Horrocks / Anand Handbook of Technical Textiles

1. Auflage 2000
ISBN: 978-1-85573-896-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 576 Seiten

Reihe: Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles

This major handbook provides comprehensive coverage of the manufacture, processing and applications of high tech textiles for a huge range of applications including: heat and flame protection; waterproof and breathable fabrics; textiles in filtration; geotextiles; medical textiles; textiles in transport engineering and textiles for extreme environments.Handbook of technical textiles is an essential guide for textile yarn and fibre manufacturers; producers of woven, knitted and non-woven fabrics; textile finishers; designers and specifiers of textiles for new or novel applications as well as lecturers and graduate students on university textile courses. - Comprehensive handbook for all aspects of technical textiles - Detailed coverage of processes, fabric structure and applications - Contributions from recognised experts world-wide

Autoren/Hrsg.

Horrocks, A. Richard

Anand, Subhash C.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover
;1
2;Handbook of Technical Textiles;3
3;Copyright Page
;4
4;Table of Contents;7
5;Dedication;5
6;Preface;13
7;List of contributors;15
8;Chapter 1. Technical textiles market – an overview;17
8.1;1.1 Introduction;17
8.2;1.2 Definition and scope of technical textiles;18
8.3;1.3 Milestones in the development of technical textiles;22
8.4;1.4 Textile processes;26
8.5;1.5 Applications;27
8.6;1.6 Globalisation of technical textiles;34
8.7;1.7 Future of the technical textiles industry;35
8.8;References;39
9;Chapter 2. Technical fibres;40
9.1;2.1 Introduction;40
9.2;2.2 Conventional fibres;41
9.3;2.3 High strength and high modulus organic fibres;45
9.4;2.4 High chemical- and combustion-resistant organic fibres;46
9.5;2.5 High performance inorganic fibres;47
9.6;2.6 Ultra-fine and novelty fibres;49
9.7;2.7 Civil and agricultural engineering;50
9.8;2.8 Automotive and aeronautics;52
9.9;2.9 Medical and hygiene applications;53
9.10;2.10 Protection and defence;54
9.11;2.11 Miscellaneous;55
9.12;2.12 Conclusions;55
9.13;References;56
10;Chapter 3. Technical yarns;58
10.1;3.1 Introduction;58
10.2;3.2 Staple fibre yarns;58
10.3;3.3 Filament yarns;71
10.4;Bibliography;76
11;Chapter 4. Technical fabric structures – 1.Woven fabrics;78
11.1;4.1 Introduction;78
11.2;4.2 Weave structures;79
11.3;4.3 Selvedge;90
11.4;4.4 Fabric specifications and fabric geometry;93
11.5;4.5 Weaving – machines (looms) and operations;96
11.6;4.6 The future;110
11.7;References;110
12;Chapte 5. Technical fabric structures – 2. Knitted fabrics;111
12.1;5.1 Terms and definitions;111
12.2;5.2 Weft knitting machines;113
12.3;5.3 Weft-knitted structures;121
12.4;5.4 Process control in weft knitting;121
12.5;5.5 End-use applications of weft-knitted fabrics;126
12.6;5.6 Warp-knitting machines;129
12.7;5.7 Warp-knitted structures;135
12.8;References;145
13;Chapter 6. Technical fabric structures – 3. Nonwoven fabrics;146
13.1;6.1 Introduction;146
13.2;6.2 Methods of batt production using carding machines;147
13.3;6.3 Air laying;150
13.4;6.4 Wet laying;152
13.5;6.5 Dry laying wood pulp;152
13.6;6.6 Spun laying;153
13.7;6.7 Flash spinning;154
13.8;6.8 Melt blown;155
13.9;6.9 Chemical bonding;156
13.10;6.10 Thermal bonding;159
13.11;6.11 Solvent bonding;161
13.12;6.12 Needlefelting;161
13.13;6.13 Stitch bonding;164
13.14;6.14 Hydroentanglement;166
13.15;Bibliography;167
14;Chapter 7. Finishing of technical textiles;168
14.1;7.1 Introduction;168
14.2;7.2 Finishing processes;168
14.3;7.3 Mechanical finishes;169
14.4;7.4 Heat setting;177
14.5;7.5 Chemical processes;180
14.6;References;188
15;Chapter 8. Coating of technical textiles;189
15.1;8.1 Introduction;189
15.2;8.2 Chemistry of coated textiles;189
15.3;8.3 Coating techniques;195
15.4;8.4 Fusible interlinings;199
15.5;8.5 Laminating;201
15.6;References;202
16;Chapter 9. Coloration of technical textiles;203
16.1;9.1 Introduction;203
16.2;9.2 Objectives of coloration;203
16.3;9.3 Coloration of technical textiles;204
16.4;9.4 Dye classes and pigments;208
16.5;9.5 Mass coloration of manufactured fibres;216
16.6;9.6 Conventional dyeing and printing of technical textiles;220
16.7;9.7 Total colour management systems;224
