Frajzyngier A Grammar of Wandala

1. Auflage 2012
ISBN: 978-3-11-021841-1
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, Band 47, 736 Seiten, Gewicht: 10 g

Reihe: Mouton Grammar Library [MGL]ISSN

Wandala is a hitherto undescribed Central Chadic language spoken in Northern Cameroon and Northeastern Nigeria. The Grammar of Wandala describes, in a non-aprioristic approach, phonology, morphology, syntax, and all functional domains grammaticalized in the language. The grammatical structure of Wandala is quite different from the structure of other Chadic languages described thus far in both the formal means and the functions that have been grammaticalized. The grammar provides proofs for the postulated hypotheses concerning forms and functions. The grammar is written in a style accessible to linguists working within different theoretical frameworks.The phonology is characterized by a rich consonantal system, a three vowel system, and a two tone system. The language has abundant vowel insertion rules and a vowel harmony system. Vowel deletion marks phrase-internal position, and vowel-insertion marks phrase-final position. The two rules allow the parsing of the clause into constituents. The language has three types of reduplication of verbs, two of which code aspectual and modal distinctions. The negative paradigms of verbs differ from affirmative paradigms in the coding of subject.The pronominal affixes and extensive system of verbal extensions code the grammatical and semantic relations within the clause. Wandala has unusual clausal structure, in that in a pragmatically neutral verbal clause, there is only one nominal argument, either the subject or the object. These arguments can follow a variety of constituents. The grammatical role of that argument is coded by inflectional markers on the verb and most interestingly, on whatever lexical or grammatical morpheme precedes the constituent. The markers of grammatical relations added to verbs are different for different classes of verbs.

Zielgruppe

Research Libraries; Reasearchers and Advanced Students of Linguis

Autoren/Hrsg.

Frajzyngier, Zygmunt

Fachgebiete

• Geisteswissenschaften Sprachwissenschaft Grammatik, Syntax, Morphologie
• Geisteswissenschaften Sprachwissenschaft Einzelne Sprachen & Sprachfamilien

