E-Book, Englisch, 858 Seiten
Reihe: ISSN
Forker A Grammar of Hinuq
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-3-11-030397-1
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
E-Book, Englisch, 858 Seiten
Reihe: ISSN
ISBN: 978-3-11-030397-1
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
Zielgruppe
Linguists interested in Nakh-Daghestanian Languages, Typologists,
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Acknowledgements;5
2;List of figures;26
3;List of tables;27
4;Abbreviations;30
5;1 Introduction;33
5.1;1.1 The Hinuq people;33
5.1.1;1.1.1 Hinuq speakers and their village;33
5.1.2;1.1.2 The social and ethnological background;35
5.1.3;1.1.3 Some notes on the history;37
5.2;1.2 The Hinuq language;39
5.2.1;1.2.1 The status of the Hinuq language;39
5.2.2;1.2.2 Genealogical affiliation;41
5.2.3;1.2.3 Typological overview of Hinuq;42
5.2.4;1.2.4 Language contact;44
5.2.5;1.2.5 Influence from Tsez;48
5.3;1.3 Describing and analyzing Hinuq;49
5.3.1;1.3.1 Earlier literature;49
5.3.2;1.3.2 This grammar;50
5.3.3;1.3.3 Fieldwork;51
5.3.4;1.3.4 The corpus;53
6;2 Phonology;55
6.1;2.1 Vowels;55
6.1.1;2.1.1 Realization;55
6.1.2;2.1.2 Diphtongs;56
6.1.3;2.1.3 Long vowels;57
6.1.4;2.1.4 Pharyngealization;58
6.2;2.2 Consonants;59
6.2.1;2.2.1 Realization;59
6.2.2;2.2.2 Distribution of consonants;63
6.2.3;2.2.3 Labialization;64
6.3;2.3 Phonotactics;66
6.3.1;2.3.1 Syllable structure and word structure;66
6.3.2;2.3.2 Geminates;67
6.3.3;2.3.3 Consonant clusters;69
6.4;2.4 Morphophonology;70
6.4.1;2.4.1 Syllable repair mechanisms;70
6.4.1.1;2.4.1.1 Epenthetic vowels;70
6.4.1.2;2.4.1.2 o/zero Alternation;72
6.4.1.3;2.4.1.3 Vowel deletion;72
6.4.2;2.4.2 Glide insertion;73
6.4.3;2.4.3 Sequences of identical vowels;73
6.4.4;2.4.4 Sonorant deletion;75
6.4.5;2.4.5 Palatalization;76
6.4.6;2.4.6 Ablaut;77
6.4.7;2.4.7 Integration of loan words;77
6.4.8;2.4.8 Reduplication;78
6.5;2.5 Word stress;81
6.5.1;2.5.1 Stress in roots;81
6.5.2;2.5.2 Stress in major parts of speech;82
6.5.3;2.5.3 Stress in adjectives;84
6.5.4;2.5.4 Stress in loan words;85
7;3 Nouns;86
7.1;3.1 Introduction;86
7.2;3.2 Oblique Singular stem formation;86
7.2.1;3.2.1 Base stem pattern;87
7.2.2;3.2.2 Oblique stem formation;87
7.2.3;3.2.3 Alternative stem forms and exceptions;94
7.3;3.3 Plural;95
7.4;3.4 Oblique Plural stem formation;98
7.5;3.5 Case;100
7.5.1;3.5.1 Introduction;100
7.5.2;3.5.2 Absolutive;101
7.5.3;3.5.3 Ergative;102
7.5.4;3.5.4 Genitive;102
7.5.5;3.5.5 Dative;107
7.5.6;3.5.6 Instrumental;109
7.5.7;3.5.7 Overview of the spatial cases;109
7.5.8;3.5.8 CONT-Essive;113
7.5.9;3.5.9 CONT-Lative;114
7.5.10;3.5.10 CONT-Ablative;115
7.5.11;3.5.11 CONT-Directional;115
7.5.12;3.5.12 IN-Essive;116
7.5.13;3.5.13 IN-Lative, IN-Ablative, and IN-Directional;118
7.5.14;3.5.14 SUB-Essive;119
7.5.15;3.5.15 SUB-Lative, SUB-Ablative, and SUB-Directional;119
7.5.16;3.5.16 SPR-Essive;120
7.5.17;3.5.17 SPR-Lative;122
7.5.18;3.5.18 SPR-Ablative;123
7.5.19;3.5.19 SPR-Directional;124
7.5.20;3.5.20 AT-Essive;124
7.5.21;3.5.21 AT-Lative;128
7.5.22;3.5.22 AT-Ablative;128
7.5.23;3.5.23 AT-Directional;129
7.5.24;3.5.24 ALOC-Essive;130
7.5.25;3.5.25 ALOC-Lative;131
7.5.26;3.5.26 ALOC-Ablative and ALOC-Directional;131
7.5.27;3.5.27 ILOC-Essive;132
7.5.28;3.5.28 ILOC-Lative;133
7.5.29;3.5.29 ILOC-Ablative and ILOC-Directional;134
7.5.30;3.5.30 The suffix -..;135
7.5.31;3.5.31 bito;135
7.5.32;3.5.32 Non-spatial functions of the spatial cases;136
7.6;3.6 Nominal derivation;137
7.6.1;3.6.1 Abstract nouns with -.i;137
7.6.2;3.6.2 Names of groups of people with -be;138
7.6.3;3.6.3 Agentive nouns, activities, and tools with -(na)k’u;139
7.6.4;3.6.4 Professions with -qan;139
7.6.5;3.6.5 Professions and tools with -qu;140