16.8;9.8 Dyeing machinery;227
16.9;9.9 Printing;231
16.10;9.10 Colour fastness of technical textiles;233
16.11;References;235
17;Chapter 10. Heat and flame protection;239
17.1;10.1 Introduction;239
17.2;10.2 What constitutes flammability?;240
17.3;10.3 Thermal behaviour of fibres;240
17.4;10.4 Selection of fibres suitable for thermal and flame protection;245
17.5;10.5 Fire-retardant finishes;262
17.6;10.6 Flame-retardant test methods;268
17.7;10.7 Summary;274
17.8;References;275
18;Chapter 11. Textile-reinforced composite materials;280
18.1;11.1 Composite materials;280
18.2;11.2 Textile reinforcement;281
18.3;11.3 Woven fabric-reinforced composites;286
18.4;11.4 Braided reinforcement;289
18.5;11.5 Knitted reinforcement;290
18.6;11.6 Stitched fabrics;293
18.7;11.7 Conclusion;295
18.8;References;295
19;Chapter 12. Waterproof breathable fabrics;298
19.1;12.1 What are waterproof breathable fabrics?;298
19.2;12.2 Types of waterproof breathable fabric;300
19.3;12.3 Assessment techniques;310
19.4;12.4 Performance of waterproof breathable fabrics;319
19.5;References;330
20;Chapter 13. Textiles in filtration;332
20.1;13.1 Introduction;332
20.2;13.2 Dust collection;333
20.3;13.3 Fabric construction;342
20.4;13.4 Finishing treatments;344
20.5;13.5 Solid – liquid separation;349
20.6;13.6 Yarn types and fabric constructions;357
20.7;13.7 Fabric constructions and properties;363
20.8;13.8 Production equipment;367
20.9;13.9 Finishing treatments;368
20.10;13.10 Fabric test procedures;371
20.11;References;373
21;Chapter 14. Textiles in civil engineering. Part 1 – geotextiles;374
21.1;14.1 Introduction to geotextiles;374
21.2;14.2 Geosynthetics;376
21.3;14.3 Essential properties of geotextiles;378
21.4;14.4 Conclusions;386
21.5;References;387
22;Chapter 14. Textiles in civil engineering. Part 2 – natural fibre geotextiles;388
22.1;14.5 Introduction;388
22.2;14.6 Development of natural materials as geotextiles;388
22.3;14.7 Natural fibres;390
22.4;14.8 Applications for natural geotextiles;394
22.5;14.9 Engineering properties of geotextiles;407
22.6;14.10 Present state and uses of vegetable fibre geotextiles;408
22.7;14.11 Performance of natural fibre geotextiles for soil strengthening;409
22.8;14.12 Geotextile structure forms;411
22.9;14.13 Frictional resistance of geotextiles;416
22.10;14.14 Conclusions;421
22.11;14.15 Relevant British Standards;421
22.12;References;422
23;Chapter 15. Medical textiles;423
23.1;15.1 Introduction;423
23.2;15.2 Fibres used;424
23.3;15.3 Non-implantable materials;426
23.4;15.4 Extracorporeal devices;428
23.5;15.5 Implantable materials;431
23.6;15.6 Healthcare/hygiene products;436
23.7;15.7 Conclusions;439
23.8;References;439
24;Chapter 16. Textiles in defence;441
24.1;16.1 Introduction;441
24.2;16.2 Historical background;441
24.3;16.3 Criteria for modern military textile materials;443
24.4;16.4 Incompatibilities in military materials systems;443
24.5;16.5 Textiles for environmental protection;446
24.6;16.6 Thermal insulation materials;448
24.7;16.7 Water vapour permeable/waterproof materials;451
24.8;16.8 Military combat clothing systems;452
24.9;16.9 Camouflage concealment and deception;455
24.10;16.10 Flame-retardant, heat protective textiles;464
24.11;16.11 Ballistic protective materials;468
24.12;16.12 Biological and chemical warfare protection;473
24.13;References;474
25;Chapter 17. Textiles for survival;477
25.1;17.1 Introduction;477
25.2;17.2 Short term (accident) survival;479
25.3;17.3 Long term survival;482
25.4;17.4 Conclusions;504
25.5;References;504
26;Chapter 18. Textiles in transportation;506
26.1;18.1 Introduction;506
26.2;18.2 Textiles in passenger cars;513
26.3;18.3 Textiles in other road vehicles;532
26.4;18.4 Rail applications;533
26.5;18.5 Textiles in aircraft;535
26.6;18.6 Marine applications;537
26.7;18.7 Future prospects for transportation textiles;539
26.8;Acknowledgements;539
26.9;References;540
27;Chapter 19. Textiles and the environment;545
27.1;19.1 Introduction;545
27.2;19.2 Degradation;546
27.3;19.3 Resource depletion and pollution;547
27.4;19.4 Textile sources of environmental harm;548
27.5;19.5 Textile sources of pollution;549
27.6;19.6 Effects on the environment;553
27.7;19.7 Environmental harm reduction;554
27.8;19.8 Future prospects;555
27.9;References;558
28;Index;559