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Acknowledgments;5
2;Abbreviations and typographical conventions;15
3;Chapter 1. Introduction;17
3.1;1. Names, speakers, places, and classification;17
3.2;2. Dialect variations;21
3.3;3. Scholarship on the language;22
3.4;4. The aim, scope, and theoretical approach;23
3.5;5. The importance of Wandala;23
3.6;6. An outline of the grammar of Wandala;26
3.7;7. The sources and the nature of the data;38
4;Chapter 2. Phonology;40
4.1;1. The aim of the chapter;40
4.2;2. Consonantal system;40
4.3;3. Phonotactics of consonants;52
4.4;4. Vowel system;56
4.5;5. Underlying a;58
4.6;6. Underlying i;60
4.7;7. Underlying u;61
4.8;8. The status of the vowel e;63
4.9;9. Syllable structure;66
4.10;10. Vowel epenthesis;69
4.11;11. Phonotactics of vowels;77
4.12;12. Tone;83
4.13;13. Conclusions;92
5;Chapter 3. Morphological marking of syntactic organization;93
5.1;1. Introduction;93
5.2;2. A phonological explanation of the root form;94
5.3;3. A phonological explanation of the root + a form;95
5.4;4. Hypothesis;96
5.5;5. Syntactic environments of the root form;97
5.6;6. Syntactic environments of the root + a form;106
5.7;7. The functions of the word-final vowel e;113
5.8;8. Conclusions;113
6;Chapter 4. Lexical categories and morphological processes;114
6.1;1. Introduction;114
6.2;2. Verbs;114
6.3;3. Nouns;115
6.4;4. Number;120
6.5;5. Gender;122
6.6;6. Independent pronouns;123
6.7;7. Adjectives;124
6.8;8. Numerals;129
6.9;9. Adverbs;131
6.10;10. The locative predicator;131
6.11;11. Prepositions;132
6.12;12. Intensifiers;134
6.13;13. Ideophones;134
6.14;14. Complementizers and subordinating particles;135
6.15;15. Morphological processes;135
6.16;16. Conclusions;136
7;Chapter 5. Noun phrase;137
7.1;1. Introduction;137
7.2;2. Noun phrases consisting of just one constituent;137
7.3;3. Modification by a noun;138
7.4;4. Modification by adjectives;149
7.5;5. Modification by numerals;151
7.6;6. Modification by quantifiers;153
7.7;7. The quantifier rà ‘any’;156
7.8;8. Delimiters;156
7.9;9. Modification by determiners;156
7.10;10. Verbal modification of an agentive noun;158
7.11;11. Verbal modification of a non-agentive noun;159
7.12;12. Modification by a clause;159
7.13;13. Conjoined noun phrases;160
7.14;14. Conclusions;164
8;Chapter 6. Verbal roots and stems;165
8.1;1. Introduction;165
8.2;2. The underlying form of the verb;165
8.3;3. The initial vowel of the phonetic forms of the verb;166
8.4;4. Internal vowels of the verb;168
8.5;5. The tone of the verb;174
8.6;6. Verbal plurality;175
8.7;7. Verbal nouns;181
8.8;8. The imperfective stem;187
8.9;9. Reduplication of the type R1(Pro)R2;192
8.10;10. Conclusions;195
9;Chapter 7. Grammatical relations;196
9.1;1. Means and terms;196
9.2;2. Subject pronouns;197
9.3;3. Object pronouns;200
9.4;4. Coding of nominal arguments;208
9.5;5. Distinguishing between arguments that do not follow the verb;223
9.6;6. Possessive subject pronouns;224
9.7;7. Grammatical and semantic relations with the R1ProR2 form;230
9.8;8. Coding the definiteness of the object;232
9.9;9. The indirect object;233
9.10;10. Coding grammatical relations in argument fronting;245
9.11;11. The coreferentiality of the subject and the addressee of the verb of saying;247
9.12;12. Conclusions;248
10;Chapter 8. Verbal extensions and semantic relations;250
10.1;1. Introduction;250
10.2;2. The applicative extension v;250
10.3;3. The ventive extension w;264
10.4;4. The reverse extension lí;272
10.5;5. The collective extension;273
10.6;6. The goal extension á;276
10.7;7. The role-changing extension ar ‘ON’;289
10.8;8. Conclusions;292
11;Chapter 9. Locative extensions;294
11.1;1. Introduction;294
11.2;2. The inner-space extension m ‘in’;295
11.3;3. The target extension t;297
11.4;4. The source-oriented extension s;307
11.5;5. Conclusions;312
12;Chapter 10. Locative predication;313
12.1;1. The components of locative predication;313
12.2;2. Inherently locative predicates;313
12.3;3. Locative predicator;316
12.4;4. Inherently locative complements;318
12.5;5. Coding the directionality of movement;320
12.6;6. [+human] nouns in directional locative predication;322
12.7;7. Stative locative predication;323
12.8;8. Prepositions and spatial specifiers;324
12.9;9. The parameters of manner and directionality of movement;329
12.10;10. Coding altrilocality;330
12.11;11. Conclusions;331
13;Chapter 11. Verbless predications;333
13.1;1. Introduction;333
13.2;2. Verbless locative predication;333
13.3;3. Equational predication;334
13.4;4. Property predication;338
13.5;5. Nonspecific predication;340
13.6;6. Existential predication;340
13.7;7. Possessive predication;345
13.8;8. Conclusions;346
14;Chapter 12. Adjunct phrases;347
14.1;1. Introduction;347
14.2;2. Destinative;347
14.3;3. Associative;349
14.4;4. Adjuncts of time;353
14.5;5. Other adverbs;358
14.6;6. Derived adverbs;360
14.7;7. Adjunct of reason;364
14.8;8. Comparative constructions;364
14.9;9. Conclusions;367
15;Chapter 13. Aspect;368
15.1;1. An outline of the system;368
15.2;2. The perfective aspect;369
15.3;3. The imperfective aspect;375
15.4;4. The function of the imperfective Pro R1R2 form;381
15.5;5. The backgrounding and comment clause aspect;382
15.6;6. The punctual aspect;392
15.7;7. The progressive aspect;399
15.8;8. The inceptive aspect;401
15.9;9. The stative aspect;402
15.10;10. Conclusions;405
16;Chapter 14. Tense;406
16.1;1. Introduction;406
16.2;2. The present tense;406
16.3;3. The future tense;409
16.4;4. The past tense;414
16.5;5. Conclusions;417
17;Chapter 15. Mood;418
17.1;1. Introduction;418
17.2;2. Epistemic modality;418
17.3;3. The imperative;422
17.4;4. The obligative;430
