Goligorsky Regenerative Nephrology

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-0-12-380929-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 442 Seiten

Progression of chronic diseases in general and chronic kidney disease in particular has been traditionally viewed in the light of various contributors to development of glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial scarring culminating in renal fibrosis. Indeed, this dogma prevailed for decades underscoring experimental attempts to halt fibrotic processes. Breakthrough investigations of the past few years on stem/progenitor cell involvement in organ regeneration caused a conceptual shift in tackling the mechanisms of nephrosclerosis. It has become clear that the rate of progression of chronic kidney disease is the net sum of the opposing trends: degenerative fibrotic processes and regenerative repair mechanisms. The latter part of this equation has been by and large ignored for years and only recently attracted investigative attention. This book revisits the problem of kidney disease by focusing on regenerative mechanisms in renal repair and on the ways these regenerative processes can become subverted by an intrinsic disease process eventuating in its progression. Cutting-edge investigations are summarized by the most experienced international team of experts. - Presents a comprehensive, translational source for all aspects of renal stem cells, tissue regeneration, and stem cell therapies for renal diseases in one reference work. This will ultimately result in time savings for academic, medical and pharma researchers - Experts in the renal stem cell system in kidney repair and regeneration take readers from the bench research to new therapeutic approaches, providing a common language for nephrology researchers, fellows and other stem cell researchers. This enables the discussion of development of stem cells and their use in the repair and regeneration of the kidney

Autoren/Hrsg.

Goligorsky, Michael S.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Regenerative Nephrology;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Dedication;6
5;Contents;8
6;Contributors;12
7;Introduction;14
8;Part I -Phylogeny and Ontogeny of Tissue Regeneration;18
8.1;Chapter 1 Glomerulogenesis and De Novo Nephrogenesis in Medaka Fish: An Evolutionary Approach;20
8.1.1;Introduction;20
8.1.2;Medaka as a Model Animal for Kidney Research;21
8.1.3;Kidney Development in Medaka;22
8.1.4;Kidney Regeneration in Medaka;28
8.1.5;Perspectives;32
8.1.6;Conclusion;33
8.1.7;References;33
8.2;Chapter 2 Renal Organogenesis: Growing a Replacement Kidney In Situ from Transplanted Renal Primordia;36
8.2.1;Introduction;36
8.2.2;Methodology for Organogenesis;37
8.2.3;Renal Organogenesis;40
8.2.4;Alternatives to the Use of Embryonic Kidney Primordianbspto AchievenbspOrganogenesis;46
8.2.5;Current Challenges in the Application of Renal Organogenesis Technology;48
8.2.6;Conclusion;50
8.2.7;References;50
8.3;Chapter 3 Use of Genetic Mouse Models to Study Kidney Regeneration;54
8.3.1;Introduction;55
8.3.2;Genetic Modification In Vivo;55
8.3.3;Development of the Nephron: How Genetic Tools have Enabled Understanding of Nephron Formation;62
8.3.4;Adult Kidney Regeneration: How Genetic Tools have Enabled Understanding of Nephron Regeneration;64
8.3.5;Lessons from Generation of the Kidney: Can We Use Recent Insights and Developmental Tools to Regenerate the Kidney?;79
8.3.6;References;79
9;Part II -Mediators of Regeneration;84
9.1;Chapter 4 Endogenous Anti-inflammatory and Proresolving Lipid Mediators in Renal Disease;86
9.1.1;Introduction;86
9.1.2;Lipid Mediators: Chemical Autacoids in Inflammation and Resolution;89
9.1.3;Lipoxins;89
9.1.4;Proresolving Pathways, Essential Fatty Acids and Resolution Indices;91
9.1.5;Aspirin is Resolution Friendly;91
9.1.6;Statins and Anti-inflammatory Lipid Mediators;94
9.1.7;Lipoxins and Heme Oxygenase-1 System;95
