Doi / Fukuda Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers

Proceedings of the Third International Scientific Workshop on Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers, Osaka, Japan, November 9-11, 1993
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-9040-9
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 12, 646 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: Studies in Polymer Science

In the past 25 years, plastic products have gained universal use not only in food, clothing and shelter, but also in the transportation, construction, medical and leisure industries. Whereas previously synthetic plastics were developed as durable substitute products, increasing concern for the global environment and solid waste management has resulted in an urgent demand for biodegradable plastics.The main topics of the Third International Scientific Workshop were as follows:1. Biodegradation of polymers and plastics2. Environmental degradation of plastics3. Synthesis and properties of new biodegradable plastic materials4. Biodegradation and morphologies of polymer blends5. Development of biodegradation test methods6. Governmental policy, regulation and standards.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Doi, Y.

Fukuda, K.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Biodegradable Plastics and
Polymers;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;12
5;Foreword;6
6;Preface;8
7;Session 1: Biodegradation of Polymers and Plastics;20
7.1;Chapter 1.
Similarities and Differences between Biodegradation and Non-Enzymatic Degradation;22
7.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;22
7.1.2;2. MORPHOLOGY AND OTHER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES;23
7.1.3;3. HYDROPHOBICITY-HYDROPHILICITY;23
7.1.4;4. STEREO FACTORS;24
7.1.5;5. BIOMIMICKING DEGRADATIONS;24
7.1.6;6. CONCLUSIONS;25
7.1.7;7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;25
7.1.8;REFERENCES;25
7.2;Chapter 2.
The Complexity of the Biodegradation of Poly(2-hydroxy acid)-Type Aliphatic Polyesters;30
7.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;30
7.2.2;2. GENERAL CONSIDERATION;31
7.2.3;3. BIODEGRADATION OF PLA/GA POLYMERS;33
7.2.4;4. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BIODEGRADATION MECHANISMS OF POLY(2-ALKANOATES) AND POLY(3-ALKANOATES);39
7.2.5;REFERENCES;41
7.3;Chapter 3.
Biodegradation of Polyethers and Polyacrylate;43
7.3.1;1. BIODEGRADATION OF POLYETHERS;43
7.3.2;2. BIODEGRADATION OF POLYACRYLATE;49
7.3.3;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;57
7.3.4;REFERENCES;57
7.4;Chapter 4. Biodegradation of Biosynthetic and Chemosynthetic Polyhydroxyalkanoates;58
7.4.1;1. Introduction;58
7.4.2;2. Properties of PHA depolymerases;59
7.4.3;3. Hydrophobicity of PHA depolymerases;59
7.4.4;4. Enzymatic degradation of P[(R)-3HB] film;60
7.4.5;5. Kinetics and mechanism of enzymatic degradation of P[(R)-3HB] film;63
7.4.6;6. Substrate specificities in PHA hydrolysis by various esterases;66
7.4.7;7. Conclusion;69
7.4.8;References;69
7.5;Chapter 5.
Purification and Characterization of Extracellular Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Depolymerases;71
7.5.1;1. INTRODUCTION;71
7.5.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;71
7.5.3;3. RESULTS;73
7.5.4;4. DISCUSSION;82
7.5.5;REFERENCES;83
7.6;Chapter 6. Monitoring of Polymer Biodegradabilities in the Environment by a DNA Probe Method;84
7.6.1;I. INTRODUCTION;84
7.6.2;2. SPECIFIC DETECTION OF PHB-DEGRADING BACTERIA BY THE DNA PROBE METHOD;87
7.6.3;3. THE PHB DEPOLYMERASE GENE FROM Pseudomonas pickettii K1;88
7.6.4;4. DETECTION OF THE PHB DEPOLYMERASE GENE IN THE ENVIRONMENT;91
7.6.5;5. Conclusions;94
7.6.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;94
7.6.7;REFERENCES;95
8;Session 2: Environmental Degradation of Plastics;96
8.1;Chapter 7. Environmental Biodegradation of Hydrocarbon Polymers: Initiation and Control;98
8.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;98
8.1.2;2. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADABILITY-DEFINITIONS;99