Leseproben

2 Technical fibres
Mohsen Miraftab    Department of Textiles, Faculty of Technology, Bolton Institute, Deane Road, Bolton BL3 5AB, UK 2.1 Introduction
A number of definitions1–3 have been used to describe the term 'technical textiles' with respect to their intended use, functional ability and their non-aesthetic or decorative requirements. However, none of these carefully chosen words include the fundamental fibre elements, technical or otherwise, which make up the technical textile structures. The omission of the word 'fibre' may indeed be deliberate as most technical textile products are made from conventional fibres that are already well established. In fact over 90% of all fibres used in the technical sector are of the conventional type.4 Specially developed fibres for use in technical textiles are often expensive to produce and have limited applications. Historically, utilisation of fibres in technical capacities dates back to the early Egyptians and Chinese who used papyrus mats to reinforce and consolidate the foundations respectively of the pyramids and the Buddhist temples.5,6 However, their serious use in modern civil engineering projects only began after the floods of 1953 in The Netherlands in which many people lost their lives. The event initiated the famous Delta works project in which for the first time synthetic fibres were written into the vast construction programme.7 Since then, geotextiles in particular have matured into important and indispensable multifunctional materials. Use of silk in semitechnical applications also goes back a long way to the lightweight warriors of the Mongolian armies, who did not only wear silk next to their skin for comfort but also to reduce penetration of incoming arrows and enable their subsequent removal with minimal injury. Use of silk in wound dressing and open cuts in web and fabric form also dates back to the early Chinese and Egyptians. In light of extensive utilization of conventional fibres in the technical sector, this chapter initially attempts to discuss fibres under this category highlighting their importance and the scope of their versatility. The discussion covers concisely an outline of fibre backgrounds, chemical compositions and their salient characteristics. It then introduces other fibres which have been specially developed to perform under extreme stress and/or temperature; ultrafine and novel fibres are also discussed. Finally, the chapter concludes by identifying areas of application and the roles that selected fibres play in fulfilling their intended purpose. Table 2.1 presents the complete range of fibres available to the end-user and some of their mechanical properties. Table 2.1 Fibres available to the end-user and associated mechanical properties Natural
e.g. cotton, wool, silk, jute, etc.
Regenerated
e.g. viscose, acetates tencel, etc.
Synthetics
e.g. polyamide, polyester, polyacrylics, polyurethanes, polyolefins, etc. Para-aramids
e.g. Kevlar (Du Pont) and Twaron (Acordis)
Polybenzobisthiazole (PBT)
Ultra-high molecular
weight polyethylene e.g. Dyneema (DSM) and Spectra (Allied Signal) Meta-aramids
e.g. Nomex (Du Pont) and Conex (Teijin)
Kermel (Rhodia)
Kynol (Kynol)
Oxidised acrylic fibres, e.g. Panox (SGL)
Others: Aromatic polymers;
Polyether ether ketone, PEEK (Victrex and Zyex)Polyether ketone, PEK
Poly p-phenylene sulphide, PPS, e.g. Ryton (Phillips)
polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE, e.g. Teflon (Du Pont)
(Inspec formerly Lenzing) P84 Carbon
Ceramics
Boron
Tungsten
Alumina (e.g. Saffil)
High modulus silicon
Carbide & silicon nitride etc. Microfibres; (linear density < 0.5 dtex)
Solar energy absorbing fibres (solar alpha)
Heat-sensitive fibres (thermochromics)
Scented fibres
Antibacterial fibres (aseptic chlorofibres)
Hollow fibres
Antistatic fire-retardant fibres; etc. Tenacity:
0.1-0.5Ntex- 1
Modulus:
2-18Ntex- 1
% Elongation: 2–7 Tenacity:
1.5-3Ntex- 1
Modulus:
25-150Ntex- 1
% Elongation: 1–8 LOIa: 0.20–0.40 Tenacity:
1–2Ntex- 1
Modulus:
15–25Ntex- 1
% Elongation: 1–4 LOI: 0.23–0.55 Tenacity:
0.5-2Ntex- 1
Modulus:
70-220Ntex-1
% Elongation: 0–1.5 Tenacity:
0.1-0.4Ntex- 1
Modulus:
2-15Ntex- 1
% Elongation: 2–17 a LOI: limiting oxygen index = minimum fraction of oxygen in nitrogen necessary to sustain burning. 2.2 Conventional fibres
2.2.1 Natural fibres