9.1.8;Resolvins are Novel Endogenous Mediators: 18R E-Series and 17R D-Series Resolvins;95
9.1.9;Resolvin and Protectin Biosynthesis;97
9.1.10;Resolvins and Protectins in Disease Models;98
9.1.11;Corneal Damage: Epithelial Wound Healing;100
9.1.12;Renal Inflammation, Resolution and Fibrosis;101
9.1.13;Proresolving Therapeutics: Agonists of Resolution?;103
9.1.14;Conclusion;104
9.1.15;References;104
9.2;Chapter 5 Tissue Protection and Regeneration Aided by Erythropoietin and Erythropoietin-derived Peptides;110
9.2.1;Introduction;110
9.2.2;Tissue Expression of Erythropoietin and the Erythropoietin Receptor;110
9.2.3;Erythropoietin in the Vascular System;111
9.2.4;Erythropoietin and the Kidney;112
9.2.5;Conclusion;115
9.2.6;References;115
9.3;Chapter 6 Mast Cells in Kidney Regeneration;120
9.3.1;Introduction;120
9.3.2;Basic Biology of Mast Cells;121
9.3.3;Model Systems to Study Mast Cell Functions;125
9.3.4;Beneficial Role of Mast Cells in Inflammation;126
9.3.5;Mast Cells as Regulators of Immune and Inflammatory Reactions;127
9.3.6;Inflammation and Kidney Diseases: A Regenerative Perspective;128
9.3.7;Mast Cells in Kidney Disease;129
9.3.8;Positive Actions of Mast Cell Mediators in Kidney Disease;133
9.3.9;Conclusion;137
9.3.10;References;137
9.4;Chapter 7 Role of Macrophages in Renal Injury, Repair and Regeneration;142
9.4.1;Introduction;142
9.4.2;Injury, Repair and Regeneration of the Kidney;143
9.4.3;Macrophage Phenotype;144
9.4.4;Macrophages in Different Disease Models;145
9.4.5;Alternative Methods for Stimulating Macrophages;152
9.4.6;Alternative Sources of Macrophages;152
9.4.7;Regenerative Potential of Macrophages in Kidney Disease;153
9.4.8;Current Limitations in the Use of Macrophages as Cellular Therapy in Kidney Disease;153
9.4.9;Conclusion;154
9.4.10;References;154
9.5;Chapter 8 T-cell Contribution to Injury and Regenerative Processes in Kidney Diseases: Focus on Regulatory T Cells;158
9.5.1;Overview of T Cells in Kidney Diseases;158
9.5.2;Glomerulonephritis;160
9.5.3;Acute Kidney Injury;161
9.5.4;Kidney Transplantation;164
9.5.5;Conclusion;164
9.5.6;References;164
10;Part III -Stem Cells in Regenerative Processes;168
10.1;Chapter 9 Mesenchymal Stem Cells;170
10.1.1;Introduction;170
10.1.2;The Mesenchymal Stem Cell;171
10.1.3;Amniotic Fluid-derived Stem Cells;171
10.1.4;Bone Marrow Plasticity and Renal Repair;172
10.1.5;Mesenchymal Stem Cells Ameliorate Renal Injury and Accelerate Repair;173
10.1.6;Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Chronic Kidney Diseases;173
10.1.7;Do Exogenous Mesenchymal Stem Cells Directly Engraft into Injured Tubules?;173
10.1.8;Homing of Exogenous Mesenchymal Stem Cells;175
10.1.9;Evidence that Mesenchymal Stem Cells Repair Kidney by Paracrine and Endocrine Mechanisms;176
10.1.10;Paracrine Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Other Organs;177
10.1.11;Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Microvesicles and Acute Kidney Injury;178
10.1.12;Recruitment of Endogenous Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells;178
10.1.13;Kidney Mesenchymal Stem Cells;178
10.1.14;Clinical Trials for Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Acute Kidney Injury, Graft Tolerance and Lupus Nephritis;179
10.1.15;Conclusion;180
10.1.16;References;180
10.2;Chapter 10 Endothelial Progenitor Cells and the Kidney;184
10.2.1;Introduction;184
10.2.2;The Concept of Endothelial Progenitor Cells;185
10.2.3;Endothelial Progenitor Cells as an Indicator of Cardiovascular Disease;185
10.2.4;Microvascular Remodeling by Circulating Cells;187
10.2.5;References;188
10.3;Chapter 11 Potential of the Side Population in Regenerative Nephrology;190
10.3.1;What is the Side Population?;190
10.3.2;Role of ABC Transporters: Markers or Mediators of Stem Cells;191
10.3.3;Existence of Side Population from Other Organs and their Association with Organ Regeneration;191
10.3.4;Does Dye Efflux Equal Stem Cell?;193
10.3.5;Fusion Versus Transdifferentiation: Does it Matter?;193