8.1.3;3. ENVIRONMENTAL OXIDATION OF POLYMERS;100
8.1.4;4. CONTROL OF PHOTOOXIDATION;101
8.1.5;5. APPLICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL OXIDATION TO CONTROLLED BIODEGRADATION;105
8.1.6;6. CONCLUSIONS;109
8.1.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;109
8.1.8;REFERENCES;109
8.2;Chapter 8. Effects of Soil Conditions on Biodegradation of Plastics and Responsible Microorganisms;111
8.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;111
8.2.2;2. BIODEGRADATION OF PLASTICS IN THE FIELDS;111
8.2.3;3. MICROORGANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR BIODEGRADATION OF PLASTICS IN THE FIELDS;112
8.2.4;4. SOIL CONDITIONS ACCELERATING BIODEGRADATION OF PLASTICS;114
8.2.5;5. EFFECTS OF POLYMER PROCESSING OF PLASTICS ON ITS .IODEGRADABILITY;115
8.2.6;6. CONCLUSION;121
8.2.7;REFERENCES;125
9;Session 3: Synthesis and Properties of New Biodegradable
Plastic Materials;126
9.1;Chapter 9. Bacterial Synthesis of Poly-ß-Hydroxyalkanoates with Functionalized Side Chains;128
9.1.1;1. ABSTRACT;128
9.1.2;2. INTRODUOTON;128
9.1.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;130
9.1.4;4. EXPERIMENTAL;137
9.1.5;5. ACKNOWLEDGMENT;138
9.1.6;REFERENCES;138
9.2;Chapter 10.
Properties and Applications of Polyhydroxyalkanoates;139
9.2.1;1
INTRODUCTION;139
9.2.2;2
POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES;139
9.2.3;3 POLY 3-HYDROXYUTYRATE (PHB);140
9.2.4;4 POLY (3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE -CO- 3-HYDROXYVALERATE) (PHBV);143
9.2.5;5
CONCLUSION;153
9.2.6;REFERENCES;153
9.3;Chapter 11. Plastid Targeting of the Enzymes Required for the Production of Polyhydroxybutyrate in Higher Plants;155
9.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;155
9.3.2;2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;156
9.3.3;3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES;164
9.3.4;REFERENCES;168
9.4;Chapter 12. "BIONOLLE" biodegradable plastic through chemical synthesis;169
9.4.1;1. PREFACE;169
9.4.2;2. METHOD OF SYNTHESIZING HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYESTER;169
9.4.3;3. EXAMPLE OF SYNTHESIZING POLYESTER, RAW MATERIAL OF "BIONOLLE";171
9.4.4;4. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN INCREASING MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF ALIPHATIC POLYESTER;173
9.4.5;5. IMPROVEMENT OF HEAT STABILITY;177
9.4.6;6. METHOD OF INCREASING MOLECULAR WEIGHT;179
9.4.7;7. STRUCTURE AND SOME PROPERTIES OF "BIONOLLE";184
9.4.8;8. AFTERWORD;193
10;Session 4: Biodegradation and Morphologies of Polymer Blends;194
10.1;Chapter 13. Biodegradable Plasticizers: Miscible Blends of Poly(ß-hydroxybutyrate-co-ß-hydroxyvalerate) with Poly(e-caprolactone) and Poly(ethylene glycol);196
10.1.1;INTRODUCTION;196
10.1.2;EXPERIMENTAL;197
10.1.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;198
10.1.4;CONCLUSIONS;208
10.1.5;REFERENCES;208
10.2;Chapter 14. Enzymatic Degradation of Polymer Blends;209
10.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;209
10.2.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;209
10.2.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;211
10.2.4;REFERENCES;218
10.3;Chapter 15. Starch/Vinyl-Alcohol Copolymer Interactions;219
10.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;219
10.3.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL;220
10.3.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;221
10.3.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;231
10.3.5;REFERENCES;231
11;Session 5: Development of Biodegradation Test Methods;234
11.1;Chapter 16. Strategy for Biodegradability Testing in OECD;236
11.1.1;1. OECD CHEMICAL SAFETY PROGRAMME;236
11.1.2;2. FATE OF CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT;237
11.1.3;3. STRATEGY FOR BIODEGRADABILITY TESTING;237
11.1.4;4. OECD READY BIODEGRADABILITY TEST METHODS;238
11.1.5;5. APPLICATION OF OECD READY BIODEGRADABILITY TEST METHODS TO "BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS AND POLYMERS";240
11.1.6;6. CONCLUSION;245
11.1.7;REFERENCES;246