Cotton accounts for half of the world's consumption of fibres and is likely to remain so owing to many of its innate properties and for economical reasons8 that will not be discussed here. Cotton is made of long chains of natural cellulose containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen otherwise known as polysaccharides. The length of the chains determines the ultimate strength of the fibre. An average of 10000 cel- lulosic repeat or monomeric units make up the individual cellulose chains which are about 2 mm in length. The linear molecules combine into microfibrils and are held together by strong intermolecular forces to form the cotton fibre. The unique physical and aesthetic properties of the fibre, combined with its natural generation and biodegradability, are reasons for its universal appeal and popularity. Chemical treatments such as Proban9 and Pyrovatex10 are two examples of the type of durable finishes that can be applied to make cotton fire retardant. High moisture absorbency, high wet modulus and good handle are some of the more important properties of cotton fibre. Wool, despite its limited availability and high cost, is the second most important natural fibre. It is made of protein: a mixture of chemically linked amino acids which are also the natural constituents of all living organisms. Keratin or the protein in the wool fibre has a helical rather than folded chain structure with strong inter- and intrachain hydrogen bonding which are believed to be responsible for many of its unique characteristics. Geographical location, the breeding habits of the animals, and climatic conditions are some of the additional variables responsible for its properties. The overall high extensibility of wool, its natural waviness and ability to trap air has a coordinated effect of comfort and warmth, which also make it an ideal insulating material. The sophisticated dual morphology of wool produces the characteristic crimp which has also been an inspiration for the development of some highly technical synthetic fibres. Wool is inherently fire retardant, but further improvements can be achieved by a number of fire-retardant treatments. Zirconium- and titanium-treated wool is one such example which is now universally referred to as Zirpro (IWS) wool.11 Flax, jute, hemp and ramie, to name but a few of the best fibres, have traditionally taken a secondary role in terms of consumption and functional requirements. They are relatively coarse and durable, and flax has traditionally been used for linen making. Jute, ramie and to a lesser extent other fibres have received attention within the geotextile sector of the fibre markets which seeks to combine the need for temporary to short-term usage with biodegradability, taking into account the regional availability of the fibres. Silk is another protein-based fibre produced naturally by the silkworm, Bombyx Mori or other varieties of moth. Silk is structurally similar to wool with a slightly different combination of amino acids which make up the protein or the fibroin, as it is more appropriately known. Silk is the only naturally and commercially produced continuous filament fibre which has high tenacity, high lustre and good dimensional stability. Silk has been and will remain a luxury quality fibre with a special place in the fibre market. However, its properties of biocompatibility and gradual disintegration, as in sutures, have long been recognised in medical textiles. 2.2.2 Regenerated fibres
Viscose rayon was the result of the human race's first attempts to mimic nature in producing silk-like continuous fibres through an orifice. Cellulose from wood pulp is the main constituent of this novel system, started commercially in the early 1920s. Thin sheets of cellulose are treated with sodium hydroxide and aged to allow molecular chain breakage. Further treatment with carbon disulphide, dissolution in dilute sodium hydroxide and ageing produces a viscous liquid, the viscose dope, which is then extruded into an acid bath. The continuous filaments that finally emerge are washed, dried and can be cut to staple lengths. The shorter cellulose molecules in viscose and their partial crystallisation accounts for its rather inferior physical properties relative to cotton. Further development and refinement of the manufacturing technique have created a whole range of fibres with improved properties. High tenacity and high wet modulus viscose compare in all but appearance to cotton in both dry and wet conditions. Chemically altered regenerated cellulose di- and triacetates do not burn like cotton and viscose to leave a fluffy...