Buch, Englisch, 560 Seiten, Format (B × H): 174 mm x 252 mm, Gewicht: 1168 g
ISBN: 978-0-471-89964-8
Verlag: Wiley
Das einzige wirklich umfassende Nachschlagewerk zu modernen mikrowellengestützten Kommunikationssystemen! Beiträge führender Experten aus Großbritannien, Italien, Spanien und Griechenland beantworten in diesem 1. Band alle Fragen zu Bauelementen, zur Auslegung von Schaltkreisen und zur Implementation von Subsystemen. Band 1 und 2 dieses Werkes bilden die Basis für einen transeuropäischen MSc Abschluß in Mikrowellenkommunikationstechnik, der gegenwärtig von vier Universitäten im Rahmen des EU SOCRATES Programms entwickelt wird. Band 1 liefert wichtiges Informationsmaterial für die Fernstudiengangvariante dieses Abschlusses.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
List of Contributors xv
Preface xvii
1 Overview 1
I. A. Glover, S. R. Pennock and P. R. Shepherd
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 RF Devices 2
1.3 Signal Transmission and Network Methods 4
1.4 Amplifiers 5
1.5 Mixers 6
1.6 Filters 7
1.7 Oscillators and Frequency Synthesisers 7
2 RF Devices: Characteristics and Modelling 9
A. Suarez and T. Fernandez
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Semiconductor Properties 10
2.2.1 Intrinsic Semiconductors 10
2.2.2 Doped Semiconductors 13
2.2.2.1 N-type doping 13
2.2.2.2 P-type doping 14
2.2.3 Band Model for Semiconductors 14
2.2.4 Carrier Continuity Equation 17
2.3 P-N Junction 18
2.3.1 Thermal Equilibrium 18
2.3.2 Reverse Bias 21
2.3.3 Forward Bias 23
2.3.4 Diode Model 24
2.3.5 Manufacturing 25
2.3.6 Applications of P-N Diodes at Microwave Frequencies 26
2.3.6.1 Amplitude modulators 28
2.3.6.2 Phase shifters 29
2.3.6.3 Frequency multipliers 30
2.4 The Schottky Diode 32
2.4.1 Thermal Equilibrium 32
2.4.2 Reverse Bias 34
2.4.3 Forward Bias 35
2.4.4 Electric Model 36
2.4.5 Manufacturing 37
2.4.6 Applications 37
2.4.6.1 Detectors 38
2.4.6.2 Mixers 39
2.5 PIN Diodes 40
2.5.1 Thermal Equilibrium 40
2.5.2 Reverse Bias 40
2.5.3 Forward Bias 41
2.5.4 Equivalent Circuit 43
2.5.5 Manufacturing 44
2.5.6 Applications 45
2.5.6.1 Switching 45
2.5.6.2 Phase shifting 47
2.5.6.3 Variable attenuation 50
2.5.6.4 Power limiting 50
2.6 Step-Recovery Diodes 51
2.7 Gunn Diodes 52
2.7.1 Self-Oscillations 54
2.7.2 Operating Modes 55
2.7.2.1 Accumulation layer mode 56
2.7.2.2 Transit-time dipole layer mode 56
2.7.2.3 Quenched dipole layer mode 56
2.7.2.4 Limited-space-charge accumulation (LSA) mode 57
2.7.3 Equivalent Circuit 57
2.7.4 Applications 58
2.7.4.1 Negative resistance amplifiers 58
2.7.4.2 Oscillators 59
2.8 IMPATT Diodes 59
2.8.1 Doping Profiles 60
2.8.2 Principle of Operation 60
2.8.3 Device Equations 62
2.8.4 Equivalent Circuit 63
2.9 Transistors 65
2.9.1 Some Preliminary Comments on Transistor Modelling 65
2.9.1.1 Model types 65
2.9.1.2 Small and large signal behaviour 65
2.9.2 GaAs MESFETs 66
2.9.2.1 Current-voltage characteristics 68
2.9.2.2 Capacitance-voltage characteristics 70
2.9.2.3 Small signal equivalent circuit 71
2.9.2.4 Large signal equivalent circuit 74
2.9.2.5 Curtice model 74
2.9.3 HEMTs 75
2.9.3.1 Current-voltage characteristics 76
2.9.3.2 Capacitance-voltage characteristics 78
2.9.3.3 Small signal equivalent circuit 78
2.9.3.4 Large signal equivalent circuit 78
2.9.4 HBTs 80
2.9.4.1 Current-voltage characteristics 84
2.9.4.2 Capacitance-voltage characteristics 84
2.9.4.3 Small signal equivalent circuit 86
2.9.4.4 Large signal equivalent circuit 87
2.10 Problems 88
References 89
3 Signal Transmission, Network Methods and Impedance Matching 91
N. J. McEwan, T. C. Edwards, D. Dernikas and I. A. Glover
3.1 Introduction 91
3.2 Transmission Lines: General Considerations 92