7.6.6;3.6.6 Agentive nouns with -r(y)o;140
7.6.7;3.6.7 Event nouns with -demu;141
7.6.8;3.6.8 Sounds with -ni;141
7.6.9;3.6.9 Less productive derivational suffixes;142
7.7;3.7 Nominal compounding;143
8;4 Gender;147
8.1;4.1 Introduction;147
8.2;4.2 Semantic basis for gender assignment;148
8.3;4.3 Formal criteria for gender assignment;155
8.4;4.4 Gender assignment to loan words;158
9;5 Pronouns;162
9.1;5.1 Personal pronouns;162
9.2;5.2 Demonstrative pronouns;164
9.2.1;5.2.1 Pronouns with the roots ha- and hay-;166
9.2.2;5.2.2 Pronouns with the roots hiba(ha)- and hiba(ha)y-;168
9.2.3;5.2.3 Pronouns with the roots iza(ha)- and iza(ha)y-;171
9.2.4;5.2.4 Derived adverbs and adjectives;172
9.3;5.3 Reflexive pronouns;174
9.3.1;5.3.1 Simple reflexive pronouns;174
9.3.2;5.3.2 Reduplicated reflexive pronouns;176
9.4;5.4 Reciprocal pronouns;177
9.5;5.5 Interrogative pronouns and pro-adverbs;178
9.5.1;5.5.1 Introduction;178
9.5.2;5.5.2 .u ‘who’ and se ‘what’;179
9.5.3;5.5.3 ni ‘where’;180
9.5.4;5.5.4 nete ‘when’;180
9.5.5;5.5.5 dece ‘how much’;181
9.5.6;5.5.6 somo ‘how many’ and somorax ‘how many times’;181
9.5.7;5.5.7 niš.a ‘which’;182
9.5.8;5.5.8 dessu ‘which’;183
9.5.9;5.5.9 sira ‘why’ and deru ‘how’;183
9.6;5.6 Indefinite pronouns;184
9.6.1;5.6.1 Introduction;184
9.6.2;5.6.2 Ordinary indefinite pronouns;184
9.6.3;5.6.3 Negative indefinite pronouns;187
9.6.4;5.6.4 Universal indefinite pronouns (universal quantifiers);191
9.6.5;5.6.5 Free choice pronouns;192
10;6 Adjectives;195
10.1;6.1 Introduction;195
10.2;6.2 Native adjectives;196
10.2.1;6.2.1 Adjectives with the ending -y;196
10.2.2;6.2.2 Adjectives with the ending -u;198
10.2.3;6.2.3 The adjectives q’wiya and hes.a ‘other’;201
10.3;6.3 Borrowed adjectives;202
10.4;6.4 Color adjectives;204
10.5;6.5 Other words that can be used as adjectives;204
10.5.1;6.5.1 Adnominal adjectives;205
10.5.2;6.5.2 Adverbial adjectives;206
10.5.3;6.5.3 Participles;207
10.6;6.6 Plural formation of adjectives;208
10.7;6.7 Derivation of adjectives;209
10.7.1;6.7.1 Derivation of adjectives from other parts of speech;209
10.7.1.1;6.7.1.1 -damu/-lamu/-ramu/-mu;209
10.7.1.2;6.7.1.2 -t’u;210
10.7.1.3;6.7.1.3 -xu;211
10.7.1.4;6.7.1.4 -lu;211
10.7.1.5;6.7.1.5 demu;212
10.7.2;6.7.2 Derivation of adjectives from adjectives;213
10.7.2.1;6.7.2.1 -nnu;213
10.7.2.2;6.7.2.2 -k’a;214
10.7.2.3;6.7.2.3 -diyu/-duk’a;215
10.8;6.8 Reduplication and compounding;216
10.9;6.9 Agreement;217
10.10;6.10 Degrees;218
10.11;6.11 Word order;219
11;7 Verbal inflection;220
11.1;7.1 Introduction;220
11.2;7.2 General remarks on the verbal morphology;220
11.2.1;7.2.1 Verbs with and without agreement prefixes;220
11.2.2;7.2.2 Conjugation classes of verbs;222
11.2.3;7.2.3 Morphological make-up of verbs;223
11.2.4;7.2.4 Native underived verbs;228
11.3;7.3 Lexical verbs in main clauses;229
11.4;7.4 Simple tenses;233
11.4.1;7.4.1 Indefinite Future;233
11.4.2;7.4.2 Intentional Future;233
11.4.3;7.4.3 General tense;237
11.4.4;7.4.4 Simple Present;238
11.4.5;7.4.5 Simple Past;240
11.5;7.5 Periphrastic tenses;241
11.5.1;7.5.1 Compound Future;241
11.5.2;7.5.2 Compound Present;242
11.5.3;7.5.3 Habitual Present;245
11.5.4;7.5.4 Resultative Present;247
11.5.5;7.5.5 Compound Past;248
11.5.6;7.5.6 Habitual Past;249
11.5.7;7.5.7 Resultative Past;250
11.5.8;7.5.8 Pluperfect;251
11.5.9;7.5.9 Compound Resultative Past;252
11.5.10;7.5.10 Simple Unwitnessed Past;253
11.5.11;7.5.11 Compound Unwitnessed Past;255
11.5.12;7.5.12 Habitual Unwitnessed Past;255
11.5.13;7.5.13 Resultative Unwitnessed Past;256
11.5.14;7.5.14 Pluperfect Unwitnessed;257
11.6;7.6 Non-indicative moods;258
11.6.1;7.6.1 Introduction;258
11.6.2;7.6.2 Imperative;259
11.6.3;7.6.3 Prohibitive;262
11.6.4;7.6.4 Optative;262
11.6.5;7.6.5 Irrealis conditional;264
