Spatial Data Analysis
Buch, Englisch, 720 Seiten, Format (B × H): 155 mm x 231 mm, Gewicht: 1080 g
ISBN: 978-1-119-38598-1
Verlag: Wiley
The definitive guide to bringing accuracy to measurement, updated and supplemented
Adjustment Computations is the classic textbook for spatial information analysis and adjustment computations, providing clear, easy-to-understand instruction backed by real-world practicality. From the basic terms and fundamentals of errors to specific adjustment computations and spatial information analysis, this book covers the methodologies and tools that bring accuracy to surveying, GNSS, GIS, and other spatial technologies. Broad in scope yet rich in detail, the discussion avoids overly-complex theory in favor of practical techniques for students and professionals. This new sixth edition has been updated to align with the latest developments in this rapidly expanding field, and includes new video lessons and updated problems, including worked problems in STATS, MATRIX, ADJUST, and MathCAD.
All measurement produces some amount of error; whether from human mistakes, instrumentation inaccuracy, or environmental features, these errors must be accounted and adjusted for when accuracy is critical. This book describes how errors are identified, analyzed, measured, and corrected, with a focus on least squares adjustment—the most rigorous methodology available. - Apply industry-standard methodologies to error analysis and adjustment
- Translate your skills to the real-world with instruction focused on the practical
- Master the fundamentals as well as specific computations and analysis
- Strengthen your understanding of critical topics on the Fundamentals in Surveying Licensing Exam
As spatial technologies expand in both use and capability, so does our need for professionals who understand how to check and adjust for errors in spatial data. Conceptual knowledge is one thing, but practical skills are what counts when accuracy is at stake; Adjustment Computations provides the real-world training you need to identify, analyze, and correct for potentially crucial errors.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Direct and Indirect Measurements 2
1.3 Measurement Error Sources 2
1.4 Definitions 3
1.5 Precision versus Accuracy 4
1.6 Redundant Observations in Surveying and Their Adjustment 7
1.7 Advantages of Least Squares Adjustment 8
1.8 Overview of the Book 10
Problems 10
2 Observations and Their Analysis 13
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Sample versus Population 13
2.3 Range and Median 14
2.4 Graphical Representation of Data 15
2.5 Numerical Methods of Describing Data 18
2.6 Measures of Central Tendency 18
2.7 Additional Definitions 19
2.8 Alternative Formula for Determining Variance 22
2.9 Numerical Examples 24
2.10 Root Mean Square Error and Mapping Standards 28
2.11 Derivation of the Sample Variance (Bessel’s Correction) 31
2.12 Software 32
Problems 34
Practical Exercises 37
3 Random Error Theory 39
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Theory of Probability 39
3.3 Properties of the Normal Distribution Curve 42
3.4 Standard Normal Distribution Function 44
3.5 Probability of the Standard Error 47
3.6 Uses for Percent Errors 50
3.7 Practical Examples 50
Problems 53
Programming Problems 55
4 Confidence Intervals 57
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 Distributions Used in Sampling Theory 59
4.3 Confidence Interval for the Mean: t Statistic 63
4.4 Testing the Validity of the Confidence Interval 66
4.5 Selecting a Sample Size 67
4.6 Confidence Interval for a Population Variance 68
4.7 Confidence Interval for the Ratio of Two Population Variances 70
4.8 Software 72
Problems 75
5 Statistical Testing 79
5.1 Hypothesis Testing 79
5.2 Systematic Development of a Test 82
5.3 Test of Hypothesis for the Population Mean 84
5.4 Test of Hypothesis for the Population Variance 85
5.5 Test of Hypothesis for the Ratio of Two Population Variances 89
5.6 Software 92
Problems 93
6 Propagation of Random Errors in Indirectly Measured Quantities 97
6.1 Basic Error Propagation Equation 97
6.2 Frequently Encountered Specific Functions 102
6.3 Numerical Examples 103
6.4 Software 107
6.5 Conclusions 109
Problems 109
Practical Exercises 112
7 Error Propagation in Angle and Distance Observations 113
7.1 Introduction 113
7.2 Error Sources in Horizontal Angles 113
7.3 Reading Errors 114
7.4 Pointing Errors 116
7.5 Estimated Pointing and Reading Errors with Total Stations 117
7.6 Target-Centering Errors 118
7.7 Instrument Centering Errors 120
7.8 Effects of Leveling Errors in Angle Observations 123
7.9 Numerical Example of Combined Error Propagation in a Single Horizontal Angle 126
7.10 Using Estimated Errors to Check Angular Misclosure in a Traverse 127
7.11 Errors in Astronomical Observations for Azimuth 130
7.12 Errors in Electronic Distance Observations 135
7.13 Centering Errors When Using Range Poles 136
7.14 Software 137
Problems 138
Programming Problems 141
8 Error Propagation in Traverse Surveys 143
8.1 Introduction 143
8.2 Derivation of Estimated Error in Latitude and Departure 144
8.3 Derivation of Estimated Standard Errors in Course Azimuths 146
8.4 Computing and Analyzing Polygon Traverse Misclosure Errors 146
8.5 Computing and Analyzing Link Traverse Misclosure Errors 152
8.6 Software 156
8.7 Conclusions 157
Problems 157
Programming Problems 161
9 Error Propagation in Elevation Determination 163
9.1 Introduction 163
9.2 Systematic Errors in Differential Leveling 163
9.3 Random Errors in Differential Leveling 166
9.4 Error Propagation in Trigonometric Leveling 171
Problems 174
Programming Problems 177
10 Weights of Observations 179
10.1 Introduction 179
10.2 Weighted Mean 181
10.3 Relationship Between Weights and Standard Errors 183
10.4 Statistics of Weighted Observations 184
10.5 Weights in Angle Observations 185
10.6 Weights in Differential Leveling 186
10.7 Practical Examples 187
Problems 190
11 Principles of Least Squares 193
11.1 Introduction 193
11.2 Fundamental Principle of Least Squares 194
11.3 The Fundamental Principle of Weighted Least Squares 196
11.4 The Stochastic Model 197
11.5 Functional Model 197
11.6 Observation Equations 199
11.7 Systematic Formulation of the Normal Equations 201
11.8 Tabular Formation of the Normal Equations 203
11.9 Using Matrices to Form the Normal Equations 204
11.10 Least Squares Solution of Nonlinear Systems 207
11.11 Least Squares Fit of Points to a Line or Curve 211
11.12 Calibration of an EDM Instrument 214
11.13 Least Squares Adjustment Using Conditional Equations 215
11.14 The Previous Example Using Observation Equations 217
11.15 Software 219
Problems 219
12 Adjustment of Level Nets 225
12.1 Introduction 225
12.2 Observation Equation 225
12.3 Unweighted Example 226
12.4 Weighted Example 229
12.5 Reference Standard Deviation 231
12.6 Another Weighted Adjustment 233
12.7 Software 236
Problems 238
Programming Problems 242
13 Precisions of Indirectly Determined Quantities 245
13.1 Introduction 245
13.2 Development of the Covariance Matrix 245
13.3 Numerical Examples 249
13.4 Standard Deviations of Computed Quantities 250
Problems 254
Programming Problems 256
14 Adjustment of Horizontal Surveys: Trilateration 2