3.2.1 Structural Classification 92
3.2.2 Mode Classes 94
3.3 The Two-Conductor Transmission Line: Revision of Distributed Circuit Theory 95
3.3.1 The Differential Equations and Wave Solutions 96
3.3.2 Characteristic Impedance 98
3.4 Loss, Dispersion, Phase and Group Velocity 99
3.4.1 Phase Velocity 100
3.4.2 Loss 100
3.4.3 Dispersion 101
3.4.4 Group Velocity 102
3.4.5 Frequency Dependence of Line Parameters 105
3.4.5.1 Frequency dependence of G 108
3.4.6 High Frequency Operation 109
3.4.6.1 Lossless approximation 111
3.4.6.2 The telegrapher’s equation and the wave equation 111
3.5 Field Theory Method for Ideal TEM Case 113
3.5.1 Principles of Electromagnetism: Revision 114
3.5.2 The TEM Line 117
3.5.3 The Static Solutions 117
3.5.4 Validity of the Time Varying Solution 119
3.5.5 Features of the TEM Mode 121
3.5.5.1 A useful relationship 122
3.5.6 Picturing the Wave Physically 123
3.6 Microstrip 126
3.6.1 Quasi-TEM Mode and Quasi-Static Parameters 128
3.6.1.1 Fields and static TEM design parameters 128
3.6.1.2 Design aims 129
3.6.1.3 Calculation of microstrip physical width 130
3.6.2 Dispersion and its Accommodation in Design Approaches 132
3.6.3 Frequency Limitations: Surface Waves and Transverse Resonance 135
3.6.4 Loss Mechanisms 137
3.6.5 Discontinuity Models 139
3.6.5.1 The foreshortened open end 139
3.6.5.2 Microstrip vias 141
3.6.5.3 Mitred bends 142
3.6.5.4 The microstrip T-junction 142
3.6.6 Introduction to Filter Construction Using Microstrip 145
3.6.6.1 Microstrip low-pass filters 145
3.6.6.2 Example of low-pass filter design 148
3.7 Coupled Microstrip Lines 148
3.7.1 Theory Using Even and Odd Modes 150
3.7.1.1 Determination of coupled region physical length 156
3.7.1.2 Frequency response of the coupled region 157
3.7.1.3 Coupler directivity 158
3.7.1.4 Coupler compensation by means of lumped capacitors 159
3.7.2 Special Couplers: Lange Couplers, Hybrids and Branch-Line Directional Couplers 161
3.8 Network Methods 163
3.8.1 Revision of z, y, h and ABCD Matrices 164
3.8.2 Definition of Scattering Parameters 166
3.8.3 S-Parameters for One- and Two-Port Networks 168
3.8.4 Advantages of S-Parameters 171
3.8.5 Conversion of S-Parameters into Z-Parameters 171
3.8.6 Non-Equal Complex Source and Load Impedance 174
3.9 Impedance Matching 176
3.9.1 The Smith Chart 176
3.9.2 Matching Using the Smith Chart 182
3.9.2.1 Lumped element matching 182
3.9.2.2 Distributed element matching 187
3.9.2.3 Single stub matching 187
3.9.2.4 Double stub matching 189
3.9.3 Introduction to Broadband Matching 191
3.9.4 Matching Using the Quarter Wavelength Line Transformer 194
3.9.5 Matching Using the Single Section Transformer 194
3.10 Network Analysers 195
3.10.1 Principle of Operation 196
3.10.1.1 The signal source 197
3.10.1.2 The two-port test set 197
3.10.1.3 The receiver 198
3.10.2 Calibration Kits and Principles of Error Correction 198
3.10.3 Transistor Mountings 202
3.10.4 Calibration Approaches 206
3.11 Summary 207
References 208
4 Amplifier Design 209
N. J. McEwan and D. Dernikas
4.1 Introduction 209
4.2 Amplifier Gain Definitions 209
4.2.1 The Transducer Gain 211
4.2.2 The Available Power Gain 212
4.2.3 The Operating Power Gain 213
4.2.4 Is There a Fourth Definition? 213
4.2.5 The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 213
4.2.6 Effect of Load on Input Impedance 216
4.2.7 The Expression for Transducer Gain 218
4.2.8 The Origin of Circle Mappings 221
4.2.9 Gain Circles 222
4.3 Stability 223
4.3.1 Oscillation Conditions 224
4.3.2 Production of Negative Resistance 227
4.3.3 Conditional and Unconditional Stability 228
4.3.4 Stability Circles 229
4.3.5 Numerical Tests for Stability 230
4.3.6 Gain Circles and Further Gain Definitions 231
4.3.7 Design Strategies 237