11.2;Chapter 17. Expectations for Biodegradation Testing Methods;247
11.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;247
11.2.2;2. ASTM STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT FOR BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC MATERIALS;248
11.2.3;3. CRITIQUE OF STANDARD BIODEGRADATION TEST METHODS AND PRACTICES;252
11.2.4;4. FUTURE BIODEGRADATON TEST METHODS: EXPECTATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS;252
11.2.5;5. CONCLUSIONS;254
11.2.6;6. ...LICATI..S FOR BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER DEVELOPMENT;254
11.2.7;REFERENCES;255
11.3;Chapter 18. The Development and Modification of Some Special Test Methods and the Progress in Standardisation of Test Methods in Germany;256
11.3.1;1. Introduction;256
11.3.2;2. General demands on degradation tests;257
11.3.3;3. Test Methods;258
11.3.4;4. Standardisation Activities in Germany;267
11.3.5;Literature;268
11.4;Chapter 19. Perspectives on Standard Test Methods for Biodegradable Plastics;269
11.4.1;INTRODUCTION;269
11.4.2;DEGRADATION MECHANISMS;269
11.4.3;THE DEGRADATION EQUATION;271
11.4.4;DEFINITIONS;272
11.4.5;STANDARDS FOR BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS;274
12;Session 6: Governmental Policy, Regulations and Standards;278
12.1;Chapter 20. Impact of Governmental Policies, Regulations, and Standards Activities on an Emerging Biodegradable Plastics Industry;280
12.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;280
12.1.2;2. MATERIALS DESIGN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT;280
12.1.3;3. U.S BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS INDUSTRY;281
12.1.4;4. COMPOSTING & THE ENVIRONMENT;283
12.1.5;5. STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES;285
12.1.6;6. FURTHER REGULATIONS IMPACTING BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS;288
12.1.7;7. CONCLUSIONS;289
12.1.8;8. REFERENCES;289
12.2;Chapter 21. Status of Government Policy, Regulation and Standards on the Issue of Biodegradable Plastic Materials in Italy;292
12.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;292
12.2.2;2. CASE STUDY ON "BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS IN ITALY''. PREMISES, ACTIONS AND RESOLUTIONS;293
12.2.3;3. CONCLUSIONS;300
12.2.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;301
12.2.5;REFERENCES;301
12.3;Chapter 22. Current Status of Biodegradable Plastics in Korea: Research, Commercial Production and Government Policy;305
12.3.1;1. Introduction;305
12.3.2;2. Commercial Production of Biodegradable Plastics in Korea;307
12.3.3;3. Research Activities on Biodegradable Plastics in Korea;311
12.3.4;4. Government Policy and Prospects;315
12.3.5;References;315
12.4;Chapter 23. Field Testing of Biodegradable Plastics;317
12.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;317
12.4.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL;318
12.4.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;323
12.4.4;REFERENCES;331
12.5;Chapter 24. Governmental Policy, Regulations and Standards;332
12.5.1;WORLD ENVIRONMENT POLICY ACT OF 1991;334
12.5.2;FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION GUIDELINES(JULY 28, 1992) GUIDES FOR THE USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MARKETING CLAIMS;335
13;Session 7: Poster Communications;340
13.1;Chapter 25. Standard Test Methods for Polymer Biodegradation in Solid Waste Treatment Systems;342
13.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;342
13.1.2;2. STANDARD TEST FOR COMPOSTING;344
13.1.3;3. STANDARD TEST FOR ANAEROBIC, HIGH-SOLIDS DIGESTION;348
13.1.4;REFERENCES;348
13.2;Chapter 26. Evaluation of Biodegradability of Biodegradable Plastics in Activated Sludge;350
13.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;350
13.2.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;351
13.2.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;352
13.2.4;REFERENCES;355
13.3;Chapter 27. A Study on Methods of Testing Biodegradable Plastics in Soil: Aerobic and Anaerobic Gas Evolution Test; Petri Dish Test in Various Soils;356
