa;184
18.4.8.2;Topicals and nutritional supplements;184
18.4.8.3;Demodicosis;184
18.4.9;Treatment of Demodicosis;184
18.4.9.1;Topicals and nutritional supplements;185
18.4.9.2;Flea allergy dermatitis;185
18.4.10;Natural Flea Control;185
18.5;Resources for veterinarians;185
18.6;References;186
19;Index;188

Leseproben

Pediatric Clinical Pathology
Benita von Dehn, DVM,     Idexx Laboratories Inc, 1 IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, Maine; Department of Small Animal Medicine, Pet Care Veterinary Hospital, East Campus, 2425 Mendocino Avenue, Santa Rosa, CA 95403, USA. Email: [e-mail] This article provides clinically relevant and applicable information about normal biochemical values in puppies and kittens younger than 6 months, and is intended to provide practical guidelines for the interpretation of serum biochemical results in these young animals. At present there are no published sets of normal hematologic reference ranges for mixed-breed puppies and kittens younger than 6 months. Reference-value sets for closed research colonies composed of a few selected breeds are available, which help to provide insight into trends in normal hematologic and biochemical values for puppies and kittens. Keywords Neonatal clinical pathology Pediatric hematology Urinary system Hepatobiliary system Key points
• Because of variations in enzymology and functional capacity of neonatal organ systems, care must be taken when interpreting any changes in clinical chemistry values when using standard adult reference ranges. • Although published reference ranges are provided, based on the available research in current literature it is recommended that these ranges are used only as guidelines, owing to the lack of standardization of reference intervals among reference laboratories. • This article is not intended to provide a fully comprehensive review of all hematologic and biochemical changes that occur from birth to 6 months of age, but to help provide a practical guideline for interpretation and useful diagnostic information in determining the state of health or cause of illness in a young dog or cat. Introduction
Neonates possess a decreased functional capacity of many organ systems and variations in enzyme levels, which improve in accordance with appropriate growth. Because of these physiologic developmental changes, care must be taken when interpreting any changes in clinical chemistry values when using standard adult reference ranges. This article is intended to provide pertinent and applicable information about normal biochemical values in puppies and kittens younger than 6 months. The article is not intended to be a comprehensive review of small animal biochemistry and physiology, but rather aims to help provide practical guidelines for interpretation of serum biochemical results in puppies and kittens younger than 6 months. At present there are no published sets of normal hematologic reference ranges for mixed-breed puppies and kittens younger than 6 months. Reference-value sets for closed research colonies composed of a few selected breeds are available, which help provide insight into trends in normal hematologic and biochemical values for puppies and kittens. Hematopoietic system
Normal physiologic changes reflected in the complete blood count results include a decline in hematocrit in the first several weeks of life. The hematocrit of the neonate may be high at birth, but declines dramatically by 3 days of age, and continues to decrease to adult normal range by 2 to 6 months of age.1–4 The decreased production and shortened life span of the red blood cells (RBCs) can result in increased polychromasia, nucleated RBCs, Howell-Jolly bodies, and Heinz bodies (kittens only).5,6 The neonate RBC exhibits macrocytosis, with mean corpuscular volume decreasing to that of adults by 4 weeks of age as fetal RBCs are replaced by adult RBCs.7 Gradual progressive climb in hematologic parameters can be detected by 2 months of age, with adult reference ranges for RBC, hemoglobin, and hematocrit usually reached by 6 months. The guidelines for evaluating a regenerative response in adult animals is likely sufficient for puppies and kittens older than 4 months (Tables 1 and 2). A greater regenerative response should be observed in animals younger than 4 months.2 Table 1 Hematologic values for growing, healthy beagle dogs Values in parentheses are mean values. Abbreviations: MCH, mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; nRBC/100 WBC, number of nucleated red blood cells per 100 white blood cells; PCV, packed cell volume; RBC, red blood cells; total WBC, total white blood cell count. aNormal ranges and/or mean values from Earl FL, Melveger BA, Wilson RL. The hemogram and bone marrow profile of normal neonatal and weanling beagle dogs. Lab Anim Sci 1973;23:690–5. bMean values from Anderson AC, Gee W. Normal blood values in the beagle. Vet Med 1958;53:135–8, 156. Table 2 Regenerative response in puppies and kittens aThese values represent the minimum absolute numbers of reticulocytes required for an interpretation of a regenerative response. If the packed cell volume (PCV) is lower, the absolute number of reticulocytes should increase proportionately. White blood cell (WBC) differential analysis for puppies and kittens younger than 6 months remains within the reference interval for adult animals. For puppies, the WBC count as well as neutrophil and lymphocyte counts are relatively high at birth, decline during the first month of life, increase by the second month, and then slowly decline. For kittens, WBC as well as neutrophil and lymphocyte counts at birth are well within the adult reference range, but increase to above the adult reference range for kittens at 3 to 4 months of age, then values return to within normal adult reference ranges by about 5 to 6 months of age.1,2 This leukocytosis, usually comprising neutrophilia and lymphocytosis, may be a physiologic response resulting from excitement and immune stimulation (Tables 1 and 3). Table 3 Hematologic values for growing, healthy cats Values in parentheses are mean values. aNormal ranges ± one standard deviation from Meyers-Wallen VN, Haskins ME, Patterson DF. Hematologic values in healthy neonatal, weanling, and juvenile kittens. Am J Vet Res 1984;45:1322–7. bNormal ranges from Anderson L, Wilson R, Hay D. Haematological values in normal cats from 4 weeks to 1 year of age. Res Vet Sci 1971;12:579–83. Clinical Implications
Determining the cause of an anemia in a puppy or kitten is important, and may be vital in determining a diagnosis and subsequent treatment plan. Classifying the anemia into a pathophysiologic category of regenerative, iron-deficiency, or nonregenerative based on changes in the erythrogram may be useful. Elevated reticulocytes are the preferred method for evaluation of the regenerative response in puppies and kittens. Animals younger than 4 months should have a greater reticulocyte response than that considered to be regenerative in adult dogs and cats.2 Once the anemia has been determined to be regenerative, the total plasma or serum protein concentration can be assessed to help determine if the cause of the anemia is hemolysis or hemorrhage. The total plasma protein concentration is usually low with hemorrhage. The common causes of blood-loss anemia in puppies and kittens include inherited or acquired coagulopathies, excessive hemorrhage after trauma or surgeries, and hematophagous parasitism. The hallmark of chronic blood loss and, ultimately, iron-deficiency anemia are microcytic hypochromic RBCs (low mean corpuscular volume and low mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration). By contrast, regenerative hemolytic anemias tend to demonstrate normal or increased serum (or plasma) total protein. Common causes of hemolytic anemias in puppies and kittens include immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, most often attributable to neonatal isoerythrolysis, oxidative injury, and Heinz body formation (ie, a variety of foods such as onions, garlic powder, certain drugs, and plant substances); microangiopathy (ie, feline infectious peritonitis); and hemoparasites (ie, hemotropic Mycoplasma, Babesia, cytauxzoonosis). Nonregenerative anemias are uncommon in puppies and kittens, and are usually associated with underlying illnesses such as renal failure, endocrinopathies, and inflammatory, viral, or neoplastic diseases. A nonregenerative anemia may or may not be seen before 6 months of age with some chronic congenital disorders. Urinary system
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine are the most commonly assessed indices of glomerular filtration. Significant variability in the rate of maturation of intrinsic renal mechanisms regulating glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal blood flow (RBF), and distal delivery of water and solute are observed in puppies and between species. GFR increases 7-fold...