E-Book, Englisch, 656 Seiten
Heldt / Piechulla Plant Biochemistry
4. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-0-12-384987-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark
E-Book, Englisch, 656 Seiten
ISBN: 978-0-12-384987-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark
Hans-Walter Heldt was a professor at the University of G”ttingen in the Department of Biochemistry of the plant. He is co-authored over 250 scientific publications and is the co-author of the textbook, Plant Biochemistry. In 1993, he was awarded the Max Planck Research Award together with Marshall Davidson Hatch . Since 1990, he has been a full member of the G”ttingen Academy of Sciences.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Front cover;1
2;Plant biochemistry;4
3;Copyright page;5
4;Contents;8
5;Preface;22
6;Introduction;24
7;Chapter 1 A leaf cell consists of several metabolic compartments;26
7.1;1.1 The cell wall gives the plant cell mechanical stability;29
7.2;1.2 Vacuoles have multiple functions;34
7.3;1.3 Plastids have evolved from cyanobacteria;36
7.4;1.4 Mitochondria also result from endosymbionts;40
7.5;1.5 Peroxisomes are the site of reactions in which toxic intermediates are formed;42
7.6;1.6 The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus form a network for the distribution of biosynthesis products;43
7.7;1.7 Functionally intact cell organelles can be isolated from plant cells;47
7.8;1.8 Various transport processes facilitate the exchange of metabolites between different compartments;49
7.9;1.9 Translocators catalyze the specific transport of metabolic substrates and products;51
7.10;1.10 Ion channels have a very high transport capacity;57
7.11;1.11 Porins consist of ß-sheet structures;62
7.12;Further reading;65
8;Chapter 2 The use of energy from sunlight by photosynthesis is the basis of life on earth;68
8.1;2.1 How did photosynthesis start?;68
8.2;2.2 Pigments capture energy from sunlight;70
8.3;2.3 Light absorption excites the chlorophyll molecule;75
8.4;2.4 An antenna is required to capture light;79
8.5;Further reading;89
9;Chapter 3 Photosynthesis is an electron transport process;90
9.1;3.1 The photosynthetic machinery is constructed from modules;90
9.2;3.2 A reductant and an oxidant are formed during photosynthesis;94
9.3;3.3 The basic structure of a photosynthetic reaction center has been resolved by X-ray structure analysis;95
9.4;3.4 How does a reaction center function?;100
9.5;3.5 Two photosynthetic reaction centers are arranged in tandem in photosynthesis of algae and plants;104
9.6;3.6 Water is split by photosystem II;107
9.7;3.7 The cytochrome-b[sub(6)]/f complex mediates electron transport between photosystem II and photosystem I;115
9.8;3.8 Photosystem I reduces NADP[sup(+)];123
9.9;3.9 In the absence of other acceptors electrons can be transferred from photosystem I to oxygen;127
9.10;3.10 Regulatory processes control the distribution of the captured photons between the two photosystems;131
9.11;Further reading;135
10;Chapter 4 ATP is generated by photosynthesis;138
10.1;4.1 A proton gradient serves as an energy-rich intermediate state during ATP synthesis;139
10.2;4.2 The electron chemical proton gradient can be dissipated by uncouplers to heat;142
10.3;4.3 H[sup(+)]-ATP synthases from bacteria, chloroplasts, and mitochondria have a common basic structure;144
10.4;4.4 The synthesis of ATP is effected by a conformation change of the protein;150
10.5;Further reading;155
11;Chapter 5 Mitochondria are the power station of the cell;158
11.1;5.1 Biological oxidation is preceded by a degradation of substrates to form bound hydrogen and CO[sub(2)];158
11.2;5.2 Mitochondria are the sites of cell respiration;159
