Husar / Lodge / Moore Sulfur in the Atmosphere

Proceedings of the International Symposium Held in Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, 7-14 September 1977
1. Auflage 2017
ISBN: 978-1-4831-5073-4
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 828 Seiten, Web PDF

Sulfur in the Atmosphere covers the proceedings of the International Symposium held in Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia on September 7-14, 1977. The text focuses on the processes involved in the transfer of sulfur through the atmospheric environment, particularly noting its distribution in space in gas, liquid, and solid phases. The book first offers information on the properties of sulfur and the processes involved in its determination, as well as measurement methods, chemical transformations, dry and wet deposition, and aerosol dynamics. The publication also looks at water-soluble sulfur compounds in aerosols, chemical properties of tropospheric sulfur aerosols, and sampling and analysis of atmospheric sulfates and related species. The text examines the techniques involved in the identification of chemical composition of aerosol sulfur compounds. Topics include thermal volatilization, thermometric methods, wet chemical identification, and laser Raman spectroscopy. The publication also reviews the calculation of long term sulfur deposition in Europe; transmission of sulfur dioxide on local, regional, and continental scale; and airborne sampling system for the monitoring of plume. The book is a dependable source of data for readers interested in the transfer of sulfur through the atmospheric environment.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Husar, R. B.

Lodge, J. P.

Moore, D. J.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Sulfur in the Atmosphere;5
3;Copyright Page;6
4;Table of Contents;7
5;List of Participants;13
6;Editorial;15
7;Foreword;17
8;CHAPTER 1.
WORKSHOP la: PROPERTIES AND METHODS;21
8.1;PROPERTIES;21
8.2;MEASUREMENT METHODS;22
8.3;RECOMMENDATIONS;23
8.4;WORKSHOP lb: TRANSFORMATIONS;24
8.5;CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS;24
8.6;AEROSOL DYNAMICS;26
8.7;RECOMMENDATIONS;27
8.8;WORKSHOP 2: DRY AND WET DEPOSITION;28
8.9;DRY DEPOSITION;28
8.10;WET DEPOSITION;30
8.11;WORKSHOP 3: BUDGETS, SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATIONS;32
8.12;WORKSHOP 4: MODELS AND LARGE PROJECTS;33
9;CHAPTER 2.
WATER-SOLUBLE SULPHUR COMPOUNDS IN AEROSOLS;39
9.1;Abstract;39
9.2;INTRODUCTION;39
9.3;METHODS;39
9.4;RESULTS;42
9.5;POSSIBLE FORMATION PROCESSES FOR BLACK AND WHITE EPISODES;51
9.6;REFERENCES;52
10;CHAPTER 3.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TROPOSPHERIC SULFUR AEROSOLS;53
10.1;Abstract;53
10.2;1. ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION;53
10.3;2, MOLECULAR FORMS OF SULFUR IN TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS;54
10.4;3. HYGROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF SULFATE AEROSOLS;58
10.5;4. REFRACTIVE INDEX EFFECTS OF SULFUR IN AEROSOLS;62
10.6;5. SUBSTANCES CO-EXISTING WITH SULFUR IN TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS;63
10.7;6. CONCLUSIONS;65
10.8;REFERENCES;66
11;CHAPTER 4.
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC SULFATES AND RELATED SPECIES;69
11.1;Abstract;69
11.2;INTRODUCTION;69
11.3;EXPERIMENTAL;70
11.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;75
11.5;CONCLUSIONS;81
11.6;REFERENCES;81
12;CHAPTER 5.
A QUANTITATIVE METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF INDIVIDUAL SUBMICROMETER SIZE SULFATE PARTICLES;83
12.1;Abstract;83
12.2;I. INTRODUCTION;83
12.3;2. EXPERIMENTAL;84
12.4;3. APPLICATIONS;93
12.5;4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;96
12.6;REFERENCES;96
13;CHAPTER 6.
CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT AND SPECIATION OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AEROSOLS BY FLAME PHOTOMETRY;97
13.1;Abstract;97
13.2;1. INTRODUCTION;97
13.3;2. EXPERIMENTAL;97
13.4;3. RESULTS;98
13.5;4. SUMMARY;101
13.6;REFERENCES;101
14;CHAPTER 7.
CONTINUOUS IN SITU MONITORING OF AMBIENT PARTICULATE SULFUR USING FLAME PHOTOMETRY AND THERMAL ANALYSIS;103
14.1;Abstract;103
14.2;INTRODUCTION;103
14.3;EXPERIMENTAL;103
14.4;RESULTS OF THE MONITORING PROGRAM;106
14.5;REFERENCES;111
14.6;APPENDIX 1;112
14.7;APPENDIX 2;112
15;CHAPTER 8.
