Heldt / Piechulla Plant Biochemistry

4. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-0-12-384987-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 656 Seiten

The fully revised and expanded fourth edition of Plant Biochemistry presents the latest science on the molecular mechanisms of plant life. The book not only covers the basic principles of plant biology, such as photosynthesis, primary and secondary metabolism, the function of phytohormones, plant genetics, and plant biotechnology, but it also addresses the various commercial applications of plant biochemistry. Plant biochemistry is not only an important field of basic science explaining the molecular function of a plant, but is also an applied science that is in the position to contribute to the solution of agricultural and pharmaceutical problems. Plants are the source of important industrial raw material such as fat and starch but they are also the basis for the production of pharmaceutics. It is expected that in the future, gene technology will lead to the extensive use of plants as a means of producing sustainable raw material for industrial purposes. As such, the techniques and use of genetic engineering to improve crop plants and to provide sustainable raw materials for the chemical and pharmaceutical industries are described in this edition. The latest research findings have been included, and areas of future research are identified. - Offers the latest research findings in a concise and understandable manner - Presents plant metabolism in the context of the structure and the function of plants - Includes more than 300 two-color diagrams and metabolic schemes - Covers the various commercial applications of plant biochemistry - Provides extensive references to the recent scientific literature

Hans-Walter Heldt was a professor at the University of G”ttingen in the Department of Biochemistry of the plant. He is co-authored over 250 scientific publications and is the co-author of the textbook, Plant Biochemistry. In 1993, he was awarded the Max Planck Research Award together with Marshall Davidson Hatch . Since 1990, he has been a full member of the G”ttingen Academy of Sciences.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Heldt, Hans-Walter

Piechulla, Birgit

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front cover;1
2;Plant biochemistry;4
3;Copyright page;5
4;Contents;8
5;Preface;22
6;Introduction;24
7;Chapter 1 A leaf cell consists of several metabolic compartments;26
7.1;1.1 The cell wall gives the plant cell mechanical stability;29
7.2;1.2 Vacuoles have multiple functions;34
7.3;1.3 Plastids have evolved from cyanobacteria;36
7.4;1.4 Mitochondria also result from endosymbionts;40
7.5;1.5 Peroxisomes are the site of reactions in which toxic intermediates are formed;42
7.6;1.6 The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus form a network for the distribution of biosynthesis products;43
7.7;1.7 Functionally intact cell organelles can be isolated from plant cells;47
7.8;1.8 Various transport processes facilitate the exchange of metabolites between different compartments;49
7.9;1.9 Translocators catalyze the specific transport of metabolic substrates and products;51
7.10;1.10 Ion channels have a very high transport capacity;57
7.11;1.11 Porins consist of ß-sheet structures;62
7.12;Further reading;65
8;Chapter 2 The use of energy from sunlight by photosynthesis is the basis of life on earth;68
8.1;2.1 How did photosynthesis start?;68
8.2;2.2 Pigments capture energy from sunlight;70
8.3;2.3 Light absorption excites the chlorophyll molecule;75
8.4;2.4 An antenna is required to capture light;79
8.5;Further reading;89
9;Chapter 3 Photosynthesis is an electron transport process;90
9.1;3.1 The photosynthetic machinery is constructed from modules;90
9.2;3.2 A reductant and an oxidant are formed during photosynthesis;94
9.3;3.3 The basic structure of a photosynthetic reaction center has been resolved by X-ray structure analysis;95
9.4;3.4 How does a reaction center function?;100
9.5;3.5 Two photosynthetic reaction centers are arranged in tandem in photosynthesis of algae and plants;104