10.3.6;Origin of Non-Bone Marrow Side Population Cells;194
10.3.7;Heterogeneity Within Distinct Side Population Fractions;194
10.3.8;Identification of Side Population Cells Within the Embryonic and Adult Kidney;195
10.3.9;Gene Expression Profile and Immunophenotype of Kidney Side Population;195
10.3.10;Origin of and Cellular Heterogeneity Within the Kidney Side Population;196
10.3.11;Renal Side Population Multipotentiality and Renal Regenerative Potential;198
10.3.12;Potential Mechanism of Humoral Activity;199
10.3.13;Functional and Phenotypic Overlap between Kidney Side Population and Other Putative Endogenous Renal Stem Cells;200
10.3.14;Potential Regenerative Applications of Kidney Side Population;201
10.3.15;Conclusion;202
10.3.16;References;203
10.4;Chapter 12 Very Small Embryonic-like Stem Cells and Their Potential Relevance for Kidney Homeostasis;206
10.4.1;Introduction;206
10.4.2;Developmental Overview on Stem Cell Compartment;208
10.4.3;Deposition of Developmentally Early Stem Cells in Adult Tissues;208
10.4.4;Isolation of Very Small Embryonic-like Stem Cells;209
10.4.5;Regeneration Potential of Very Small Embryonic-like Stem Cells;211
10.4.6;Developmental Origin of Very Small Embryonic-like Stem Cells;212
10.4.7;Germ Line as Origin and Scaffold System for Tissue-committed Stem Cells in the Adult Body;212
10.4.8;Molecular Mechanisms Governing Quiescence of Very Small Embryonic-like Stem Cells: Involvement of Imprinted Genes;214
10.4.9;Molecular Signature Of Mrna From Adult Bone Marrow- Rived Very Small Embryonic-Like Stem Cells Supports Their Developmental Epiblast/Germ-Line Origin;215
10.4.10;Potential Role of very Small Embryonic-like Stem Cells in Pathology: Potential Cancer Stem Cells?;215
10.4.11;Applications to Other Areas of Health and Disease;216
10.4.12;References;217
10.5;Chapter 13 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells;220
10.5.1;Introduction;220
10.5.2;Mechanisms of Kidney Development;221
10.5.3;Animal Cap in Fertilized Eggs of Amphibians;222
10.5.4;Embryonic Stem Cells;223
10.5.5;Creation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells;223
10.5.6;Cells and Animals to Use for the Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells;224
10.5.7;Mechanistic Understanding of Reprogramming Processes;224
10.5.8;Improving Methods for Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Induction;225
10.5.9;Increasing Efficiency of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Induction;226
10.5.10;Complete Pluripotency;227
10.5.11;Disease Modeling with Patient-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells;227
10.5.12;Toxicology Screening Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Embryonic Stem Cells;227
10.5.13;Future Directions in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Research and Technology;228
10.5.14;Cues to Regenerate Kidney Lineage Cells from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Embryonic Stem Cells;228
10.5.15;Conclusion;229
10.5.16;References;230
10.6;Chapter 14 Methods of Isolation and Culture of Adult Stem Cells;234
10.6.1;Introduction;234
10.6.2;Methods for the Isolation and Culture of Bone Marrow Stem Cells;237
10.6.3;Isolation and Culture of Renal Progenitor Cells;240
10.6.4;Methods for the Isolation and Culture of Mesenchymal Stem Cells;240
10.6.5;Isolation and Culture of Human Adipose Tissue-derived Pericytes;243
10.6.6;References;244
11;Part IV -Stem Cells – from the Niche to Repair;248
11.1;Chapter 15 Stem Cell Niche in the Kidney;250
11.1.1;Introduction;250
11.1.2;Stem Cells in the Adult Kidney;250
11.1.3;Ontogenesis of the Renal Stem Cell Niche;252
11.1.4;The Adult Renal Stem Cell Niche;253
11.1.5;The Renal Niche in Aging;255
11.1.6;The Renal Niche in Glomerular Disorders;256
11.1.7;Conclusion;258
11.1.8;References;258
11.2;Chapter 16 Bioartificial Stem Cell Niches: Engineering a Regenerative Microenvironment;262
11.2.1;Introduction;262
11.2.2;Design Criteria for Creating a Bioartificial Niche;263
11.2.3;Chemistry of Bioartificial Niches;263