THE AEROSOL MOBILITY CHROMATOGRAPH: A NEW DETECTOR FOR SULFURIC ACID AEROSOLS;113
15.1;Abstract;113
15.2;INTRODUCTION;113
15.3;OPERATING PRINCIPLE AND BASIC FEASIBILITY;114
15.4;PARTICLE SIZE RANGE AND SENSITIVITY;115
15.5;EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF THE PARTICLE SIZE GROWTH FACTOR FOR SULFURIC ACID AEROSOLS;116
15.6;DETECTION OF LOW LEVEL SULFURIC ACID AEROSOLS BY THE AEROSOL MOBILITY CHROMATOGRAPH;117
15.7;CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK;117
15.8;Acknowledgements;117
15.9;REFERENCES;117
16;CHAPTER 9.
TOTAL SULFUR AEROSOL CONCENTRATION WITH AN ELECTROSTATICALLY PULSED FLAME PHOTOMETRIC DETECTOR SYSTEM;119
16.1;Abstract;119
16.2;INTRODUCTION;119
16.3;PERFORMANCE OF THE ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR;119
16.4;PERFORMANCE OF THE FLAME PHOTOMETRIC DETECTOR;121
16.5;PERFORMANCE OF THE COMPLETE SYSTEM;121
16.6;CONCLUSIONS;124
16.7;Acknowledgements;125
16.8;REFERENCES;125
17;CHAPTER 10.
TECHNIQUES FOR DETERMINING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AEROSOL SULFUR COMPOUNDS;127
17.1;Abstract;127
17.2;INTRODUCTION;127
17.3;SAMPLING;127
17.4;GENERAL ANALYSIS;128
17.5;WET CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION;129
17.6;SOLVENT SEPARATION;130
17.7;THERMAL VOLATILIZATION;131
17.8;THERMOMETRIC METHODS;131
17.9;ESCA;132
17.10;INFRARED;133
17.11;LASER RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY;134
17.12;DIFFUSION PROCESSOR;135
17.13;FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS;135
17.14;REFERENCES;137
18;CHAPTER 11.
REMOTE SENSING OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE;141
18.1;Abstract;141
18.2;1. INTRODUCTION;141
18.3;2. THE OPTIONS;141
18.4;3. CORRELATION SPECTROMETRY;142
18.5;4. DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION LIDAR;145
18.6;5. CONCLUSIONS;146
18.7;Acknowledgements;146
18.8;REFERENCES;146
19;CHAPTER 12.
THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SULFUR AEROSOLS;149
19.1;Abstract;149
19.2;NOMENCLATURE;149
19.3;INTRODUCTION;150
19.4;THE PHYSICAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS;151
19.5;PHYSICAL SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS AND CONCENTRATIONS IN VARIOUS LOCATIONS;157
19.6;SULFUR AEROSOL SIZE DISTRIBUTION;161
19.7;AEROSOL GROWTH;163
19.8;IN SITU SIZE DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENT;167
19.9;Acknowledgement;170
19.10;REFERENCES;170
20;CHAPTER 13.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE SULFUR COMPOUNDS;175
20.1;Abstract;175
20.2;1. INTRODUCTION;175
20.3;2. THE RELATION BETWEEN DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL PROPERTIES OF THE AEROSOL;176
20.4;3. INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL MIXTURE;178
20.5;4. THE STATE OF MIXTURE OF SULFUR;180
20.6;5. SOURCE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF SULFUR PARTICLES;180
20.7;6. CONCLUSION;182
20.8;Acknowledgements;183
20.9;REFERENCES;183
21;CHAPTER 14.
AEROSOL GROWTH KINETICS DURING S02 OXIDATION;185
21.1;Abstract;185
21.2;1. FORMATION OF PARTICLES FROM THE MIXTURE OF TWO VAPORS;185
21.3;3. DISCUSSION OF THE ABOVE MEASUREMENTS— HETEROMOLECULAR CONDENSATION;188
21.4;4. COAGULATION AND CONDENSATION;188
21.5;5. SUBSEQUENT COAGULATION AND CONDENSATION;189
21.6;DISCUSSION;190
21.7;REFERENCES;191
22;CHAPTER 15.
EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL EXAMINATION OF THE FORMATION OF SULFURIC ACID PARTICLES;193
22.1;Abstract;193
22.2;INTRODUCTION;193
22.3;PREVIOUS STUDIES;193
22.4;SHORTCOMINGS OF NUCLEATION EXPERIMENTS AND THEORY;195
22.5;UNCERTAINTIES IN NUCLEATION RATES;196
22.6;RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE STUDIES;198
22.7;REFERENCES;198
23;CHAPTER 16.
A REVIEW OF THE DYNAMICS OF SULFATE CONTAINING AEROSOLS;201
23.1;Abstract;201
23.2;INTRODUCTION;201
23.3;SUMMARY;207
23.4;Acknowledgements;208
23.5;REFERENCES;208
24;CHAPTER 17.
MECHANISM OF THE HOMOGENEOUS OXIDATION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE IN THE TROPOSPHERE;211
24.1;Abstract;211
24.2;1.