4.4 Broadband Amplifier Design 239
4.4.1 Compensated Matching Example 240
4.4.2 Fano’s Limits 241
4.4.3 Negative Feedback 243
4.4.4 Balanced Amplifiers 244
4.4.4.1 Principle of operation 245
4.4.4.2 Comments 245
4.4.4.3 Balanced amplifier advantages 246
4.4.4.4 Balanced amplifier disadvantages 246
4.5 Low Noise Amplifier Design 246
4.5.1 Revision of Thermal Noise 246
4.5.2 Noise Temperature and Noise Figure 248
4.5.3 Two-Port Noise as a Four Parameter System 250
4.5.4 The Dependence on Source Impedance 251
4.5.5 Noise Figures Circles 254
4.5.6 Minimum Noise Design 255
4.6 Practical Circuit Considerations 256
4.6.1 High Frequencies Components 256
4.6.1.1 Resistors 256
4.6.1.2 Capacitors 259
4.6.1.3 Capacitor types 261
4.6.1.4 Inductors 263
4.6.2 Small Signal Amplifier Design 267
4.6.2.1 Low-noise amplifier design using CAD software 268
4.6.2.2 Example 269
4.6.3 Design of DC Biasing Circuit for Microwave Bipolar Transistors 272
4.6.3.1 Passive biasing circuits 272
4.6.3.2 Active biasing circuits 274
4.6.4 Design of Biasing Circuits for GaAs FET Transistors 277
4.6.4.1 Passive biasing circuits 277
4.6.4.2 Active biasing circuits 279
4.6.5 Introduction of the Biasing Circuit 279
4.6.5.1 Implementation of the RFC in the bias network 282
4.6.5.2 Low frequency stability 287
4.6.5.3 Source grounding techniques 288
4.7 Computer Aided Design (CAD) 290
4.7.1 The RF CAD Approach 291
4.7.2 Modelling 293
4.7.3 Analysis 296
4.7.3.1 Linear frequency domain analysis 296
4.7.3.2 Non-linear time domain transient analysis 297
4.7.3.3 Non-linear convolution analysis 297
4.7.3.4 Harmonic balance analysis 297
4.7.3.5 Electromagnetic analysis 298
4.7.3.6 Planar electromagnetic simulation 298
4.7.4 Optimisation 298
4.7.4.1 Optimisation search methods 299
4.7.4.2 Error function formulation 300
4.7.5 Further Features of RF CAD Tools 302
4.7.5.1 Schematic capture of circuits 302
4.7.5.2 Layout-based design 302
4.7.5.3 Statistical design of RF circuits 303
Appendix I 306
Appendix II 306
References 310
5 Mixers: Theory and Design 311
L. de la Fuente and A. Tazon
5.1 Introduction 311
5.2 General Properties 311
5.3 Devices for Mixers 313
5.3.1 The Schottky-Barrier Diode 313
5.3.1.1 Non-linear equivalent circuit 313
5.3.1.2 Linear equivalent circuit at an operating point 314
5.3.1.3 Experimental characterization of Schottky diodes 317
5.3.2 Bipolar Transistors 319
5.3.3 Field-Effect Transistors 321
5.4 Non-Linear Analysis 322
5.4.1 Intermodulation Products 323
5.4.2 Application to the Schottky-Barrier Diode 327
5.4.3 Intermodulation Power 327
5.4.4 Linear Approximation 329
5.5 Diode Mixer Theory 331
5.5.1 Linear Analysis: Conversion Matrices 332
5.5.1.1 Conversion matrix of a non-linear resistance/conductance 333
5.5.1.2 Conversion matrix of a non-linear capacitance 335
5.5.1.3 Conversion matrix of a linear resistance 336
5.5.1.4 Conversion matrix of the complete diode 337
5.5.1.5 Conversion matrix of a mixer circuit 337
5.5.1.6 Conversion gain and input/output impedances 338
5.5.2 Large Signal Analysis: Harmonic Balance Simulation 339
5.6 FET Mixers 341
5.6.1 Single-Ended FET Mixers 341
5.6.1.1 Simplified analysis of a single-gate FET mixer 341
5.6.1.2 Large-signal and small-signal analysis of single-gate FET mixers 343
5.6.1.3 Other topologies 346
5.7 Double–Gate FET Mixers 349
5.7.1 IF Amplifier 354
5.7.2 Final Design 355
5.7.3 Mixer Measurements 356
5.8 Single-Balanced FET Mixers 358
5.9 Double-Balanced FET Mixers 359
5.10 Harmonic Mixers 360
5.10.1 Single-Device Harmonic Mixers 362
5.10.2 Balanced Harmonic Mixers 362
5.11 Monolithic Mixers 364
5.11.1 Characteristics of Monolithic Medium 365
5.11.2 Devices 366
5.11.3 Single-Device FET Mixers 366
5.11.4 Single-Balanced FET Mixers 368