13.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;356
13.3.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;357
13.3.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;359
13.3.4;4. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;363
13.3.5;REFERENCES;363
13.4;Chapter 28. A Simple Method for Detection of Polymeric Degrading Microorganisms on Agar Plates;364
13.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;364
13.4.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;364
13.4.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;365
13.4.4;REFERENCE;369
13.5;Chapter 29. An Extracellular Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Depolymerase from the Activated Sludge;370
13.5.1;1. INTRODUCTION;370
13.5.2;2. METHODS AND MATERIALS;370
13.5.3;3. RESULTS;372
13.5.4;4. DISCUSSION;374
13.5.5;REFERENCES;375
13.6;Chapter 30. Cloning and Nucleotide Sequencing of the Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Depolymerase Gene from Pseudomonas pickettii;376
13.6.1;SUMMARY;376
13.6.2;INTRODUCTION;376
13.6.3;MATERIALS AND METHODS;377
13.6.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;377
13.6.5;REFERENCES;379
13.6.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;380
13.7;Chapter 31. 'Biopol' Properties and Processing;381
13.7.1;1. Introduction;381
13.7.2;2. Injection moulding;381
13.7.3;3. Bottle blow moulding;382
13.7.4;4. Blown film;382
13.8;Chapter 32. Molecular Weight Distribution Control and Mole Fraction Control in Poly(D(-)-3-hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) Production by Alcaligenes eutrophus;384
13.8.1;1. INTRODUCTION;384
13.8.2;2. MATERIALS & METHODS;385
13.8.3;3. RESULTS & DISCUSSION;386
13.8.4;REFERENCES;391
13.9;Chapter 33. Production of Copolyesters from Organic Acids by Mutant Strains of Alcaligenes eutrophus;392
13.9.1;1. INTRODUCTION;392
13.9.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL;392
13.9.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;393
13.9.4;4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;397
13.9.5;REFERENCES;397
13.10;Chapter 34. A New Kinetic Model for the Accumulation of Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate in Alcaligenes eutrophus;398
13.10.1;1. INTRODUCTION;398
13.10.2;2. POLYMER CHEMISTRY OF PHB ACCUMULATION;398
13.10.3;3. PHB ACCUMULATION IN ALCALIGENES EUTROPHUS;400
13.10.4;4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;401
13.10.5;5. CONCLUSIONS;405
13.10.6;REFERENCES;405
13.11;Chapter 35. Production of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) by Photosynthetic Microorganisms;406
13.11.1;1. INTRODUCTION;406
13.11.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;407
13.11.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;408
13.11.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;411
13.11.5;REFERENCES;411
13.12;Chapter 36. Biosynthesis and Characterization of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) by Comamonas acidvorans;413
13.12.1;1. INTRODUCTION;413
13.12.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL;413
13.12.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;414
13.12.4;4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;417
13.12.5;REFERENCES;417
13.13;Chapter 37. Isolation and Characterization of Pseudomonas putida BM01 Accumulating High Amount of PHAMCL;419
13.13.1;1. INTRODUCTION;419
13.13.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL;421
13.13.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;423
13.13.4;REFERENCES;428
13.14;Chapter 38. Biosynthesis and Characterization of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co -3-hydroxyhexanoate) from Oils and Fats by Aeromonas sp.OL-338 and Aeromonas sp.FA-440;429
13.14.1;1. SUMMARY;429
13.14.2;2. INTRODUCTION;429
13.14.3;3. MATERIALS AND METHODS;429
13.14.4;4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;430
13.14.5;REFERENCES;435
13.15;Chapter 39. Producton of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)from Plant Oils by Alcaligenes sp;436
13.15.1;1. INTRODUCTION;436