11.6.6;7.6.6 Conditional Past and Conditional Unwitnessed Past;266
11.6.7;7.6.7 Interrogative;267
11.7;7.7 Lexical verb forms in dependent clauses;268
11.7.1;7.7.1 Introduction;268
11.7.2;7.7.2 Converbs;268
11.7.2.1;7.7.2.1 The Posterior converb;270
11.7.2.2;7.7.2.2 The Terminative converb;271
11.7.2.3;7.7.2.3 Simultaneous converbs;272
11.7.2.4;7.7.2.4 The Progressive converb;273
11.7.2.5;7.7.2.5 The Reduplicated Narrative converb;274
11.7.2.6;7.7.2.6 The Simple Anterior converb;275
11.7.2.7;7.7.2.7 The Immediate Anterior converb;275
11.7.2.8;7.7.2.8 The Narrative converb;276
11.7.2.9;7.7.2.9 The Imperfective converb;279
11.7.2.10;7.7.2.10 The Realis Conditional converb;280
11.7.2.11;7.7.2.11 The Concessive converb;281
11.7.2.12;7.7.2.12 The Purposive converb;283
11.7.3;7.7.3 Participles used in adverbial clauses;284
11.7.3.1;7.7.3.1 The Local participle;284
11.7.3.2;7.7.3.2 The General participle;286
11.7.3.3;7.7.3.3 The Past participle;287
11.7.4;7.7.4 Participles;289
11.7.4.1;7.7.4.1 The Local participle;289
11.7.4.2;7.7.4.2 The General participle;290
11.7.4.3;7.7.4.3 The Past participle;291
11.7.4.4;7.7.4.4 The Habitual participle;293
11.7.4.5;7.7.4.5 The Resultative participle;295
11.7.5;7.7.5 Other verbal forms;296
11.7.5.1;7.7.5.1 Infinitive;296
11.7.5.2;7.7.5.2 Masdar;298
11.8;7.8 The copula;300
11.8.1;7.8.1 The copula in independent main clauses;301
11.8.1.1;7.8.1.1 Simple Present;301
11.8.1.2;7.8.1.2 Simple Past;301
11.8.1.3;7.8.1.3 Unwitnessed Past;302
11.8.1.4;7.8.1.4 Resultative Past;302
11.8.1.5;7.8.1.5 General tense;303
11.8.1.6;7.8.1.6 Compound Future;304
11.8.2;7.8.2 Non-indicative forms of the copula;304
11.8.3;7.8.3 The copula in dependent clauses;306
11.8.3.1;7.8.3.1 The Simultaneous converb;307
11.8.3.2;7.8.3.2 The Terminative converb;307
11.8.3.3;7.8.3.3 The Converb;308
11.8.3.4;7.8.3.4 The Past participle;309
11.8.3.5;7.8.3.5 The Local participle;310
11.8.3.6;7.8.3.6 The Compound Present participle;311
11.8.3.7;7.8.3.7 The Negative participle;311
12;8 Other verbal categories;313
12.1;8.1 Aspect;313
12.1.1;8.1.1 Introduction;313
12.1.2;8.1.2 Perfectivity;313
12.1.3;8.1.3 Imperfectivity;314
12.1.3.1;8.1.3.1 The compound tenses;315
12.1.3.2;8.1.3.2 The Resultative;318
12.1.3.3;8.1.3.3 The Habitual;319
12.1.3.4;8.1.3.4 -ici- constructions;320
12.1.3.5;8.1.3.5 Aspect in subordinate clauses;324
12.2;8.2 Modality;325
12.2.1;8.2.1 Introduction;325
12.2.2;8.2.2 Epistemic modality with the verb -ese-;325
12.2.2.1;8.2.2.1 -ese- as the only verb in the clause;326
12.2.2.2;8.2.2.2 -ese- as auxiliary;327
12.2.3;8.2.3 Intentional;330
12.2.4;8.2.4 “Still not” modality;332
12.2.4.1;8.2.4.1 “Still not” Present;332
12.2.4.2;8.2.4.2 “Still not” Simple Past;333
12.2.4.3;8.2.4.3 “Still not” Unwitnessed Past;333
12.2.4.4;8.2.4.4 The “Still not” modality in dependent clauses;334
12.3;8.3 Evidentiality and mirativity;334
12.3.1;8.3.1 Introduction;334
12.3.2;8.3.2 Evidentiality in the verbal paradigm;335
12.3.2.1;8.3.2.1 Marking of evidentiality on the verb;335
12.3.2.2;8.3.2.2 Semantics of verbal evidentiality;335
12.3.2.3;8.3.2.3 Simple Past and neutral past tenses;337
12.3.2.4;8.3.2.4 Unwitnessed past tenses;340
12.3.2.5;8.3.2.5 Verbal evidentiality in questions;343
12.3.3;8.3.3 Evidentiality expressed through the Narrative enclitic;345
12.3.3.1;8.3.3.1 Introduction;345
12.3.3.2;8.3.3.2 Occurrences of the Narrative enclitic;346
12.3.3.3;8.3.3.3 Semantics of the Narrative enclitic;348
12.3.4;8.3.4 Hearsay evidentiality with the Quotative enclitic;351
12.3.5;8.3.5 Mirativity;351
13;9 Formation of verbs;353
13.1;9.1 Derivation, vowel alternation, and conversion;353
13.1.1;9.1.1 Introduction;353
13.1.2;9.1.2 Derivation of verbs from nouns;353
13.1.3;9.1.3 Derivation of sound denoting verbs;354