11.2.4;Fabrication Techniques;265
11.2.5;Common Hydrogel Materials;267
11.2.6;Examples of Hydrogel Applications;268
11.2.7;Recruitment and Delivery of Stem and Progenitor Cells to and from Artificial Niches;269
11.2.8;Extracellular Scaffold as a Mold for Kidney Regeneration;270
11.2.9;Hydrogel Encapsulation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells Protects Cells from Cytotoxins and Improves Their Viability;270
11.2.10;References;270
11.3;Chapter 17 Imaging of Transplanted and Native Stem Cells;274
11.3.1;Introduction;274
11.3.2;Methodologies for Labeling Stem Cells;275
11.3.3;Imaging Modalities;275
11.3.4;Conclusion;285
11.3.5;References;286
12;Part V -Causes of Regenerative Failure;290
12.1;Chapter 18 Stem Cell Injury and Premature Senescence;292
12.1.1;Introduction;292
12.1.2;Molecular Mechanisms of Stem Cell Exhaustion;294
12.1.3;Impairment of Stem Cell Function;296
12.1.4;In Vivo and Ex Vivo Therapy of Stem and Endothelial Progenitor Cells;300
12.1.5;Potential Mechanisms of Stem Cell-induced Organ Repair;300
12.1.6;Use of Artificial Niches to Store and Deliver Endothelial Progenitor Cells;301
12.1.7;References;301
12.2;Chapter 19 Regeneration and Aging: Regulation by Sirtuins and the NAD+ Salvage Pathway;306
12.2.1;Introduction;306
12.2.2;Aging of the Kidney;307
12.2.3;Cellular Basis of Tissue Aging;308
12.2.4;Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Cellular Aging;309
12.2.5;NAD+ Biosynthesis and Cell Health;312
12.2.6;Conclusion;313
12.2.7;References;313
12.3;Chapter 20 Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Organ Repair and Strategies to Optimize their Efficacy;316
12.3.1;Introduction;316
12.3.2;Do Adult Bone Marrow-derived Stem Cells Participate in Kidney Repair?;317
12.3.3;Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy Contributes to Renal Repair;317
12.3.4;Strategies to Enhance Stem Cell Effects;321
12.3.5;Conclusion;326
12.3.6;References;326
13;Part VI -Emerging Clinical Aspects of Stem Cell Therapy;330
13.1;Chapter 21 Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury with Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Preclinical and Initial Clinical Data;332
13.1.1;Acute Kidney Injury: Clinical and Experimental Issues;333
13.1.2;Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury with Stem Cells: Preclinical Studies;336
13.1.3;Phase I Clinical Trial;349
13.1.4;Prevention And Treatment Of Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury With Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells In Patients Who Require On-Pump Cardiac Surgery;349
13.1.5;References;354
13.2;Chapter 22 Clinical Trials in Renal Regenerative Medicine;358
13.2.1;Introduction;358
13.2.2;Clinical Trials of Regenerative Medicine in Other Disciplines;359
13.2.3;Clinical Trials on Renal Regeneration;363
13.2.4;Future Perspectives in Clinical Regenerative Nephrology;364
13.2.5;References;370
13.3;Chapter 23 Potential Risks of Stem Cell Therapies;378
13.3.1;Introduction;378
13.3.2;Technical Caveats in Stem Cell Preparation and Administration;381
13.3.3;Potential Clinical Problems of Stem Cell Therapies: Tumor Formation, Ectopic Tissue and Other Unwanted Effects;388
13.3.4;A Different Concept: Stimulation of Intrarenal Resident Stem Cell Populations;396
13.3.5;The Human Risk Factor: Stem Cell Cures;396
13.3.6;Conclusion;396
13.3.7;References;397
13.4;Chapter 24 Tissue Engineering in Urology;406
13.4.1;Introduction;406
13.4.2;Basic Components of Tissue Engineering;407
13.4.3;Tissue Engineering of Specific Genitourinary Organs;411
13.4.4;Conclusion;415
13.4.5;References;415
13.5;Chapter 25 Ethics in Regenerative Medicine;418
13.5.1;Introduction;418
13.5.2;Alternative Methods;420
13.5.3;References;423
13.6;Chapter 26 Stem Cell Banking;426
13.6.1;Introduction;426
13.6.2;Basic Principles of Cell Banking;427
13.6.3;Donation;427
13.6.4;Collection;428
13.6.5;Processing;428
13.6.6;Storage;434
13.6.7;References;436
14;Index;438
15;Color Plates;444