13.15.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL;436
13.15.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;438
13.15.4;4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;443
13.15.5;REFERENCES;443
13.16;Chapter 40. Biosynthesis of Poly(.-glutamic acid) in Bacillus subtilis IFO3335 and Crosslinking Reaction by .-Irradiation of Poly(Y-glutamic acid);444
13.16.1;Abstract;444
13.16.2;1. Introduction;444
13.16.3;2. Materials and Methods;445
13.16.4;3. Results and Discussion;446
13.16.5;REFERENCES;451
13.17;Chapter 41. Studies on Biodegradability of Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) to Which a Biodegradation Inducing Agent Has Been Added;452
13.17.1;1. Introduction;452
13.17.2;2. The biodegradability of LDPE and the effect of additives;452
13.17.3;3. Processing;454
13.17.4;4. Soil treatment;454
13.17.5;5. Results;454
13.17.6;6. Conclusions;455
13.17.7;References;455
13.18;Chapter 42. Development of Polycaprolactone/Gelatinized Starch Blends and Their Enzymatic Degradation;456
13.18.1;1. Introduction;456
13.18.2;2. Experimental;456
13.18.3;3. Results and Discussion;457
13.18.4;4. Acknowledgment;461
13.18.5;REFERENCES;461
13.19;Chapter 43. Properties and Applications of "Mater-Bi";462
13.19.1;1. INTRODUCTION;462
13.19.2;2. COMPOSTING OF Mater-Bi" FILM;462
13.19.3;3. "Mater-Bi" EXPANSION;465
13.19.4;REFERENCES;469
13.20;Chapter 44. New Application of Cellulose and Chitosan for Biodegradable Polymer Material;470
13.20.1;1. INTRODUCTION;470
13.20.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL;471
13.20.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;472
13.20.4;REFERENCES;477
13.21;Chapter 45. Development of Biodegradable Material for Loose Fill Packaging;478
13.21.1;1. Introduction;478
13.21.2;2. Extrusion conditions;478
13.21.3;3. Characteristícs of the packaging material;480
13.21.4;4. Conclusions;482
13.21.5;References;482
13.22;Chapter 46. Biodegradable Star-Shaped Poly-L-Lactide;483
13.22.1;1. INTRODUCTION;483
13.22.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL PART;483
13.22.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;484
13.22.4;REFERENCES;488
13.23;Chapter 47. Cellular Response to Phagocytized Particles of Poly-L-Lactic Acid;489
13.23.1;INTRODUCTION;489
13.23.2;MATERIALS;490
13.23.3;METHODS;490
13.23.4;RESULTS;492
13.23.5;DISCUSSION;493
13.23.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;494
13.23.7;REFERENCS;494
13.24;Chapter 48. L-Lactic Acid Production by a CSTR with Cross-Flow Membrane Filter on Pilot Scale;498
13.24.1;1. Introduction;498
13.24.2;2. Materials and Methods;499
13.24.3;3. Results and Discussion;500
13.24.4;References;503
13.25;Chapter 49. Purification Process of L-Lactic Acid for Bio-Degradable Poly-L-Lactate;505
13.25.1;1. INTRODUCTION;505
13.25.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;505
13.25.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;507
13.25.4;REFERENCES;510
13.26;Chapter 50. Recycle of Polylactide in Natural Circumstances -Mechanism of Degradation;511
13.26.1;1. CIRCULATION OF LACTIC ACID IN NATURAL CIRCUMSTANCES;511
13.26.2;2. CHARACTERISTICS OF PLLA;512
13.26.3;3. DEGRADATION OF PLLA IN SOIL;513
13.26.4;4. CONCLUSION;516
13.27;Chapter 51. Synthesis of Copolyester Containing Poly(ethylene terephthalate) and Poly(e-caprolactone) Units, and Its Biodegradability;517
13.27.1;1. INTRODUCTION;517
13.27.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL;518
13.27.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;519
13.27.4;4. CONCLUSION;522
13.27.5;REFERENCES;523
13.28;Chapter 52. An Attempt to Make Poly(vinyl acetate) Biodegradable;524
13.28.1;1. INTRODUCTION;524
13.28.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL;525
13.28.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;526
13.28.4;REFERENCES;529
13.29;Chapter 53. Synthesis and Biodegradability of Polyesters Based on 1,4:3,6-Dianhydrohexitols and Succinic Acid Derivatives;530
13.29.1;1. INTRODUCTION;530
13.29.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL;531
13.29.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;532