5.11.5 Double-Balanced FET Mixers 370
Appendix I 375
Appendix II 375
References 376
6 Filters 379
A. Mediavilla
6.1 Introduction 379
6.2 Filter Fundamentals 379
6.2.1 Two-Port Network Definitions 379
6.2.2 Filter Description 381
6.2.3 Filter Implementation 383
6.2.4 The Low Pass Prototype Filter 383
6.2.5 The Filter Design Process 384
6.2.5.1 Filter simulation 384
6.3 Mathematical Filter Responses 385
6.3.1 The Butterworth Response 385
6.3.2 The Chebyshev Response 386
6.3.3 The Bessel Response 390
6.3.4 The Elliptic Response 390
6.4 Low Pass Prototype Filter Design 393
6.4.1 Calculations for Butterworth Prototype Elements 395
6.4.2 Calculations for Chebyshev Prototype Elements 400
6.4.3 Calculations for Bessel Prototype Elements 404
6.4.4 Calculations for Elliptic Prototype Elements 405
6.5 Filter Impedance and Frequency Scaling 405
6.5.1 Impedance Scaling 405
6.5.2 Frequency Scaling 410
6.5.3 Low Pass to Low Pass Expansion 410
6.5.4 Low Pass to High Pass Transformation 412
6.5.5 Low Pass to Band Pass Transformation 414
6.5.6 Low Pass to Band Stop Transformation 418
6.5.7 Resonant Network Transformations 421
6.6 Elliptic Filter Transformation 423
6.6.1 Low Pass Elliptic Translation 423
6.6.2 High Pass Elliptic Translation 425
6.6.3 Band Pass Elliptic Translation 426
6.6.4 Band Stop Elliptic Translation 426
6.7 Filter Normalisation 429
6.7.1 Low Pass Normalisation 429
6.7.2 High Pass Normalisation 430
6.7.3 Band Pass Normalisation 431
6.7.3.1 Broadband band pass normalisation 432
6.7.3.2 Narrowband band pass normalisation 433
6.7.4 Band Stop Normalisation 435
6.7.4.1 Broadband band stop normalisation 436
6.7.7.2 Narrowband band stop normalisation 438
7 Oscillators, Frequency Synthesisers and PLL Techniques 461
E. Artal, J. P. Pascual and J. Portilla
7.1 Introduction 461
7.2 Solid State Microwave Oscillators 461
7.2.1 Fundamentals 461
7.2.1.1 An IMPATT oscillator 463
7.2.2 Stability of Oscillations 466
7.3 Negative Resistance Diode Oscillators 467
7.3.1 Design Technique Examples 469
7.4 Transistor Oscillators 469
7.4.1 Design Fundamentals of Transistor Oscillators 471
7.4.1.1 Achievement of the negative resistance 472
7.4.1.2 Resonator circuits for transistor oscillators 473
7.4.2 Common Topologies of Transistor Oscillators 475
7.4.2.1 The Colpitts oscillator 476
7.4.2.2 The Clapp oscillator 477
7.4.2.3 The Hartley oscillator 477
7.4.2.4 Other practical topologies of transistor oscillators 478
7.4.2.5 Microwave oscillators using distributed elements 478
7.4.3 Advanced CAD Techniques of Transistor Oscillators 479
7.5 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators 481
7.5.1 Design Fundamentals of Varactor-Tuned Oscillators 481
7.5.2 Some Topologies of Varactor-Tuned Oscillators 482
7.5.2.1 VCO based on the Colpitts topology 482
7.5.2.2 VCO based on the Clapp topology 483
7.5.2.3 Examples of practical topologies of microwave VCOs 483
7.6 Oscillator Characterisation and Testing 484
7.6.1 Frequency 485
7.6.2 Output Power 485
7.6.3 Stability and Noise 485
7.6.3.1 AM and PM noise 486
7.6.4 Pulling and Pushing 488
7.7 Microwave Phase Locked Oscillators 489
7.7.1 PLL Fundamentals 489
7.7.2 PLL Stability 493
7.8 Subsystems for Microwave Phase Locked Oscillators (PLOs) 493
7.8.1 Phase Detectors 494
7.8.1.1 Exclusive-OR gate 495
7.8.1.2 Phase-frequency detectors 496
7.8.2 Loop Filters 501
7.8.3 Mixers and Harmonic Mixers 505
7.8.4 Frequency Multipliers and Dividers 506
7.8.4.1 Dual modulus divider 506
7.8.4.2 Multipliers 508
7.8.5 Synthesiser ICs 508
7.9 Phase Noise 509
7.9.1 Free running and PLO Noise 513
7.9.1.1 Effect of multiplication in phase noise 514
7.9.2 Measuring Phase Noise 514
7.10 Examples of PLOs 514
References 518
Index 519