13.1.4;9.1.4 Vowel alternation and conversion;355
13.2;9.2 Valency changing derivations;356
13.2.1;9.2.1 Introduction;356
13.2.2;9.2.2 Causative verbs with -r;356
13.2.2.1;9.2.2.1 Intransitive base;357
13.2.2.2;9.2.2.2 Transitive base;357
13.2.2.3;9.2.2.3 Ditransitive base;358
13.2.2.4;9.2.2.4 Experiencer verb as base;358
13.2.3;9.2.3 Causative verbs with -k’;358
13.2.3.1;9.2.3.1 Introduction;358
13.2.3.2;9.2.3.2 Adjectives as base;359
13.2.3.3;9.2.3.3 Adverbs/postpositions as base;359
13.2.3.4;9.2.3.4 Verbs as base;360
13.2.3.5;9.2.3.5 Unknown base;360
13.2.4;9.2.4 Inchoative and potential verbs;360
13.2.4.1;9.2.4.1 Introduction;360
13.2.4.2;9.2.4.2 Adjectives as base;361
13.2.4.3;9.2.4.3 Adverbs/postpositions as base;362
13.2.4.4;9.2.4.4 Verbs as base and unknown base;362
13.2.4.5;9.2.4.5 Potential verbs;362
13.2.5;9.2.5 Antipassive verbs;363
13.2.6;9.2.6 Combinations of valency changing derivations;364
13.3;9.3 Compounding and light verb constructions;365
13.3.1;9.3.1 Introduction;365
13.3.2;9.3.2 Light verb constructions with loans;365
13.3.3;9.3.3 Compound verbs with adverbs/postpositions;369
13.3.4;9.3.4 Compounds with nouns;370
13.3.5;9.3.5 Causative constructions with the verb tok’er-;371
13.4;9.4 Partial reduplication;372
13.5;9.5 Repetition;372
13.5.1;9.5.1 Repetition in independent main clauses;372
13.5.2;9.5.2 Repetition in adverbial clauses;375
14;10 Adverbs;378
14.1;10.1 Introduction;378
14.2;10.2 Spatial adverbs;378
14.2.1;10.2.1 Spatial adverbs with opaque origin;378
14.2.1.1;10.2.1.1 wili ‘in Georgia’;378
14.2.1.2;10.2.1.2 idu ‘(at) home’;379
14.2.1.3;10.2.1.3 q’idi ‘down’;379
14.2.1.4;10.2.1.4 tošid, šidhor(er) ‘up’;380
14.2.1.5;10.2.1.5 toho ‘there’ and toho-noho ‘everywhere’;380
14.2.1.6;10.2.1.6 meqi ‘far, further, away’;381
14.2.1.7;10.2.1.7 bito(ho) ‘away, there’ and bito-dino ‘here and there’;381
14.2.2;10.2.2 Spatial adverbs that correspond to postpositions;382
14.2.2.1;10.2.2.1 te. ‘inside’;383
14.2.2.2;10.2.2.2 ge. ‘down, below’;383
14.2.2.3;10.2.2.3 ge. ‘down’, ‘below’;383
14.2.2.4;10.2.2.4 .’ere ‘up’;384
14.2.2.5;10.2.2.5 sot’i ‘around’; aldo.o ‘back’; hezzor ‘back’;384
14.2.2.6;10.2.2.6 purho/pure. ‘next’;384
14.2.2.7;10.2.2.7 .’iyo ‘down’;384
14.2.2.8;10.2.2.8 igo ‘near’;385
14.2.2.9;10.2.2.9 hezzor ‘back’;385
14.2.2.10;10.2.2.10 dandir ‘towards’;385
14.2.2.11;10.2.2.11 -o..o ‘in the middle’;385
14.2.2.12;10.2.2.12 .’oq’ war ‘against, towards, in front of’;386
14.2.3;10.2.3 Spatial adverbs from nominals;386
14.2.3.1;10.2.3.1 Spatial adverbs based on inflected nouns;386
14.2.3.2;10.2.3.2 Spatial adverbs derived from nouns;388
14.2.4;10.2.4 Spatial adverbs derived from verbs;389
14.2.5;10.2.5 Spatial adverbs derived from adjectives;389
14.2.6;10.2.6 Spatial adverbs based on demonstrative pronouns;390
14.2.6.1;10.2.6.1 Proximate location ‘here’;391
14.2.6.2;10.2.6.2 Distant location ‘there’;392
14.2.7;10.2.7 Indefinite spatial adverbs;393
14.3;10.3 Temporal adverbs and other temporal expressions;394
14.3.1;10.3.1 Time-of-day adverbs;395
14.3.2;10.3.2 Clock;395
14.3.3;10.3.3 Days of the week and names for months;396
14.3.4;10.3.4 Seasonal adverbs;397
14.3.5;10.3.5 Dates;397
14.3.6;10.3.6 Time spans;398
14.3.7;10.3.7 Deictic temporal adverbs;400
14.3.8;10.3.8 Frequency;401
14.3.9;10.3.9 Time intervals;401
14.4;10.4 Manner adverbs;402
14.4.1;10.4.1 Various native manner adverbs;402
14.4.2;10.4.2 Manner adverbs derived from demonstrative pronouns;403
14.4.3;10.4.3 Borrowed manner adverbs;404
14.4.4;10.4.4 Quantity and degree adverbs;404
14.5;10.5 Formation and borrowing of adverbs;405
15;11 Postpositions;409
15.1;11.1 Introduction;409
15.2;11.2 Spatial postpositions;411
15.2.1;11.2.1 te. ‘in(side)’;413
15.2.2;11.2.2 ge./ge. ‘under’;414