13.29.4;References;537
13.30;Chapter 54. Studies of the Hydrolytic Degradation of Some Aliphatic Polyesters;538
13.30.1;ABSTRACT;538
13.30.2;1. INTRODUCTION;538
13.30.3;2. EXPERIMENTAL;539
13.30.4;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;540
13.30.5;4. CONCLUSIONS;546
13.30.6;REFERENCES;546
13.31;Chapter 55. Synthesis of Polydepsipeptide with Pendant Carboxylic Acid Groups and Its Hydrolysis Behavior;547
13.31.1;1. INTRODUCTION;547
13.31.2;2. SYNTHESIS OF CYCLODEPSIPEPTIDES; Cyclo[Asp(OBz)-Glu] and Cyclo[Glu(OBz)-GIu];548
13.31.3;3. SYNTHESIS OF POLYDEPSIPEPTIDES; PoIy(GIc-Asp) 3a and PoIy(GIc-Glu) 3 b;549
13.31.4;4. BIODEGRADABILITY;551
13.31.5;REFERENCES;552
13.32;Chapter 56. Tailor-Making of Multimeric Poly(ß-malic acid) Derivatives: Property Adjustment through Ester Pendant Groups;553
13.32.1;SUMMARY;553
13.32.2;1 - INTRODUCTION;553
13.32.3;2 - MALOLACTONIC ACID ESTERS SYNTHESIS;554
13.32.4;3 - POLY(ß-MALIC ACID) DERIVATIVES WITH TWO CHIRAL CENTERS;556
13.32.5;4 - POLYESTERS WITH UNSATURATED PENDANT GROUPS;558
13.32.6;5 - CONCLUSIONS;559
13.32.7;REFERENCES;559
13.33;Chapter 57. Biodegradation of Optically Active New-Polyesters;560
13.33.1;1. INTRODUCTION;560
13.33.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL;560
13.33.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;562
13.33.4;REFERENCES;567
13.34;Chapter 58. Ring-Opening Copolymerization of Optically Active ß-Butyrolactone with Several Lactones: Synthesis of New Biodegradable Polyesters;568
13.34.1;1. INTRODUCTION;568
13.34.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION;570
13.34.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;571
13.34.4;4. CONCLUSION;574
13.34.5;REFERENCES AND NOTES;575
13.35;Chapter 59. Biodegradability of Poly(L/DL-lactide-co-DL-ß-Methyl-d-Valerolactone);576
13.35.1;1. INTRODUCTION;576
13.35.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL;576
13.35.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;577
13.35.4;REFERENCES;580
13.36;Chapter 60. Novel Biodegradable Copolyamides Based on Adipic Acid, 1,6 Hexane Diamine and Aminoacids: Synthesis and Study of Properties; Part 1;581
13.36.1;1. INTRODUCTION;581
13.36.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES;581
13.36.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;582
13.36.4;REFERENCES;588
13.37;Chapter 61. Polytransesterification of C4-Diacids and 1,4-Butanediol with Various Lipases in Organic Solvent;589
13.37.1;1. INTRODUCTION;589
13.37.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;590
13.37.3;3. RESULT AND DISCUSS;591
13.37.4;4. CONCLUSION;594
13.37.5;5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;594
13.37.6;REFERENCES;595
13.38;Chapter 62. Physical Properties and Processabilities of Biodegradable Plastics "BIONOLLE";596
13.38.1;Introduction;596
13.38.2;1. Physical Properties of Bionolle;596
13.38.3;2. Processability;598
13.39;Chapter 63. Biodegradation of BIONOLLE;603
13.39.1;1. Introduction;603
13.39.2;2. Materials and methods;604
13.39.3;3. Results and Discussion;605
13.39.4;References;609
13.40;Chapter 64. Morphology and Enzymatic Degradation of Poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] Plasticized with Acylglycerols;610
13.40.1;1. INTRODUCTION;610
13.40.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL;610
13.40.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;611
13.40.4;REFERENCES;614
13.41;Chapter 65. Synthesis of Dimethyl Succinate Using Carbon Monoxide and Its Application to Biodegradable Polymers;615
13.41.1;1. Abstract;615
13.41.2;2. Introduction;615
13.41.3;3. Experimental;616
13.41.4;4. Results and Discussion;616
13.41.5;Acknowledgement;619
13.41.6;References;619
13.42;Chapter 66. Biodegradation and Composting Studies of Polymeric Materials;620
13.42.1;1. Introduction;620
13.42.2;2. Biodegradability Experiments;621
13.42.3;3. Pilot Scale Composting Experiments;623
13.42.4;3. Pilot Scale Composting Experiments;623
13.42.5;4. Field Demonstrations;624
13.42.6;5. Conclusion;624
13.42.7;References;624
14;List of Contributors;630
15;Subject Index;642