Fagin Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning About Knowledge

Proceedings of the Fifth Conference (TARK 1994)
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-1453-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 348 Seiten, Web PDF

Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning About Knowledge contains the proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning About Knowledge (TARK 1994) held in Pacific Grove, California, on March 13-16, 1994. The conference provided a forum for discussing the theoretical aspects of reasoning about knowledge and tackled topics ranging from the logic of iterated belief revision and backwards forward induction to information acquisition from multi-agent resources, infinitely epistemic logic, and coherent belief revision in games. Comprised of 23 chapters, this book begins with a review of situation calculus and a solution to the frame problem, along with the use of a regression method for reasoning about the effect of actions. A novel programming language for high-level robotic control is described, along with a knowledge-based framework for belief change. Subsequent chapters deal with consistent belief reasoning in the presence of inconsistency; an epistemic logic of situations; an axiomatic approach to the logical omniscience problem; and an epistemic proof system for parallel processes. Inductive learning, knowledge asymmetries, and convention are also examined. This monograph will be of interest to both students and practitioners in the fields of artificial intelligence and computer science.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Fagin, Ronald

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning About Knowledge;2
3;Copyright Page;3
4;Table of Contents;4
5;Preface;6
6;Chapter 1. Knowledge, Action, and Ability in the Situation Calculus: Extended Abstract;8
6.1;References;10
7;Chapter 2. On the Logic of Iterated Belief Revision;12
7.1;1 Introduction;12
7.2;2 Belief Revision;13
7.3;3 Minimizing Changes in Conditional Beliefs;15
7.4;4 Augmenting the AGM Postulates;16
7.5;5 The Soundness of Postulates (C1)–(C4);20
7.6;6 Legitimate Changes in Conditional Beliefs;21
7.7;7 Future Work;22
7.8;Conclusion;23
7.9;Acknowledgments;23
7.10;A Concrete Examples;24
7.11;B Proofs;27
7.12;References;30
8;Chapter 3. Backwards Forward Induction;31
8.1;1 Introduction;31
8.2;2 An Example;34
8.3;3 The Theory;42
8.4;4 Towards a Complete Theory;48
8.5;References;49
9;Chapter 4. A Knowledge-Based Framework for Belief Change, Part I: Foundations;51
9.1;1 Introduction;51
9.2;2 Knowledge and plausibility;53
9.3;3 Knowledge and plausibility in multi-agent systems;60
9.4;4 Prior plausibilities;61
9.5;5 Conclusion;66
9.6;Acknowledgements;66
9.7;A Axiomatizing knowledge and plausibility;66
9.8;B Ranked plausibility spaces and nonstandard approaches to probability;68
9.9;References;69
10;Chapter 5. Information acquisition from multi-agent resources;72
10.1;1 Introduction;72
10.2;2 Combining information from multiple agents; the triviality result;74
10.3;3 Logic of belief dependence;77
10.4;4 Information acquisition in a belief dependence framework;78
10.5;5 Almost safety;80
10.6;6 Almost Safety on Belief Maintenance Operation;81
10.7;7 Conclusions;85
10.8;References;86
11;Chapter 6. Consistent Belief Reasoning in the Presence of Inconsistency;87
11.1;Abstract;87
11.2;1 Introduction;87
11.3;2 The Basic Part of the Logic;89
11.4;3 The Semantics of Bc and B;90
11.5;4 Properties of Bc and B;92
11.6;5 A Complete Axiomatization;93
11.7;6 Applications;96
11.8;7 Conclusion;97
11.9;Appendix: the Proof of Soundness;97
11.10;References;99
12;Chapter 7. Infinitary Epistemic Logic;102
12.1;ABSTRACT;102
12.2;§1.Introduction;103
12.3;§2. Language, Axioms, Models;104
12.4;§3. Syntax versus Semantics;107
12.5;§4. Universal Partition Spaces;109
12.6;§5. Proofs of the Theorems;110
12.7;References;114
13;Chapter 8. An Epistemic Logic of Situations (Extended Abstract);116
13.1;1 Common Knowledge;116
13.2;2 Three Grades of Epistemic Involvement;117
13.3;3 The Language and Semantics;119
13.4;4 The Logic;123
13.5;5 Metalogic;125