INTRODUCTION;211
24.3;2. TROPOSPHERIC REACTIONS OF ELECTRONICALLY EXCITED SULFUR DIOXIDE;212
24.4;3. REACTIONS OF GROUND STATE SO2 WITH REACTIVE MOLECULES AND TRANSIENT SPECIES IN THE TROPOSPHERE;219
24.5;4. EVALUATION OF THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF THE HOMOGENEOUS SO2 REACTIONS WITH VARIOUS REACTIVE SPECIES IN THE TROPOSPHERE;233
24.6;Acknowledgements;236
24.7;REFERENCES;236
25;CHAPTER 18.
HOMOGENEOUS OXIDATION OF SULPHUR COMPOUNDS IN THE ATMOSPHERE;241
25.1;Abstract;241
25.2;1. INTRODUCTION;241
25.3;2. OXIDATION OF SO2 BY PHOTOCHEMICALLY GENERATED SPECIES;241
25.4;3. OXIDATION OF SO2 BY REACTIVE SPECIES PRODUCED IN THERMAL REACTIONS;243
25.5;4. DIRECT PHOTO-OXIDATION OF SO2;243
25.6;5. AEROSOL PRODUCTION FROM OXIDATION OF SO2;244
25.7;6. HOMOGENEOUS OXIDATION OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE AND ORGANIC SULPHIDES;244
25.8;REFERENCES;244
26;CHAPTER 19. HETEROGENEOUS SO2-OXIDATION IN THE DROPLET PHASE;245
26.1;Abstract;245
26.2;1. INTRODUCTION;245
26.3;2. SOrTRANSFER AND ABSORPTION;245
26.4;3. OXIDATION OF SO2 IN THE DROPLET PHASE;248
26.5;4. IMPORTANCE OF HETEROGENEOUS SO2-OXIDATION IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND FURTHER RESEARCH;252
26.6;REFERENCES;252
27;CHAPTER 20.
OXIDATION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE IN AQUEOUS SYSTEMS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE ATMOSPHERE;255
27.1;Abstract;255
27.2;1. INTRODUCTION;255
27.3;2. LABORATORY AND THEORETICAL STUDIES;255
27.4;3. EXTRAPOLATION OF LABORATORY RESULTS TO THE ATMOSPHERE;263
27.5;4. HELD MEASUREMENTS;264
27.6;5. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH;265
27.7;REFERENCES;266
28;CHAPTER 21.
ADSORPTION AND OXIDATION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE ON PARTICLES;269
28.1;Abstract;269
28.2;EXPERIMENTAL;270
28.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;271
28.4;ROLE OF ORGANICS IN THE ADSORPTION PROCESS;273
28.5;CONCLUSIONS;274
28.6;REFERENCES;274
29;CHAPTER 22.
THE FORMATION AND STABILITY OF SULFITE SPECIES IN AEROSOLS;277
29.1;Abstract;277
29.2;INTRODUCTION;277
29.3;METHODOLOGY;278
29.4;RESULTS;279
29.5;DISCUSSION;282
29.6;Acknowledgements;284
29.7;REFERENCES;284
30;CHAPTER 23. PRECURSOR EFFECTS ON SO2 OXIDATION;287
30.1;Abstract;287
30.2;1. INTRODUCTION;287
30.3;2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS;287
30.4;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;288
30.5;4. CONCLUSIONS;294
30.6;Acknowledgements;294
30.7;REFERENCES;294
31;CHAPTER 24.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE AEROSOL-CATALYZED OXIDATION OF S02 UNDER ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS;295
31.1;Abstract;295
31.2;INTRODUCTION;295
31.3;EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES;295
31.4;EXPERIMENTS;298
31.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS;299
31.6;Acknowledgement;301
31.7;REFERENCES;301
32;CHAPTER 25. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SO2 AND CARBONACEOUS PARTICULATES;303
32.1;Abstract;303
32.2;INTRODUCTION;303
32.3;EXPERIMENTAL SECTION;303
32.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;304
32.5;REFERENCES;306
33;CHAPTER 26. AIRBORNE INVESTIGATIONS OF SO2 OXIDATION IN THE PLUMES FROM POWER STATIONS;309
33.1;Abstract;309
33.2;INTRODUCTION;309
33.3;EXPERIMENTAL AND RESULTS;309
33.4;CONCLUSION;309
33.5;REFERENCES;310
34;CHAPTER 27.
A STUDY OF PRODUCTION AND GROWTH OF SULFATE PARTICLES IN PLUMES FROM A COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT;311
34.1;Abstract;311
34.2;1. INTRODUCTION;311
34.3;2. EXPERIMENTAL;311
34.4;3. RESULTS;312
34.5;4. CONCLUSION;319
34.6;Acknowledgements;319
34.7;REFERENCES;319
35;CHAPTER 28.
CLOUD NUCLEUS FORMATION IN A POWER PLANT PLUME;321
35.1;Abstract;321
35.2;1. INTRODUCTION;321
35.3;2. EXPERIMENT LOCATION AND EQUIPMENT;321
35.4;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;322
35.5;4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;325
35.6;Acknowledgements;325
35.7;REFERENCES;325
36;CHAPTER 29.