11.3;5.3 Degradation of substrates applicable for biological oxidation takes place in the matrix compartment;161
11.4;5.4 How much energy can be gained by the oxidation of NADH?;169
11.5;5.5 The mitochondrial respiratory chain shares common features with the photosynthetic electron transport chain;170
11.6;5.6 Electron transport of the respiratory chain is coupled to the synthesis of ATP via proton transport;176
11.7;5.7 Plant mitochondria have special metabolic functions;180
11.8;5.8 Compartmentation of mitochondrial metabolism requires specific membrane translocators;184
11.9;Further reading;185
12;Chapter 6 The Calvin cycle catalyzes photosynthetic CO[sub(2)] assimilation;188
12.1;6.1 CO[sub(2)] assimilation proceeds via the dark reaction of photosynthesis;188
12.2;6.2 Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase catalyses the fixation of CO[sub(2)];191
12.3;6.3 The reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate yields triose phosphate;197
12.4;6.4 Ribulose bisphosphate is regenerated from triose phosphate;199
12.5;6.5 Beside the reductive pentose phosphate pathway there is also an oxidative pentose phosphate pathway;206
12.6;6.6 Reductive and oxidative pentose phosphate pathways are regulated;210
12.7;Further reading;215
13;Chapter 7 Phosphoglycolate formed by the oxygenase activity of RubisCO is recycled in the photorespiratory pathway;218
13.1;7.1 Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate is recovered by recycling 2-phosphoglycolate;218
13.2;7.2 The NH[sub(4)][sup(+)] released in the photorespiratory pathway is refixed in the chloroplasts;224
13.3;7.3 Peroxisomes have to be provided with external reducing equivalents for the reduction of hydroxypyruvate;226
13.4;7.4 The peroxisomal matrix is a special compartment for the disposal of toxic products;230
13.5;7.5 How high are the costs of the ribulose bisphosphate oxygenase reaction for the plant?;231
13.6;7.6 There is no net CO[sub(2)] fixation at the compensation point;232
13.7;7.7 The photorespiratory pathway, although energy-consuming, may also have a useful function for the plant;233
13.8;Further reading;234
14;Chapter 8 Photosynthesis implies the consumption of water;236
14.1;8.1 The uptake of CO[sub(2)] into the leaf is accompanied by an escape of water vapor;236
14.2;8.2 Stomata regulate the gas exchange of a leaf;238
14.3;8.3 The diffusive flux of CO[sub(2)] into a plant cell;242
14.4;8.4 C[sub(4)] plants perform CO[sub(2)] assimilation with less water consumption than C[sub(3)] plants;245
14.5;8.5 Crassulacean acid metabolism allows plants to survive even during a very severe water shortage;258
14.6;Further reading;263
15;Chapter 9 Polysaccharides are storage and transport forms of carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis;266
15.1;Starch and sucrose are the main products of CO[sub(2)] assimilation in many plants;267
15.2;9.1 Large quantities of carbohydrate can be stored as starch in the cell;267
15.3;9.2 Sucrose synthesis takes place in the cytosol;278
15.4;9.3 The utilization of the photosynthesis product triose phosphate is strictly regulated;280
15.5;9.4 In some plants assimilates from the leaves are exported as sugar alcohols or oligosaccharides of the raffinose family;286
15.6;9.5 Fructans are deposited as storage compounds in the vacuole;289
15.7;9.6 Cellulose is synthesized by enzymes located in the plasma membrane;293
15.8;Further reading;295
16;Chapter 10 Nitrate assimilation is essential for the synthesis of organic matter;298
16.1;10.1 The reduction of nitrate to NH[sub(3)] proceeds in two reactions;299
16.2;10.2 Nitrate assimilation also takes place in the roots;305
16.3;10.3 Nitrate assimilation is strictly controlled;307