15.2.3;11.2.3 .’ere ‘on’;415
15.2.4;11.2.4 sot’i ‘around’;415
15.2.5;11.2.5 purho/pure. ‘next to, on the side’;416
15.2.6;11.2.6 igo ‘near’;416
15.2.7;11.2.7 hezzo ‘behind’;417
15.2.8;11.2.8 aldo.o ‘in front of’;418
15.2.9;11.2.9 dandi ‘towards, against’;418
15.2.10;11.2.10 .’ woq’ar ‘in front of, towards’;419
15.2.11;11.2.11 -o..o ‘in the middle of, between’;420
15.3;11.3 Non-spatial postpositions;421
15.3.1;11.3.1 aldo.o ‘ago’;421
15.3.2;11.3.2 req ’un/req’udin ‘accordingly to’;422
15.3.3;11.3.3 .olo ‘because of’;422
15.3.4;11.3.4 sabab.un/sabaw.un ‘because of’;422
15.3.5;11.3.5 q’wec’e/q’oc’e ‘with’;423
15.3.6;11.3.6 sadaq/cadaq ‘with’;423
15.4;11.4 Expressions that serve as postpositions;424
15.4.1;11.4.1 gosme ‘without’;424
15.4.2;11.4.2 xecen ‘except’;425
15.4.3;11.4.3 moca: ‘instead’;425
16;12 Numerals and other quantifiers;426
16.1;12.1 Introduction;426
16.2;12.2 Cardinal numerals;426
16.3;12.3 Fractions;431
16.4;12.4 Other numeral expressions;432
16.5;12.5 Ordinal numerals;433
16.6;12.6 Collective numerals;436
16.7;12.7 Multiplicative numerals;437
16.8;12.8 Distributive numerals;438
16.9;12.9 Other quantifiers;440
16.9.1;12.9.1 The universal quantifiers sadaq and c ’ek’k’u ‘all’;440
16.9.2;12.9.2 The universal quantifiers šibaw/šinaw/šinab and žiw-žiw ‘every’;442
16.9.3;12.9.3 The quantifier -o..oku ‘half’;443
17;13 Minor parts of speech;444
17.1;13.1 Enclitics;444
17.1.1;13.1.1 Enclitics manipulating the information structure;445
17.1.1.1;13.1.1.1 The enclitics =gozo/=gon/=gozon;445
17.1.1.2;13.1.1.2 The Emphatic enclitic =tow;451
17.1.1.3;13.1.1.3 The Emphatic enclitic =co;455
17.1.1.4;13.1.1.4 The enclitic =.e;456
17.1.1.5;13.1.1.5 The Emphatic enclitic =xa;457
17.1.1.6;13.1.1.6 The enclitic expressing doubt =m;459
17.1.2;13.1.2 Enclitics with grammatical function;460
17.1.2.1;13.1.2.1 Interrogative enclitics and suffixes;460
17.1.2.2;13.1.2.2 The Equative enclitic =ce;462
17.1.2.3;13.1.2.3 The suffix -ci;463
17.1.2.4;13.1.2.4 The enclitic =.un;464
17.1.2.5;13.1.2.5 The Vocative suffix -yu;465
17.1.2.6;13.1.2.6 The Quotative enclitic =.en;466
17.1.2.7;13.1.2.7 The Abstract suffix -.i;467
17.1.2.8;13.1.2.8 The suffix -li;470
17.1.2.9;13.1.2.9 The Attributive suffix -ni;471
17.1.2.10;13.1.2.10 The Purposive suffix -.i;472
17.1.3;13.1.3 Multifunctional enclitics;473
17.1.3.1;13.1.3.1 The enclitic =qen;473
17.1.3.2;13.1.3.2 The enclitic/suffix -.a;475
17.1.3.3;13.1.3.3 The Coordinative enclitic =n;477
17.2;13.2 Particles and conjunctions;483
17.2.1;13.2.1 General remarks on particles and conjunctions;483
17.2.2;13.2.2 The particle demu;483
17.3;13.3 Interjections and exclamations;484
18;14 Names for places and people(s);488
19;15 Agreement;495
19.1;15.1 Introduction;495
19.2;15.2 Gender and number agreement;495
19.2.1;15.2.1 Introduction;495
19.2.2;15.2.2 Gender/number agreement in noun phrases;495
19.2.3;15.2.3 Gender/number agreement of adverbs, postpositions;497
19.2.4;15.2.4 Gender/number agreement of verbs in the clause;498
19.2.5;15.2.5 Unspecified agreement;500
19.2.6;15.2.6 Agreement resolution in conjoined noun phrases;502
19.2.6.1;15.2.6.1 Human plus human;502
19.2.6.2;15.2.6.2 Non-human plus non-human;503
19.2.6.3;15.2.6.3 Human plus non-human;504
19.3;15.3 Case agreement;505
20;16 Verb valency, simple clause types, and grammatical roles;507
20.1;16.1 Introduction;507
20.2;16.2 Intransitive verbs;509
20.3;16.3 Extended intransitive verbs;510
20.3.1;16.3.1 Extended intransitive verbs with AT-Essive arguments;510
20.3.2;16.3.2 Extended intransitive verbs with SPR-Essive arguments;511
20.3.3;16.3.3 Extended intransitive verbs with other spatial adjuncts or arguments;512
20.3.4;16.3.4 Extended intransitive verbs with Dative arguments;513