NUCLEI FORMATION RATES IN A COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT PLUME;327
36.1;Abstract;327
36.2;NOMENCLATURE;327
36.3;INTRODUCTION;327
36.4;DATA ANALYSIS;328
36.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;331
36.6;SUMMARY;334
36.7;Acknowledgements;335
36.8;REFERENCES;335
37;CHAPTER 30.
AEROSOL SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS AND AEROSOL VOLUME FORMATION FOR A COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT PLUME;337
37.1;Abstract;337
37.2;NOMENCLATURE;337
37.3;INTRODUCTION;338
37.4;PLUME MEASUREMENTS;338
37.5;DATA REDUCTION AND ANALYSIS;338
37.6;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;341
37.7;SUMMARY;346
37.8;Acknowledgement;347
37.9;REFERENCES;347
38;CHAPTER 31.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SULPHATE AND SULPHUR DIOXIDE IN THE AIR;349
38.1;Abstract;349
38.2;Acknowledgements;351
38.3;REFERENCES;351
39;CHAPTER 32. CONVERSION LIMIT AND CHARACTERISTIC TIME OF SO2 OXIDATION IN PLUMES;353
39.1;Abstract;353
39.2;NOMENCLATURE;353
39.3;1. INTRODUCTION;353
39.4;2. THE MODEL;354
39.5;3. DISCUSSION;356
39.6;4. CONCLUSIO;360
39.7;REFERENCES;360
40;CHAPTER 33.
DRY AND WET REMOVAL OF SULPHUR FROM THE ATMOSPHERE;363
40.1;Abstract;363
40.2;NOMENCLATURE;363
40.3;1. INTRODUCTION;363
40.4;2. DRY DEPOSITION OF S02;364
40.5;3. DRY DEPOSITION OF THE SULPHATE AEROSOL;368
40.6;4. WET DEPOSITION OF S02;369
40.7;5. MECHANISMS FOR THE DEPOSITION OF SULPHATE IN RAIN;371
40.8;6. DEPOSITION OF SULPHUR FROM THE ATMOSPHERE;372
40.9;Acknowledgement;374
40.10;REFERENCES;374
41;CHAPTER 34.
DRY DEPOSITION OF S02;377
41.1;Abstract;377
41.2;INTRODUCTION;377
41.3;DETERMINATION OF S02 FLUX;377
41.4;S02 CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENTS;378
41.5;OPTICALLY MEASURED CONCENTRATION PROFILES;379
41.6;COMPARISON WITH CHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS;379
41.7;THE S02 MEASUREMENTS;379
41.8;AVERAGE VERTICAL FLUXES;380
41.9;REFERENCES;381
42;CHAPTER 35. DRY DEPOSITION OF SO2 ON AGRICULTURAL CROPS;383
42.1;Abstract;383
42.2;INTRODUCTION;383
42.3;THEORY;383
42.4;EXPERIMENTAL;384
42.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;384
42.6;Acknowledgements;387
42.7;REFERENCES;387
43;CHAPTER 36.
INPUT OF ATMOSPHERIC SULFUR BY DRY AND WET DEPOSITION TO TWO CENTRAL EUROPEAN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS;389
43.1;Abstract;389
43.2;INTRODUCTION;389
43.3;DESCRIPTION OF SITES AND METHODS;389
43.4;RESULTS;389
43.5;REFERENCES;391
44;CHAPTER 37.
PSEUDOSPECTRAL SIMULATION OF DRY DEPOSITION FROM A POINT SOURCE;393
44.1;Abstract;393
44.2;1. INTRODUCTION;393
44.3;2. NUMERICAL METHOD;394
44.4;3. NUMERICAL TEST;395
44.5;4. DEPOSITION AT DIFFERENT ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY CATEGORIES;397
44.6;5. DISCUSSION;399
44.7;6. CONCLUSION;400
44.8;Acknowledgements;401
44.9;REFERENCES;401
45;CHAPTER 38.
WET REMOVAL OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS FROM THE ATMOSPHERE;403
45.1;Abstract;403
45.2;INTRODUCTION;403
45.3;GENERAL SCAVENGING PATHWAYS;404
45.4;PATHWAY 1-3-5: DIRECT SO2 SCAVENGING;405
45.5;PATHWAY 2-4-6: DIRECT SULFATE SCAVENGING;408
45.6;PATHWAYS 1-2-4-6 AND 1-3-4-6: SULFUR DIOXIDE REMOVAL BY THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF SCAVENGING AND CHEMICAL REACTION;410
45.7;Acknowledgements;411
45.8;REFERENCES;411
46;CHAPTER 39.
SULPHUR AND NITROGEN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ACIDITY OF RAIN;415
46.1;Abstract;415
46.2;INTRODUCTION;415
46.3;THEORETICAL;415
46.4;OBSERVATIONS;417
46.5;DISCUSSION;418
46.6;CONCLUSIONS;420
46.7;Acknowledgements;420
46.8;REFERENCES;420
47;CHAPTER 40. IMPROVED MODEL OF REVERSIBLE SO2-WASHOUT BY RAIN;421
47.1;Abstract;421
47.2;INTRODUCTION;421
47.3;SOLUTION CHEMISTRY OF SO2;421
47.4;MODELLING SO2 EXCHANGE BETWEEN AIR AND A FALLING RAINDROP;422
47.5;PLUME WASHOUT;424
47.6;CONCLUSION;425
47.7;Acknowledgements;426
47.8;REFERENCES;426
48;CHAPTER 41.