16.4;10.4 The end product of nitrate assimilation is a whole spectrum of amino acids;311
16.5;10.5 Glutamate is precursor for chlorophylls and cytochromes;325
16.6;Further reading;329
17;Chapter 11 Nitrogen fixation enables plants to use the nitrogen of the air for growth;332
17.1;11.1 Legumes form a symbiosis with nodule-forming bacteria;333
17.2;11.2 N[sub(2)] fixation can proceed only at very low oxygen concentrations;341
17.3;11.3 The energy costs for utilizing N[sub(2)] as a nitrogen source are much higher than for the utilization of NO[sup(-)][sub(3)];343
17.4;11.4 Plants improve their nutrition by symbiosis with fungi;343
17.5;11.5 Root nodule symbioses may have evolved from a pre-existing pathway for the formation of arbuscular mycorrhiza;345
17.6;Further reading;346
18;Chapter 12 Sulfate assimilation enables the synthesis of sulfur containing compounds;348
18.1;12.1 Sulfate assimilation proceeds primarily by photosynthesis;348
18.2;12.2 Glutathione serves the cell as an antioxidant and is an agent for the detoxification of pollutants;353
18.3;12.3 Methionine is synthesized from cysteine;357
18.4;12.4 Excessive concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the air are toxic for plants;359
18.5;Further reading;360
19;Chapter 13 Phloem transport distributes photoassimilates to the various sites of consumption and storage;362
19.1;13.1 There are two modes of phloem loading;364
19.2;13.2 Phloem transport proceeds by mass flow;366
19.3;13.3 Sink tissues are supplied by phloem unloading;367
19.4;Further reading;373
20;Chapter 14 Products of nitrate assimilation are deposited in plants as storage proteins;374
20.1;14.1 Globulins are the most abundant storage proteins;375
20.2;14.2 Prolamins are formed as storage proteins in grasses;376
20.3;14.3 2S-Proteins are present in seeds of dicot plants;377
20.4;14.4 Special proteins protect seeds from being eaten by animals;377
20.5;14.5 Synthesis of the storage proteins occurs at the rough endoplasmic reticulum;378
20.6;14.6 Proteinases mobilize the amino acids deposited in storage proteins;381
20.7;Further reading;381
21;Chapter 15 Lipids are membrane constituents and function as carbon stores;384
21.1;15.1 Polar lipids are important membrane constituents;385
21.2;15.2 Triacylglycerols are storage compounds;391
21.3;15.3 The de novo synthesis of fatty acids takes place in the plastids;393
21.4;15.4 Glycerol 3-phosphate is a precursor for the synthesis of glycerolipids;403
21.5;15.5 Triacylglycerols are synthesized in the membranes of the endoplasmatic reticulum;409
21.6;15.6 Storage lipids are mobilized for the production of carbohydrates in the glyoxysomes during seed germination;413
21.7;15.7 Lipoxygenase is involved in the synthesis of oxylipins, which are defense and signal compounds;418
21.8;Further reading;423
22;Chapter 16 Secondary metabolites fulfill specific ecological functions in plants;424
22.1;16.1 Secondary metabolites often protect plants from pathogenic microorganisms and herbivores;424
22.2;16.2 Alkaloids comprise a variety of heterocyclic secondary metabolites;427
22.3;16.3 Some plants emit prussic acid when wounded by animals;429
22.4;16.4 Some wounded plants emit volatile mustard oils;430
22.5;16.5 Plants protect themselves by tricking herbivores with false amino acids;431
22.6;Further reading;432
23;Chapter 17 A large diversity of isoprenoids has multiple functions in plant metabolism;434
23.1;17.1 Higher plants have two different synthesis pathways for isoprenoids;436
23.2;17.2 Prenyl transferases catalyze the association of isoprene units;439
23.3;17.3 Some plants emit isoprenes into the air;441
23.4;17.4 Many aromatic compounds derive from geranyl pyrophosphate;442
23.5;17.5 Farnesyl pyrophosphate is the precursor for the synthesis of sesquiterpenes;444