20.4;16.4 Experiencer verbs;513
20.5;16.5 Canonical transitive verbs;515
20.6;16.6 Extended transitive verbs;516
20.6.1;16.6.1 Standard ditransitive verbs;516
20.6.2;16.6.2 Extended transitive verbs with AT-Essive or AT-Lative arguments;518
20.6.3;16.6.3 Extended transitive verbs with addressees;520
20.6.4;16.6.4 Extended transitive verbs with Dative arguments;522
20.6.5;16.6.5 Extended transitive verbs with other spatial adjuncts or arguments;522
20.7;16.7 Verbs with four arguments;523
20.8;16.8 Labile verbs;524
20.9;16.9 Some remarks on grammatical roles in Hinuq;527
21;17 Non-canonical agent constructions;530
21.1;17.1 Introduction;530
21.2;17.2 Potential constructions;531
21.2.1;17.2.1 Potential constructions with derived verbs;531
21.2.2;17.2.2 Potential constructions with simple intransitive verbs;533
21.3;17.3 Involuntary agent constructions;534
21.4;17.4 Exterior force;536
21.5;17.5 Inchoative and causative verb pairs;536
21.6;17.6 Causative morphology without additional arguments;538
21.7;17.7 Causative constructions;539
21.7.1;17.7.1 Introduction;539
21.7.2;17.7.2 Periphrastic causative constructions;539
21.7.3;17.7.3 Simple causative constructions by means of derivation, compounding, and serial verbs;540
21.7.3.1;17.7.3.1 The basic verb is intransitive;540
21.7.3.2;17.7.3.2 The basic verb is transitive;542
21.7.3.3;17.7.3.3 The basic verb is an experiencer verb;544
21.7.3.4;17.7.3.4 The basic verb is ditransitive;545
21.7.3.5;17.7.3.5 The basic verb is labile;546
21.7.4;17.7.4 Double causative constructions;547
21.7.4.1;17.7.4.1 Double causative constructions derived from intransitive verbs;548
21.7.4.2;17.7.4.2 Double causative constructions derived from transitive verbs;548
21.8;17.8 Summary of non-canonical agent constructions making use of the AT-Essive;550
21.9;17.9 The antipassive construction;551
21.10;17.10 Biabsolutive constructions;554
21.10.1;17.10.1 Three types of biabsolutive constructions;555
21.10.2;17.10.2 Constraints in the biabsolutive construction;555
21.10.3;17.10.3 Analyzing the biabsolutive construction;560
22;18 Copula clauses;562
22.1;18.1 Introduction;562
22.2;18.2 Copula clauses with adjectival and participial predicates;562
22.3;18.3 Copula clauses with nominal predicates;563
22.3.1;18.3.1 The predicate is in the Absolutive;563
22.3.2;18.3.2 The predicate is in an oblique case;564
22.4;18.4 Existential copula clauses;565
22.5;18.5 Locative copula clauses;565
22.6;18.6 Possessive copula clauses;566
22.7;18.7 Subjectless copula clauses;567
22.8;18.8 Copula constructions without a copula;567
22.9;18.9 Other verbs used in copula-clauses;568
23;19 Coordination;571
23.1;19.1 Introduction;571
23.2;19.2 Coordination of words and phrases;571
23.2.1;19.2.1 Conjunctive coordination of words and phrases;571
23.2.2;19.2.2 Disjunctive coordination of words and phrases;573
23.3;19.3 Coordination of clauses;575
23.3.1;19.3.1 Conjunctive coordination of clauses;575
23.3.2;19.3.2 Disjunctive coordination of clauses;576
23.3.3;19.3.3 Other conjunctions used in clause coordination;578
23.3.4;19.3.4 Coreference in clause coordination;579
24;20 Relative clauses;583
24.1;20.1 Introduction;583
24.2;20.2 Relative clauses with a nucleus;584
24.2.1;20.2.1 Properties of the nucleus;584
24.2.1.1;20.2.1.1 The nature of the nucleus and possibilities for its realization;584
24.2.1.2;20.2.1.2 Functions of the nucleus;585
24.2.1.3;20.2.1.3 Functions of the nucleus in its clause;594
24.2.2;20.2.2 Properties of the relative clause;598
24.2.2.1;20.2.2.1 Formal properties of relative clauses;598
24.2.2.2;20.2.2.2 Semantics of relative clauses;598
24.2.2.3;20.2.2.3 Position of relative clauses;599
24.2.2.4;20.2.2.4 Relative clauses in relation to other nominal modifiers;600