9.6;3.6 Water is split by photosystem II;107
9.7;3.7 The cytochrome-b[sub(6)]/f complex mediates electron transport between photosystem II and photosystem I;115
9.8;3.8 Photosystem I reduces NADP[sup(+)];123
9.9;3.9 In the absence of other acceptors electrons can be transferred from photosystem I to oxygen;127
9.10;3.10 Regulatory processes control the distribution of the captured photons between the two photosystems;131
9.11;Further reading;135
10;Chapter 4 ATP is generated by photosynthesis;138
10.1;4.1 A proton gradient serves as an energy-rich intermediate state during ATP synthesis;139
10.2;4.2 The electron chemical proton gradient can be dissipated by uncouplers to heat;142
10.3;4.3 H[sup(+)]-ATP synthases from bacteria, chloroplasts, and mitochondria have a common basic structure;144
10.4;4.4 The synthesis of ATP is effected by a conformation change of the protein;150
10.5;Further reading;155
11;Chapter 5 Mitochondria are the power station of the cell;158
11.1;5.1 Biological oxidation is preceded by a degradation of substrates to form bound hydrogen and CO[sub(2)];158
11.2;5.2 Mitochondria are the sites of cell respiration;159
11.3;5.3 Degradation of substrates applicable for biological oxidation takes place in the matrix compartment;161
11.4;5.4 How much energy can be gained by the oxidation of NADH?;169
11.5;5.5 The mitochondrial respiratory chain shares common features with the photosynthetic electron transport chain;170
11.6;5.6 Electron transport of the respiratory chain is coupled to the synthesis of ATP via proton transport;176
11.7;5.7 Plant mitochondria have special metabolic functions;180
11.8;5.8 Compartmentation of mitochondrial metabolism requires specific membrane translocators;184
11.9;Further reading;185
12;Chapter 6 The Calvin cycle catalyzes photosynthetic CO[sub(2)] assimilation;188
12.1;6.1 CO[sub(2)] assimilation proceeds via the dark reaction of photosynthesis;188
12.2;6.2 Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase catalyses the fixation of CO[sub(2)];191
12.3;6.3 The reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate yields triose phosphate;197
12.4;6.4 Ribulose bisphosphate is regenerated from triose phosphate;199
12.5;6.5 Beside the reductive pentose phosphate pathway there is also an oxidative pentose phosphate pathway;206
12.6;6.6 Reductive and oxidative pentose phosphate pathways are regulated;210
12.7;Further reading;215
13;Chapter 7 Phosphoglycolate formed by the oxygenase activity of RubisCO is recycled in the photorespiratory pathway;218
13.1;7.1 Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate is recovered by recycling 2-phosphoglycolate;218
13.2;7.2 The NH[sub(4)][sup(+)] released in the photorespiratory pathway is refixed in the chloroplasts;224
13.3;7.3 Peroxisomes have to be provided with external reducing equivalents for the reduction of hydroxypyruvate;226
13.4;7.4 The peroxisomal matrix is a special compartment for the disposal of toxic products;230
13.5;7.5 How high are the costs of the ribulose bisphosphate oxygenase reaction for the plant?;231
13.6;7.6 There is no net CO[sub(2)] fixation at the compensation point;232
13.7;7.7 The photorespiratory pathway, although energy-consuming, may also have a useful function for the plant;233
13.8;Further reading;234
14;Chapter 8 Photosynthesis implies the consumption of water;236
14.1;8.1 The uptake of CO[sub(2)] into the leaf is accompanied by an escape of water vapor;236
14.2;8.2 Stomata regulate the gas exchange of a leaf;238
14.3;8.3 The diffusive flux of CO[sub(2)] into a plant cell;242
14.4;8.4 C[sub(4)] plants perform CO[sub(2)] assimilation with less water consumption than C[sub(3)] plants;245
14.5;8.5 Crassulacean acid metabolism allows plants to survive even during a very severe water shortage;258
14.6;Further reading;263
15;Chapter 9 Polysaccharides are storage and transport forms of carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis;266
15.1;Starch and sucrose are the main products of CO[sub(2)] assimilation in many plants;267
15.2;9.1 Large quantities of carbohydrate can be stored as starch in the cell;267