SULFATE IN PRECIPITATION AS OBSERVED BY THE EUROPEAN ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY NETWORK;427
48.1;Abstract;427
48.2;INTRODUCTION;427
48.3;THE NETWORK;427
48.4;SUPPLEMENTARY MEASUREMENTS;428
48.5;QUALITY OF THE DATA BASE;428
48.6;DATA SCRUTINIZATION;429
48.7;CALCULATION OF THE "EXCESS" AND SEA SALT FRACTION OF SULFATE IN PRECIPITATION;429
48.8;CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PRECIPITATION;429
48.9;RELATION BETWEEN SULFATE CONCENTRATION AND AMOUNT OF PRECIPITATION;430
48.10;TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF SULFATE CONCENTRATION/DEPOSITION;431
48.11;SEASONAL VARIATIONS;433
48.12;CONCENTRATION FIELD FOR SULFATE IN PRECIPITATION;434
48.13;DEPOSITION FIELD FOR SULFATE IN PRECIPITATION;434
48.14;ERRORS IN ESTIMATED CONCENTRATION DUE TO SMALL SCALE AREAL VARIABILITY;435
48.15;WASHOUT RATIOS;437
48.16;PAST AND FUTURE IMPORTANCE OF THE NETWORK;437
48.17;Acknowledgements;438
48.18;REFERENCES;438
49;CHAPTER 42.
METEOROLOGY OF LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT;439
49.1;Abstract;439
49.2;INTRODUCTION;439
49.3;ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT ESTIMATES FOR REGIONAL SCALES;440
49.4;COMPUTATION OF ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT;440
49.5;VERIFICATION OF CALCULATED TRAJECTORIES;445
49.6;FUTURE TRANSPORT AND DIFFUSION STUDIES—SOME SUGGESTIONS;453
49.7;GLOBAL SCALE TRANSPORT;456
49.8;SUMMARY;457
49.9;Acknowledgements;457
49.10;REFERENCES;457
50;CHAPTER 43.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE OECD STUDY ON LONG RANGE TRANSPORT OF AIR POLLUTANTS (LRTAP);459
50.1;Abstract;459
50.2;BACKGROUND AND GENERAL DEVELOPMENT;459
50.3;TECHNICAL APPROACH;460
50.4;RESULTS;463
50.5;FUTURE DEVELOPMENT;467
50.6;Acknowledgements;467
50.7;REFERENCES;467
51;CHAPTER 44.
SULPHUR EMISSIONS IN EUROPE;469
51.1;Abstract;469
51.2;1. INTRODUCTION;469
51.3;2. SOURCES OF SULPHUR COMPOUNDS IN THE ATMOSPHERE;469
51.4;3. CONCLUSION;472
51.5;Acknowledgement;473
51.6;REFERENCES;474
52;CHAPTER 45.
METEOROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE TRANSPORT OF POLLUTION OVER LONG DISTANCES;475
52.1;Abstract;475
52.2;1. THE NATURE OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER AND ITS EVOLUTION;475
52.3;2. METEOROLOGICAL OFFICE AIRCRAFT SAMPLING FLIGHTS;479
52.4;3. EPISODES;484
52.5;CASE STUDIES OF TWO EPISODES;486
52.6;4. IMPORTANT PROBLEMS FOR FURTHER STUDY;489
52.7;REFERENCES;491
53;CHAPTER 46.
THE OECD STUDY OF LONG RANGE TRANSPORT OF AIR POLLUTANTS: LONG RANGE TRANSPORT MODELLING;493
53.1;Abstract;493
53.2;1. INTRODUCTION;493
53.3;2. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS AND EQUATIONS;493
53.4;3. PARAMETER VALUES;495
53.5;4. ESTIMATED CONCENTRATIONS COMPARED WITH OBSERVATIONS;496
53.6;5. ESTIMATED DRY AND WET ANNUAL SULPHUR DEPOSITION PATTERNS;497
53.7;6. CONCLUSIONS;500
53.8;Acknowledgements;500
53.9;REFERENCES;500
54;CHAPTER 47.
THE CALCULATION OF LONG TERM SULPHUR DEPOSITION IN EUROPE;503
54.1;Abstract;503
54.2;1. INTRODUCTION;503
54.3;2. THE MODEL USED IN THE CALCULATIONS;504
54.4;3. DIRECTIONAL VARIATION OF TRAJECTORIES;505
54.5;4. SPECIFICATION OF REMOVAL RATES;506
54.6;5. INCLUSION OF PRECIPITATION SCAVENGING;508
54.7;6. MODEL CALCULATIONS OF THE PATTERN OF WET AND DRY DEPOSITION OVER EUROPE;509
54.8;7. SULPHUR BUDGET FOR SOUTHERN NORWAY;512
54.9;8. CONCLUSIONS;514
54.10;Acknowledgement;515
54.11;REFERENCES;515
55;CHAPTER 48.