24.2.3;20.2.3 Relative clauses built with other participles;601
24.3;20.3 Relative clauses without a nucleus;604
24.4;20.4 Infinitival relatives;605
25;21 Adverbial clauses;606
25.1;21.1 Introduction;606
25.2;21.2 Coreference and control;606
25.2.1;21.2.1 Coreference and pragmatic connectedness;606
25.2.2;21.2.2 Coreference by means of zero arguments;608
25.2.3;21.2.3 Coreference and overt arguments;609
25.3;21.3 Scope properties;613
25.3.1;21.3.1 Tense and evidentiality;613
25.3.2;21.3.2 The scope of pragmatic operators;615
25.3.3;21.3.3 Illocutionary force: Questions and imperatives;615
25.4;21.4 Word order and extraction;617
25.5;21.5 The syntactic nature of adverbial clauses;620
26;22 Complement clauses;622
26.1;22.1 Introduction;622
26.2;22.2 Complementation strategies;624
26.2.1;22.2.1 Zero strategy;624
26.2.2;22.2.2 Infinitive and Purposive converb;630
26.2.2.1;22.2.2.1 Introduction;630
26.2.2.2;22.2.2.2 Liking and fearing verbs;631
26.2.2.3;22.2.2.3 Modal verbs;633
26.2.2.4;22.2.2.4 Propositional attitude and commentative verbs plus two verbs of knowledge;635
26.2.2.5;22.2.2.5 Manipulative verbs;637
26.2.2.6;22.2.2.6 Phasal verbs;638
26.2.2.7;22.2.2.7 Other verbs;639
26.2.3;22.2.3 The Abstract suffix;640
26.2.3.1;22.2.3.1 Introduction;640
26.2.3.2;22.2.3.2 Verbs of knowledge and understanding;640
26.2.3.3;22.2.3.3 Perception verbs;642
26.2.3.4;22.2.3.4 A few other verbs;643
26.2.4;22.2.4 The Quotative enclitic;644
26.2.4.1;22.2.4.1 Introduction;644
26.2.4.2;22.2.4.2 Verbs of speech;645
26.2.4.3;22.2.4.3 Propositional attitude verbs;646
26.2.4.4;22.2.4.4 Verbs of knowledge and verbs of acquisition of knowledge;647
26.2.4.5;22.2.4.5 Liking and fearing verbs;648
26.2.4.6;22.2.4.6 Achievement verbs;648
26.2.4.7;22.2.4.7 Purpose clauses with the Quotative enclitic;649
26.2.5;22.2.5 The Past participle in complement clauses;651
26.2.6;22.2.6 The Masdar in complement clauses;652
26.2.7;22.2.7 The Narrative converb in complement clauses;653
26.2.8;22.2.8 Clause union;653
26.3;22.3 Agreement in complement clauses;658
26.3.1;22.3.1 Introduction;658
26.3.2;22.3.2 Long distance agreement;660
26.3.2.1;22.3.2.1 Biclausality of long distance agreement;662
26.3.2.2;22.3.2.2 Pragmatics of long distance agreement;666
26.4;22.4 Coreference and control;671
26.4.1;22.4.1 Introduction;671
26.4.2;22.4.2 Obligatory control and non-obligatory coreference;671
26.4.3;22.4.3 Which constituents can be controllers?;672
26.4.4;22.4.4 Which constituents can be controllees?;674
26.4.5;22.4.5 Devices for indicating control;676
26.4.6;22.4.6 Obligatory control and Equi-deletion;677
26.5;22.5 Summary of agreement and case assignment in complements;680
26.6;22.6 Complement-taking adjectives, adverbs, and nouns;681
27;23 Reported speech;684
27.1;23.1 Introduction;684
27.2;23.2 Reported speech by juxtaposition;684
27.3;23.3 Reported speech with the Quotative enclitic;685
27.3.1;23.3.1 Introduction;685
27.3.2;23.3.2 Reported speech without a verb of speech;687
27.3.3;23.3.3 The use of the Quotative enclitic in combination with a verb of speech;687
27.3.4;23.3.4 The use of the Quotative enclitic together with e.in and an additional verb of speech;688
27.4;23.4 General characteristics of reported speech constructions;689
27.5;23.5 Syntactic status of the quote;691
27.6;23.6 Deictic shift with reflexive pronouns;692
28;24 Reflexivization and reciprocalization;697
28.1;24.1 Reflexivization;697
28.1.1;24.1.1 Introduction;697
28.1.2;24.1.2 Local reflexivization;698
28.1.2.1;24.1.2.1 Status of the antecedent;698
28.1.2.2;24.1.2.2 Status of the reflexive;700
28.1.2.3;24.1.2.3 Object control of possessors;702
28.1.2.4;24.1.2.4 Word order and reversal of roles;703
28.1.2.5;24.1.2.5 Ambiguity with two possible antecedents;706