15.3;9.2 Sucrose synthesis takes place in the cytosol;278
15.4;9.3 The utilization of the photosynthesis product triose phosphate is strictly regulated;280
15.5;9.4 In some plants assimilates from the leaves are exported as sugar alcohols or oligosaccharides of the raffinose family;286
15.6;9.5 Fructans are deposited as storage compounds in the vacuole;289
15.7;9.6 Cellulose is synthesized by enzymes located in the plasma membrane;293
15.8;Further reading;295
16;Chapter 10 Nitrate assimilation is essential for the synthesis of organic matter;298
16.1;10.1 The reduction of nitrate to NH[sub(3)] proceeds in two reactions;299
16.2;10.2 Nitrate assimilation also takes place in the roots;305
16.3;10.3 Nitrate assimilation is strictly controlled;307
16.4;10.4 The end product of nitrate assimilation is a whole spectrum of amino acids;311
16.5;10.5 Glutamate is precursor for chlorophylls and cytochromes;325
16.6;Further reading;329
17;Chapter 11 Nitrogen fixation enables plants to use the nitrogen of the air for growth;332
17.1;11.1 Legumes form a symbiosis with nodule-forming bacteria;333
17.2;11.2 N[sub(2)] fixation can proceed only at very low oxygen concentrations;341
17.3;11.3 The energy costs for utilizing N[sub(2)] as a nitrogen source are much higher than for the utilization of NO[sup(-)][sub(3)];343
17.4;11.4 Plants improve their nutrition by symbiosis with fungi;343
17.5;11.5 Root nodule symbioses may have evolved from a pre-existing pathway for the formation of arbuscular mycorrhiza;345
17.6;Further reading;346
18;Chapter 12 Sulfate assimilation enables the synthesis of sulfur containing compounds;348
18.1;12.1 Sulfate assimilation proceeds primarily by photosynthesis;348
18.2;12.2 Glutathione serves the cell as an antioxidant and is an agent for the detoxification of pollutants;353
18.3;12.3 Methionine is synthesized from cysteine;357
18.4;12.4 Excessive concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the air are toxic for plants;359
18.5;Further reading;360
19;Chapter 13 Phloem transport distributes photoassimilates to the various sites of consumption and storage;362
19.1;13.1 There are two modes of phloem loading;364
19.2;13.2 Phloem transport proceeds by mass flow;366
19.3;13.3 Sink tissues are supplied by phloem unloading;367
19.4;Further reading;373
20;Chapter 14 Products of nitrate assimilation are deposited in plants as storage proteins;374
20.1;14.1 Globulins are the most abundant storage proteins;375
20.2;14.2 Prolamins are formed as storage proteins in grasses;376
20.3;14.3 2S-Proteins are present in seeds of dicot plants;377
20.4;14.4 Special proteins protect seeds from being eaten by animals;377
20.5;14.5 Synthesis of the storage proteins occurs at the rough endoplasmic reticulum;378
20.6;14.6 Proteinases mobilize the amino acids deposited in storage proteins;381
20.7;Further reading;381
21;Chapter 15 Lipids are membrane constituents and function as carbon stores;384
21.1;15.1 Polar lipids are important membrane constituents;385
21.2;15.2 Triacylglycerols are storage compounds;391
21.3;15.3 The de novo synthesis of fatty acids takes place in the plastids;393
21.4;15.4 Glycerol 3-phosphate is a precursor for the synthesis of glycerolipids;403
21.5;15.5 Triacylglycerols are synthesized in the membranes of the endoplasmatic reticulum;409
21.6;15.6 Storage lipids are mobilized for the production of carbohydrates in the glyoxysomes during seed germination;413
21.7;15.7 Lipoxygenase is involved in the synthesis of oxylipins, which are defense and signal compounds;418
21.8;Further reading;423
22;Chapter 16 Secondary metabolites fulfill specific ecological functions in plants;424
22.1;16.1 Secondary metabolites often protect plants from pathogenic microorganisms and herbivores;424
22.2;16.2 Alkaloids comprise a variety of heterocyclic secondary metabolites;427
22.3;16.3 Some plants emit prussic acid when wounded by animals;429
22.4;16.4 Some wounded plants emit volatile mustard oils;430
22.5;16.5 Plants protect themselves by tricking herbivores with false amino acids;431
22.6;Further reading;432
23;Chapter 17 A large diversity of isoprenoids has multiple functions in plant metabolism;434