TRANSFORMATION AND REMOVAL PROCESSES FOR SULFUR COMPOUNDS IN THE ATMOSPHERE AS DESCRIBED BY A ONE-DIMENSIONAL TIME-DEPENDENTDIFFUSION MODEL;517
55.1;Abstract;517
55.2;1. INTRODUCTION;517
55.3;2. THE MODEL;517
55.4;3. THE CHOICE OF PARAMETER VALUES;518
55.5;4. RESULTS;518
55.6;5. CONCLUDING REMARKS;522
55.7;Acknowledgements;522
55.8;REFERENCES;522
56;CHAPTER 49.
LONG TERM REGIONAL PATTERNS AND TRANSFRONTIER EXCHANGES OF AIRBORNE SULFUR POLLUTION IN EUROPE;525
56.1;Abstract;525
56.2;1. INTRODUCTION;525
56.3;2. DESCRIPTION OF EURMAP DESIGN AND APPLICATION;526
56.4;3. RESULTS FROM EURMAP COMPUTER RUNS;529
56.5;Acknowledgements;540
56.6;REFERENCES;540
57;CHAPTER 50. TRANSMISSION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE ON LOCAL, REGIONAL AND CONTINENTAL SCALE;543
57.1;Abstract;543
57.2;1. INTRODUCTION;543
57.3;2. THE AIR TRAJECTORY BOX MODEL;543
57.4;3. TRAJECTORIES;546
57.5;4. EMISSION DATA;546
57.6;5. FACTORS OF TRANSFORMATION AND REMOVAL;546
57.7;6. EVALUATION OF PARTIAL TIME INTERVALS;546
57.8;7. RESULTS;547
57.9;8. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS;548
57.10;REFERENCES;548
58;CHAPTER 51.
SULFATES IN THE ATMOSPHERE: A PROGRESS REPORT ON PROJECT MISTT;551
58.1;Abstract;551
58.2;INTRODUCTION;551
58.3;TRANSFORMATION MECHANISMS;552
58.4;SIZE DISTRIBUTION;552
58.5;REVIEW OF PLUME STUDIES;553
58.6;EPA PLUME STUDIES;554
58.7;SCIENTIFIC RESULTS;558
58.8;SUMMARY;559
58.9;Acknowledgements;559
58.10;REFERENCES;559
58.11;APPENDIX;560
59;CHAPTER 52.
SULFURBUDGET OF A POWER PLANT PLUME;563
59.1;Abstract;563
59.2;INTRODUCTION;563
59.3;TRANSFORMATION;564
59.4;PLUME TRANSPORT;568
59.5;DRY REMOVAL;571
59.6;RATE CONSTANTS FOR THE LABADIE PLUME BUDGET;575
59.7;TWO BOX MODEL OF THE SULFUR BUDGET IN LARGE PLUMES;576
59.8;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION;580
59.9;Acknowledgements;580
59.10;REFERENCES;580
59.11;APPENDIX 1;581
59.12;APPENDIX 2: TWO-BOX MODEL;582
60;CHAPTER 53.
PROJECT MISTT: MESOSCALE PLUME MODELING OF THE DISPERSION, TRANSFORMATION AND GROUND REMOVAL OF S02;583
60.1;Abstract;583
60.2;1. INTRODUCTION;583
60.3;2. MODEL FORMULATION;584
60.4;3. PROJECT MISTT PLUME MODELS;590
60.5;4. CONCLUSIONS;599
60.6;Acknowledgements;600
60.7;REFERENCES;600
60.8;APPENDIX A;601
61;CHAPTER 54.
PROJECT MISTT: KINETICS OF PARTICULATE SULFUR FORMATION IN A POWER PLANT PLUME OUT TO 300 kM;603
61.1;Abstract;603
61.2;1. INTRODUCTION;603
61.3;2. PLUME TRANSPORT;604
61.4;3. KINETICS OF PARTICULATE SULFUR FORMATION;607
61.5;4. CONCLUSIONS;612
61.6;Acknowledgements;612
61.7;REFERENCES;612
62;CHAPTER 55.
A CHEMICAL MODEL FOR URBAN PLUMES: TEST FOR OZONE AND PARTICULATE SULFUR FORMATION IN ST. LOUIS URBAN PLUME;617
62.1;Abstract;617
62.2;INTRODUCTION;617
62.3;PLUME MODEL;617
62.4;NUMERICAL PROCEDURE;613
62.5;OZONE AND SULFATE GENERATING MECHANISMS;614
62.6;MODEL CALCULATIONS;615
62.7;FLOW RATES OF OZONE AND PARTICULATE SULFUR;616
62.8;Acknowledgements-;618
62.9;REFERENCES;618
63;CHAPTER 56. TRANSPORT OF SO2 IN POWER PLANT PLUMES: DAY AND NIGHT;619
63.1;Abstract;619
63.2;1. INTRODUCTION;619
63.3;2. RESULTS;620
63.4;3. DISCUSSION;623
63.5;4. CONCLUSIONS;624
63.6;Acknowledgements;624
63.7;REFERENCES;624
63.8;APPENDIX;625
64;CHAPTER 57.