13.6;6 Adding Knowledge of Situations to the Logic;125
13.7;7 Conclusion;127
13.8;References;127
14;Chapter 9. Actual Truth, Possible Knowledge;129
14.1;1. Introduction;129
14.2;2. Paradox Regained;134
14.3;3. Paradox Lost- Two-Dimensional Framework;137
14.4;References;144
15;Chapter 10. Infinitely Many Resolutions of Hempel's Paradox;145
15.1;1 Introduction;146
15.2;2 Bayesian Preliminaries;146
15.3;3 Hempel's
Paradox;147
15.4;4 Bayesian Analyses of the Paradox;148
15.5;5 Remarks;151
15.6;6 What Went Wrong with Hempel?;152
15.7;7 Conclusion;154
15.8;Notes;154
15.9;References;155
16;Chapter 11. Rationality in the Centipede;157
16.1;Abstract;157
16.2;1 Introduction;157
16.3;2 Prior Common Knowledge of Rationality;160
16.4;3 Conclusion;165
16.5;References;165
17;Chapter 12. Revising Knowledge: A Hierarchical Approach;167
17.1;Introduction;167
17.2;Problems with the standard model;168
17.3;An axiomatic derivation of knowledge from preferences;173
17.4;A hierarchical approach to preferences and knowledge;175
17.5;REFERENCES;180
18;Chapter 13. Case-Based Decision Theory and Knowledge Representation;182
18.1;1. What Is There to Know?;182
18.2;2. What Is Knowledge Representation Good For?;183
18.3;3. Similarity;184
18.4;4. An Overview of CBDT;185
18.5;5. Is This Knowledge?;187
18.6;References;188
19;Chapter 14. An Axiomatic Approach to the Logical Omniscience Problem;189
19.1;1 Introduction;189
19.2;2 Framework for Analysis;191
19.3;3 The Agent's Logic;196
19.4;REFERENCES;202
20;Chapter 15. Autoepistemic Logic and Introspective Circumscription;204
20.1;1 Introduction;204
20.2;2 Review of Autoepistemic Logic;206
20.3;3 The Nonmodal Counterpart of an Autoepistemic Formula;207
20.4;4 Review of Introspective Circumscription;208
20.5;5 Main Theorem;209
20.6;6 Minimizing Circumscription;210
20.7;7 Proof of Main Theorem;211
20.8;Acknowledgements;213
20.9;References;213
21;Chapter 16. Knowledge as a Tool in Motion Planning under Uncertainty;215
21.1;1 Introduction;216
21.2;2 Termination Conditions in Motion Planning;218
21.3;3 Knowledge-Level Formalization;220
21.4;4 Optimal termination conditions;222
21.5;5 Optimal termination and knowledge-based programs;227
21.6;6 Conclusion and future work;229
21.7;Acknowledgement;230
21.8;References;230
22;Chapter 17. Common Knowledge and Update in Finite Environments. I (Extended Abstract);232
22.1;1 Introduction;232
22.2;2 Definitions;234
22.3;3 Bounded Alternation Formulae;239
22.4;4 Asynchronous Environments;241
22.5;5 Compiling Knowledge Based Programs;244
22.6;6 Conclusion;246
22.7;References;247
23;Chapter 18. An Epistemic Proof System for Parallel Processes;250
23.1;1 Introduction;250
23.2;2 Syntax;251
23.3;3 Semantics;252
23.4;4 Syntax of Formulae;254
23.5;5 Semantics of Formulae;255
23.6;6 Reasoning about Programs;255
23.7;7 Proof System;256
23.8;8 Soundness;258
23.9;9 Completeness;259
23.10;10 Conclusion;260
23.11;References;260
24;Chapter 19. Algorithmic Knowledge;262
24.1;1 Introduction;263
24.2;2 Knowledge in multi-agent systems;264
24.3;3 Algorithmic knowledge;264
24.4;4 Examples;268
24.5;5 Conclusions;271
24.6;Acknowledgements;271
24.7;References;272
25;Chapter 20. Knowledge and the ordering of events in distributed systems Extended Abstract;274
25.1;ABSTRACT;274
25.2;1 Introduction;274
25.3;2 ACSAs;276
25.4;3 Knowledge Transition Systems;278
25.5;4 Forth and Back;283
25.6;5 Back and Forth;285
25.7;6 Discussion;287
25.8;7 Conclusion;289
25.9;References;290
26;Chapter 21. Inductive Learning, Knowledge Asymmetries and Convention;291
26.1;Introduction;291
26.2;§1. Convention as Correlated Equilibrium;292
26.3;§2. Dynamical Explanations of Conventions;297
26.4;§3. Deliberation With Knowledge Asymmetries;301
26.5;Acknowledgements;308
26.6;References;311
27;Chapter 22. Coherent Belief Revision in Games;312
27.1;I. Introduction;313
27.2;II
Model;318
27.3;III. Examples;321
27.4;IV. Concluding remarks;326
27.5;References;327
28;Chapter 23. Belief Revision in a Changing World;328
28.1;Introduction;328
28.2;I. THE MONOTONIC FOUNDATION;330
28.3;II. NONMONOTONIC SUPERSTRUCTURE;332
28.4;III. DYNAMICS OF BELIEF;335
28.5;BIBLIOGRAPHY;341
29;AUTHOR INDEX;348