28.1.2.6;24.1.2.6 Reflexive pronouns in the local domain;707
28.1.3;24.1.3 The emphatic use of reflexive pronouns;711
28.1.4;24.1.4 Long distance reflexivization;712
28.1.4.1;24.1.4.1 Logophoric reflexivization;712
28.1.4.2;24.1.4.2 Long-distance reflexivization in complement clauses;713
28.1.4.3;24.1.4.3 Long-distance reflexivization in adverbial clauses;716
28.1.4.4;24.1.4.4 Long-distance reflexivization in relative clauses;718
28.1.4.5;24.1.4.5 Reflexive pronouns across sentences;720
28.1.5;24.1.5 Reflexivization of first and second persons;721
28.2;24.2 Reciprocalization;722
29;25 Serial verb constructions;729
29.1;25.1 Introduction;729
29.2;25.2 Types of serial verb constructions;730
29.2.1;25.2.1 The valency frame inherited from the first verb;730
29.2.2;25.2.2 The valency frame inherited from the second verb;731
29.2.3;25.2.3 Two verbs with the same valency frame;731
29.2.4;25.2.4 Serial verb constructions with nonsense verbs;732
29.2.5;25.2.5 Causative serial verb constructions;733
29.3;25.3 Syntactic properties of serial verb constructions;734
29.4;25.4 Narrative converb clauses and serial verb constructions;738
30;26 Other minor constructions;740
30.1;26.1 Comparative constructions;740
30.1.1;26.1.1 Expressing inequality with the ALOC-Lative;740
30.1.1.1;26.1.1.1 Standard comparative constructions;740
30.1.1.2;26.1.1.2 Non-canonical comparative constructions;743
30.1.1.3;26.1.1.3 Ambiguity resolving in comparison;746
30.1.2;26.1.2 Superlative constructions;747
30.1.3;26.1.3 Comparative constructions with other degree adverbs;748
30.1.4;26.1.4 The Equative enclitic =ce;750
30.1.5;26.1.5 The equative adverbial -i.i;752
30.2;26.2 Partitive constructions;754
30.3;26.3 Substitutive constructions;755
30.4;26.4 Appositional phrases;758
31;27 Word order;762
31.1;27.1 Introduction;762
31.2;27.2 Word order in the noun phrase and in the postpositional phrase;762
31.2.1;27.2.1 Scope properties in noun phrases with two modifiers;763
31.2.2;27.2.2 Word order in the Genitive phrase;764
31.2.3;27.2.3 The position of the relative clause;767
31.2.4;27.2.4 Uncommon word orders;768
31.3;27.3 Word order at the clause level;770
31.3.1;27.3.1 Main clauses;770
31.3.2;27.3.2 Subordinate clauses;772
32;28 Questions;774
32.1;28.1 Introduction;774
32.2;28.2 Polar questions;774
32.3;28.3 WH-questions;779
32.4;28.4 Subordinate questions and questions in reported speech;784
32.5;28.5 Rebuttals and affirmations;786
33;29 Information structure;788
33.1;29.1 Introduction;788
33.2;29.2 Word order in declarative main clauses;788
33.2.1;29.2.1 Unmarked word orders;789
33.2.2;29.2.2 Patient focus;789
33.2.3;29.2.3 Topicalizing the patient;791
33.2.4;29.2.4 Right dislocation;792
33.2.5;29.2.5 Clause-initial position of the verbal complex;793
33.2.6;29.2.6 Heavy constituents in clause final position;794
33.2.7;29.2.7 Dislocating the auxiliary;795
33.2.7.1;29.2.7.1 Focus and contrastive focus;795
33.2.7.2;29.2.7.2 Dislocated auxiliaries as topicalizing devices;797
33.2.8;29.2.8 Sentence-focus structure (thetic sentences);798
33.2.8.1;29.2.8.1 Event-reporting and impersonal sentences;798
33.2.8.2;29.2.8.2 Presentational and existential sentences;798
33.3;29.3 The information structure of interrogative clauses;799
33.3.1;29.3.1 WH-questions;800
33.3.2;29.3.2 Polar questions;802
33.3.3;29.3.3 Argument focus in question-answer pairs;802
33.4;29.4 Other means of manipulating the information structure;805
34;30 A Hinuq text;807
35;Appendix;837
35.1;31.1 Orthographical conventions;837
35.2;31.2 Index of affixes and enclitics;838
35.2.1;31.2.1 Prefixes;838
35.2.2;31.2.2 Suffixes and enclitics (including all allomorphs);839
35.2.3;31.2.3 Derivational suffixes that are not glossed;842
36;Bibliography;844
37;Index;854