AIRBORNE SAMPLING SYSTEM FOR PLUME MONITORING;627
64.1;Abstract;627
64.2;INTRODUCTION;627
64.3;AIRCRAFT DESCRIPTION;627
64.4;MEASUREMENT SYSTEM DESCRIPTION;627
64.5;OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES;632
64.6;CALIBRATION;632
64.7;DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS;633
64.8;CONCLUSIONS;633
64.9;Acknowledgements;633
64.10;REFERENCES;633
65;CHAPTER 58.
SATELLITE DETECTION OF LONG-RANGE POLLUTION TRANSPORT AND SULFATE AEROSOL HAZES;635
65.1;Abstract;635
65.2;INTRODUCTION;635
65.3;SATELLITE MONITORING;636
65.4;THE SMA/GOES SATELLITE SYSTEM;636
65.5;DATA;637
65.6;DATA ANALYSES, 16 29 AUGUST 1976;638
65.7;CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY;643
65.8;Acknowledgements;643
65.9;REFERENCES;643
66;CHAPTER 59.
ASSESSMENT OF THE FATE OF SULFUR DIOXIDE FROM A POINT SOURCE;647
66.1;Abstract;647
66.2;I. INTRODUCTION;647
66.3;2. MODEL;647
66.4;3. CALCULATIONS;649
66.5;REFERENCES;653
67;CHAPTER 60.
SULFATE REGIONAL EXPERIMENT IN NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES: THE 'SURE' PROGRAM;655
67.1;Abstract;655
67.2;INTRODUCTION;655
67.3;BACKGROUND;656
67.4;THE SURE PROGRAM;656
67.5;Acknowledgements;659
67.6;REFERENCES;659
67.7;APPENDIX A;659
68;CHAPTER 61.
MAP3S: AN INVESTIGATION OF ATMOSPHERIC, ENERGY RELATED POLLUTANTS IN THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES;663
68.1;Abstract;663
68.2;1. INTRODUCTION;663
68.3;2. MAP3S SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM-RESPONDINGTO UNCERTAINTY;664
68.4;3. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;671
68.5;Acknowledgements;671
68.6;REFERENCES;671
69;CHAPTER 62.
LARGE-SCALE ATMOSPHERIC SULFUR STUDIES IN CANADA;675
69.1;Abstract;675
69.2;INTRODUCTION;675
69.3;CANADIAN LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT OF AIR POLLUTANTS PROGRAM;677
69.4;PRELIMINARY RESULTS;679
69.5;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;682
69.6;Acknowledgements;683
69.7;REFERENCES;683
70;CHAPTER 63.
BUDGETS AND TURN-OVER TIMES OF ATMOSPHERIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS;685
70.1;Abstract;685
70.2;1. INTRODUCTION;685
70.3;2. DEFINITIONS OF TIME SCALES;686
70.4;3. BOX MODELS;687
70.5;4. PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED ATMOSPHERIC SULFUR BUDGETS;687
70.6;5. OTHER WAYS OF ESTIMATING TIME SCALES ASSOCIATED WITH THE TRANSFORMATION AND DEPOSITION OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS;690
70.7;6. DISCUSSION;691
70.8;7. CONCLUDING REMARKS;693
70.9;Acknowledgement;694
70.10;REFERENCES;694
71;CHAPTER 64.
LARGE SCALE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS;695
71.1;Abstract;695
71.2;1. INTRODUCTION;695
71.3;2. DISTRIBUTION OF S02;696
71.4;3. DISTRIBUTION OF H2S;698
71.5;4. DISTRIBUTION OF SULFATE-AEROSOLS;701
71.6;5. INFLUENCE OF REGIONAL TRANSPORT AND TRANSFORMATION ON THE SULFUR BUDGET;702
71.7;Acknowledgement;703
71.8;REFERENCES;703
72;CHAPTER 65.
THE INFLUENCE OF CLOUDS AND RAIN ON THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE IN A ONE-DIMENSIONAL STEADY-STATE MODEL;705
72.1;Abstract;705
72.2;INTRODUCTION;705
72.3;RESULTS;708
72.4;REFERENCES;711
73;CHAPTER 66.
CONCENTRATION OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS IN REMOTE CONTINENTAL AND OCEANIC AREAS;713
73.1;Abstract;713
73.2;1. INTRODUCTION;713
73.3;2. CONCENTRATION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE AND SULFATE IN CONTINENTAL ENVIRONMENT;713
73.4;3. SULFUR CONCENTRATIONS OVER THE OCEANS;715
73.5;4. H2S CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENTS;718
73.6;5. CONCLUSIONS;718
73.7;REFERENCES;718
74;CHAPTER 67.