23.1;17.1 Higher plants have two different synthesis pathways for isoprenoids;436
23.2;17.2 Prenyl transferases catalyze the association of isoprene units;439
23.3;17.3 Some plants emit isoprenes into the air;441
23.4;17.4 Many aromatic compounds derive from geranyl pyrophosphate;442
23.5;17.5 Farnesyl pyrophosphate is the precursor for the synthesis of sesquiterpenes;444
23.6;17.6 Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate is the precursor for defense compounds, phytohormones and carotenoids;447
23.7;17.7 A prenyl chain renders compounds lipid-soluble;449
23.8;17.8 The regulation of isoprenoid synthesis;452
23.9;17.9 Isoprenoids are very stable and persistent substances;452
23.10;Further reading;453
24;Chapter 18 Phenylpropanoids comprise a multitude of plant secondary metabolites and cell wall components;456
24.1;18.1 Phenylalanine ammonia lyase catalyses the initial reaction of phenylpropanoid metabolism;458
24.2;18.2 Monooxygenases are involved in the synthesis of phenols;459
24.3;18.3 Phenylpropanoid compounds polymerize to macromolecules;461
24.4;18.4 The synthesis of flavonoids and stilbenes requires a second aromatic ring derived from acetate residues;467
24.5;18.5 Flavonoids have multiple functions in plants;469
24.6;18.6 Anthocyanins are flower pigments and protect plants against excessive light;471
24.7;18.7 Tannins bind tightly to proteins and therefore have defense functions;472
24.8;Further reading;474
25;Chapter 19 Multiple signals regulate the growth and development of plant organs and enable their adaptation to environmental conditions;476
25.1;19.1 Signal chains known from animal metabolism also function in plants;477
25.2;19.2 Phytohormones contain a variety of very different compounds;485
25.3;19.3 Auxin stimulates shoot elongation growth;486
25.4;19.4 Gibberellins regulate stem elongation;489
25.5;19.5 Cytokinins stimulate cell division;492
25.6;19.6 Abscisic acid controls the water balance of the plant;494
25.7;19.7 Ethylene makes fruit ripen;495
25.8;19.8 Plants also contain steroid and peptide hormones;497
25.9;19.9 Defense reactions are triggered by the interplay of several signals;501
25.10;19.10 Light sensors regulate growth and development of plants;504
25.11;Further reading;508
26;Chapter 20 A plant cell has three different genomes;512
26.1;20.1 In the nucleus the genetic information is divided among several chromosomes;513
26.2;20.2 The DNA of the nuclear genome is transcribed by three specialized RNA polymerases;516
26.3;20.3 DNA polymorphism yields genetic markers for plant breeding;526
26.4;20.4 Transposable DNA elements roam through the genome;533
26.5;20.5 Viruses are present in most plant cells;534
26.6;20.6 Plastids possess a circular genome;538
26.7;20.7 The mitochondrial genome of plants varies largely in its size;542
26.8;Further reading;550
27;Chapter 21 Protein biosynthesis occurs in three different locations of a cell;552
27.1;21.1 Protein synthesis is catalyzed by ribosomes;553
27.2;21.2 Proteins attain their three-dimensional structure by controlled folding;559
27.3;21.3 Nuclear encoded proteins are distributed throughout various cell compartments;565
27.4;21.4 Proteins are degraded by proteasomes in a strictly controlled manner;572
27.5;Further reading;574
28;Chapter 22 Biotechnology alters plants to meet requirements of agriculture, nutrition and industry;576
28.1;22.1 A gene is isolated;577
28.2;22.2 Agrobacteria can transform plant cells;587
28.3;22.3 Ti-plasmids are used as transformation vectors;591
28.4;22.4 Selected promoters enable the defined expression of a foreign gene;600
28.5;22.5 Genes can be turned off via plant transformation;601
28.6;22.6 Plant genetic engineering can be used for many different purposes;603
28.7;Further reading;610
29;Index;612
29.1;A;612
29.2;B;615
29.3;C;616
29.4;D;620
29.5;E;621
29.6;F;622
29.7;G;624
29.8;H;626
29.9;I;627
29.10;J;628
29.11;K;628
29.12;L;628
29.13;M;629
29.14;N;632
29.15;O;633
29.16;P;634
29.17;Q;639
29.18;R;639
29.19;S;641
29.20;T;644
29.21;U;646
29.22;V;646
29.23;W;647
29.24;X;647
29.25;Y;647
29.26;Z;647