17.5;5. The mood of obligation through the predicator á;435
17.6;6. Deontic adverbs;435
17.7;7. Conclusions;435
18;Chapter 16. Negation;437
18.1;1. Introduction;437
18.2;2. Negation of verbless clauses;437
18.3;3. The forms of the negative marker kà;438
18.4;4. Aspectual and tense distinctions in negation;439
18.5;5. Evidence for the functions of the two aspects in the negative;444
18.6;6. Nominal arguments in negative clauses;448
18.7;7. Negation and questions;450
18.8;8. The intensifier of negation: the marker tà;450
18.9;9. Negation with the negative existential form;451
18.10;10. The prohibitive;452
18.11;11. Conclusions;454
19;Chapter 17. Interrogative;455
19.1;1. Introduction;455
19.2;2. Polar questions;455
19.3;3. Asking for the confirmation of an assumption;459
19.4;4. Content questions;459
19.5;5. Focus on the subject in content questions;468
19.6;6. Questions about the object of the verb of saying;470
19.7;7. Questions about manner;471
19.8;8. Questions about reason;473
19.9;9. Questions about place;475
19.10;10. Questions about time;475
19.11;11. Conclusions;475
20;Chapter 18. Comment clause;477
20.1;1. Introduction;477
20.2;2. Functions of the comment clause;479
20.3;3. Conclusions;494
21;Chapter 19. Topicalization;495
21.1;1. Introduction;495
21.2;2. The formal means of topicalization;495
21.3;3. Topicalization through the determiner w;498
21.4;4. Topicalization of the subject;498
21.5;5. Topicalization of the object;500
21.6;6. Topicalization of the content of a verbs of saying;503
21.7;7. Topicalization of the adjunct;504
21.8;8. Topicalization of a proposition;504
21.9;9. Conclusions;505
22;Chapter 20. Focus;506
22.1;1. Introduction;506
22.2;2. Focus on truth in equational clauses;506
22.3;3. Focus on the subject;507
22.4;4. Focus on the object;508
22.5;5. Focus on adjuncts;510
22.6;6. Focus within the topic;511
22.7;7. Focus on the predicate;512
22.8;8. Focus on the proposition;513
22.9;9. Focus within a noun phrase;513
22.10;10. Contrastive focus;514
22.11;11. Conclusions;521
23;Chapter 21. Reference system;522
23.1;1. Introduction;522
23.2;2. No overt coding of the object;523
23.3;3. Deixis;523
23.4;4. Reference to the speaker;533
23.5;5. Reference to the third person;536
23.6;6. Reference to an indefinite entity;537
23.7;7. Nouns without determiners: first and subsequent mentions;541
23.8;8. Previous mention;543
23.9;9. Deduced reference;548
23.10;10. Locative anaphora;551
23.11;11. Indefiniteness;552
23.12;12. Coding the vocative;554
23.13;13. Switch reference;556
23.14;14. Conclusions;561
24;Chapter 22. Paratactic and sequential clauses;562
24.1;1. Introduction;562
24.2;2. Asyndetic paratactic constructions;562
24.3;3. Counter-expectation;564
24.4;4. Coordinated clauses;565
24.5;5. Disjunctive clauses;566
24.6;6. The conjunction má;567
24.7;7. The sequential apodosis form nábà;568
24.8;8. The sequential protasis;571
24.9;9. Conclusions;574
25;Chapter 23. Complementation;575
25.1;1. The formal means;575
25.2;2. Complementizers;575
25.3;3. Complements of verbs of saying;576
25.4;4. Locutionary predication without a verb of saying;581
25.5;5. Direct speech;582
25.6;6. Complementizer nts`;584
25.7;7. Interrogative complements of verbs of saying;584
25.8;8. The imperative in complement clauses;585
25.9;9. Complements of verbs of perception;588
25.10;10. Complements of cognitive verbs;589
25.11;11. Causative construction: complements of the verb fá ‘put’;590
25.12;12. Complements of verbs of ability;591
25.13;13. Complements of volitional verbs;592
25.14;14. Altrilocality;594
25.15;15. Complements of the verbs ‘spend the day/night’;596
25.16;16. Conclusions;597
26;Chapter 24. Conditional and temporal sentences;598
26.1;1. Introduction;598
26.2;2. The conditional protasis;598
26.3;3. Conditio sine qua non;600
26.4;4. The conditional apodosis;600
26.5;5. The conditional with the intensifier;602
26.6;6. The temporal protasis;603
26.7;7. The temporal apodosis;607
26.8;8. Conclusions;610
27;Chapter 25. Adjunct clauses;611
27.1;1. Introduction;611
27.2;2. Purpose clauses;611
27.3;3. Reason clauses;614
27.4;4. Manner clauses;614
27.5;5. Conclusion clauses;615
27.6;6. Conclusions;615
28;Chapter 26. The relative clause;616
28.1;1. The structure of the relative clause;616
28.2;2. The head of the relative clause;616
28.3;3. The de dicto/de re distinction in the relative clause;617
28.4;4. The post-relative marker;618
28.5;5. Relativization of the subject;618
28.6;6. Relativization of the object;620
28.7;7. The determiner of the head;623
28.8;8. The object pronoun after the verb;624
28.9;9. Relativization of the possessor;626
28.10;10. Relativization of the content of verbs of saying;627
28.11;11. Relativization of the associative;627
28.12;12. Relativization of the locative complement;628
28.13;13. Relativization of the time adjunct;628
28.14;14. Tense and aspect in relative clauses;628
28.15;15. Negation in relative clauses;631
28.16;16. Conclusions;632
29;Chapter 27. Discourse characteristics;634
29.1;1. Introduction;634
29.2;2. Backgrounding of information in discourse;634
29.3;3. The presentative function;637
29.4;4. Discourse sequencing;639
29.5;5. The hearer’s acknowledgment;644
29.6;6. Coding an unexpected conclusion;644
29.7;7. Coding hesitation;644
29.8;8. Politeness in rhetorical questions;645
29.9;9. Conclusions;646
30;Chapter 28. Sample texts;647
30.1;1. Introduction;647
30.2;2. Three men and a grain of sesame;648
30.3;3. Marriage among Wandala;662
30.4;4. Dead father’s story;673
30.5;5. Conversation;686
30.6;6. A life’s story;713
31;References;727
32;Index;732

Über Autor(innen)

Zygmunt Frajzyngier, University of Colorado, USA.