MARITIME SULFATE OVER THE NORTH ATLANTIC;721
74.1;Abstract;721
74.2;INTRODUCTION;721
74.3;TOTAL SULFATE MASS IN THE AEROSOL;722
74.4;SULFATE -SODIUM FRACTIONATION;723
74.5;SULFUR ISOTOPE RATIOS;723
74.6;MASS DISTRIBUTION OF MARITIME SULFATE;723
74.7;AMMONIUM AND PROTON CONCENTRATIONS;724
74.8;CONCLUSION;726
74.9;Acknowledgements;726
74.10;REFERENCES;727
75;CHAPTER 68. NEW METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF SO2 AND H2S IN REMOTE AREAS AND THEIR APPLICATION TO THE ATMOSPHERE;729
75.1;Abstract;729
75.2;INTRODUCTION;729
75.3;DESCRIPTION OF METHODS;729
75.4;APPLICATION OF THE METHODS;734
75.5;Acknowledgement;739
75.6;REFERENCES;739
76;CHAPTER 69.
SULFATE IN ANTARCTIC SNOW: SPATIO-TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION;736
76.1;Abstract;736
76.2;INTRODUCTION;736
76.3;SAMPLE COLLECTION;736
76.4;ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES;738
76.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;738
76.6;Acknowledgements;742
76.7;REFERENCES;742
77;CHAPTER 70.
AEROSOL CHARACTERIZATION FOR SULFUR OXIDE HEALTH EFFECTS ASSESSMENT;743
77.1;Abstract;743
77.2;INTRODUCTION;743
77.3;RESULTS;743
77.4;DISCUSSION;746
77.5;Acknowledgements;747
77.6;REFERENCES;747
78;CHAPTER 71.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF AIRBORNE SULFATE IN PARTS OF THE UNITED STATES;749
78.1;Abstract;749
78.2;1. INTRODUCTION;749
78.3;2. THE URBAN PROBLEM;750
78.4;3. REGIONAL SCALE PHENOMENA;757
78.5;4. REGIONAL SOURCE-RECEPTOR RELATIONSHIPS;762
78.6;5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;765
78.7;Acknowledgements;766
78.8;REFERENCES;766
79;CHAPTER 72.
SULFURIC ACID PARTICLES IN SUBSIDING AIR OVER JAPAN;767
79.1;Abstract;767
79.2;INTRODUCTION;767
79.3;SAMPLING PROCEDURES;767
79.4;RESULTS;768
79.5;ORIGIN OF SULFURIC ACID PARTICLES;771
79.6;DISCUSSION;771
79.7;CONCLUSION;771
79.8;REFERENCES;771
80;CHAPTER 73.
LARGE-SCALE MEASUREMENT OF AIRBORNE ARTICULATE SULFUR;773
80.1;Abstract;773
80.2;INTRODUCTION;773
80.3;METHOD;773
80.4;SYSTEM PERFORMANCE;774
80.5;SULFUR ANALYSIS;775
80.6;RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS;779
80.7;CONCLUSION;785
80.8;Acknowledgements;785
80.9;REFERENCES;785
81;CHAPTER 74.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SULFUR AEROSOL IN FLORIDA AS DETERMINED BY PIXE ANALYSIS;787
81.1;Abstract;787
81.2;INTRODUCTION;787
81.3;EXPERIMENTAL;787
81.4;RESULTS;788
81.5;DISCUSSION;789
81.6;Acknowledgements;790
81.7;REFERENCES;791
82;CHAPTER 75.
THE SAME-DAY IMPACT OF POWER PLANT EMISSIONS ON SULFATE LEVELS IN THE LOS ANGELES AIR BASIN;793
82.1;Abstract;793
82.2;INTRODUCTION;793
82.3;DATA BASE;793
82.4;ANALYSIS;795
82.5;DISCUSSION;797
82.6;Acknowledgements;798
82.7;REFERENCES;798
83;CHAPTER 76. SULPHATES AND SULPHURIC ACID IN THE ATMOSPHERE IN THE YEARS 1971–1976 IN THE NETHERLANDS;799
83.1;Abstract;799
83.2;INTRODUCTION;799
83.3;SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS;799
83.4;RESULTS;800
83.5;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;803
83.6;REFERENCES;803
84;CHAPTER 77.
VISIBILITY IN LONDON AND THE LONG DISTANCE TRANSPORT OF ATMOSPHERIC SULPHUR;805
84.1;Abstract;805
84.2;1. INTRODUCTION;805
84.3;2. EXPERIMENTAL;806
84.4;3. ANALYTICAL;806
84.5;4. DISCUSSION;807
84.6;5. CONCLUSIONS;808
84.7;Acknowledgements;808
84.8;REFERENCES;808
85;PART I:
SHORT COMMUNICATION;809
85.1;CHAPTER 78. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ON THE SO2 TRANSFER IN THE MEDITERRANEAN OBTAINED WITH REMOTE SENSING DEVICES;809
85.1.1;RESULTS;809
85.1.2;CONCLUSIONS;810
85.1.3;REFERENCES;810
86;AUTHOR INDEX;811
87;SUBJECT INDEX;827