23.6;17.6 Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate is the precursor for defense compounds, phytohormones and carotenoids;447
23.7;17.7 A prenyl chain renders compounds lipid-soluble;449
23.8;17.8 The regulation of isoprenoid synthesis;452
23.9;17.9 Isoprenoids are very stable and persistent substances;452
23.10;Further reading;453
24;Chapter 18 Phenylpropanoids comprise a multitude of plant secondary metabolites and cell wall components;456
24.1;18.1 Phenylalanine ammonia lyase catalyses the initial reaction of phenylpropanoid metabolism;458
24.2;18.2 Monooxygenases are involved in the synthesis of phenols;459
24.3;18.3 Phenylpropanoid compounds polymerize to macromolecules;461
24.4;18.4 The synthesis of flavonoids and stilbenes requires a second aromatic ring derived from acetate residues;467
24.5;18.5 Flavonoids have multiple functions in plants;469
24.6;18.6 Anthocyanins are flower pigments and protect plants against excessive light;471
24.7;18.7 Tannins bind tightly to proteins and therefore have defense functions;472
24.8;Further reading;474
25;Chapter 19 Multiple signals regulate the growth and development of plant organs and enable their adaptation to environmental conditions;476
25.1;19.1 Signal chains known from animal metabolism also function in plants;477
25.2;19.2 Phytohormones contain a variety of very different compounds;485
25.3;19.3 Auxin stimulates shoot elongation growth;486
25.4;19.4 Gibberellins regulate stem elongation;489
25.5;19.5 Cytokinins stimulate cell division;492
25.6;19.6 Abscisic acid controls the water balance of the plant;494
25.7;19.7 Ethylene makes fruit ripen;495
25.8;19.8 Plants also contain steroid and peptide hormones;497
25.9;19.9 Defense reactions are triggered by the interplay of several signals;501
25.10;19.10 Light sensors regulate growth and development of plants;504
25.11;Further reading;508
26;Chapter 20 A plant cell has three different genomes;512
26.1;20.1 In the nucleus the genetic information is divided among several chromosomes;513
26.2;20.2 The DNA of the nuclear genome is transcribed by three specialized RNA polymerases;516
26.3;20.3 DNA polymorphism yields genetic markers for plant breeding;526
26.4;20.4 Transposable DNA elements roam through the genome;533
26.5;20.5 Viruses are present in most plant cells;534
26.6;20.6 Plastids possess a circular genome;538
26.7;20.7 The mitochondrial genome of plants varies largely in its size;542
26.8;Further reading;550
27;Chapter 21 Protein biosynthesis occurs in three different locations of a cell;552
27.1;21.1 Protein synthesis is catalyzed by ribosomes;553
27.2;21.2 Proteins attain their three-dimensional structure by controlled folding;559
27.3;21.3 Nuclear encoded proteins are distributed throughout various cell compartments;565
27.4;21.4 Proteins are degraded by proteasomes in a strictly controlled manner;572
27.5;Further reading;574
28;Chapter 22 Biotechnology alters plants to meet requirements of agriculture, nutrition and industry;576
28.1;22.1 A gene is isolated;577
28.2;22.2 Agrobacteria can transform plant cells;587
28.3;22.3 Ti-plasmids are used as transformation vectors;591
28.4;22.4 Selected promoters enable the defined expression of a foreign gene;600
28.5;22.5 Genes can be turned off via plant transformation;601
28.6;22.6 Plant genetic engineering can be used for many different purposes;603
28.7;Further reading;610
29;Index;612
29.1;A;612
29.2;B;615
29.3;C;616
29.4;D;620
29.5;E;621
29.6;F;622
29.7;G;624
29.8;H;626
29.9;I;627
29.10;J;628
29.11;K;628
29.12;L;628
29.13;M;629
29.14;N;632
29.15;O;633
29.16;P;634
29.17;Q;639
29.18;R;639
29.19;S;641
29.20;T;644
29.21;U;646
29.22;V;646
29.23;W;647
29.24;X;647
29.25;Y;647
29.26;Z;647