International Review of Cytology

1. Auflage 2002
ISBN: 978-0-08-056951-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 213, 285 Seiten

Reihe: International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology

International Review of Cytology presents current advances and comprehensive reviews in cell biology--both plant and animal. Articles in this volume address topics such as GABA and GABA receptors in CNS and other organs, neuroendocrine control of pheromone biosynthesis in moths, gene transfer to salivary glands, cell type-specificexpression of secretory TFF-peptides in the brain, molecular patterning along the sea urchin animal-vegetal axis, and cell and molecular cell biology of melanin-concentrating hormone. Authored by some of the foremost scientists in the field, each volume provides up-to-date information and directions for future research.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;International Review of Cytology: A Survey of Cell Biology;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;CONTENTS;6
5;Contributors;10
6;Chapter 1. GABA and GABA Receptors in the Central Nervous System and Other Organs;12
6.1;I. Introduction;12
6.2;II. Metabolic Pathways of GABA;13
6.3;III. GABA Receptors;22
6.4;IV. GABA System and Development of Brain;33
6.5;V. GABA Systems outside the CNS;37
6.6;VI. Concluding Remarks;39
6.7;References;40
7;Chapter 2. Neuroendocrine Control of Pheremone Biosynthesis in Moths;60
7.1;I. Introduction;60
7.2;II. Reproductive Behavior in Moths;61
7.3;III. Biochemistry of Pheromone Biosynthesis Activating Neuropeptides;63
7.4;IV. Biological Activities of PBAN;72
7.5;V. Concluding Remarks;91
7.6;References;92
8;Chapter 3. Gene Transfer to Salivary Glands;104
8.1;I. Introduction;104
8.2;II. Biology of the Salivary Glands;106
8.3;III. Strategies for Gene Delivery;115
8.4;IV. Results in Salivary Glands;129
8.5;V. Use for Biological Questions;134
8.6;VI. Use for Clinical Questions;140
8.7;VII. Concluding Remarks;145
8.8;References;146
9;Chapter 4. Cell Type Specific Expression of Secretory TFF Peptides: Colocalization with Mucins and Synthesis in the Brain;158
9.1;I. Introduction;159
9.2;II. Biosynthesis and Localization of TFF Peptides;161
9.3;III. Multiple Biological Functions of TFF Peptides;174
9.4;IV. Concluding Remarks;179
9.5;References;180
10;Chapter 5. Molecular Patterning along the Sea Urchin Animal–Vegetal Axis;194
10.1;I. Introduction;194
10.2;II. Historical Perspective;196
10.3;III. Maternally Encoded Transcriptional Regulators Acting along the A–V Axis;200
10.4;IV. Extracellular Signals Reinforce and Refine Specification along the A–V Axis;210
10.5;V. Oral–Aboral Axis and Ectoderm Patterning;222
10.6;VI. Transcriptional Regulation of Genes Downstream of the A–V Axis Specification Pathway;225
10.7;VII. Embryonic Regulation: A Proposed Mechanism;230
10.8;VIII. Some Unresolved Issues and Future Directions;233
10.9;IX. Concluding Remarks;236
10.10;References;237
11;Chapter 6. Cell and Molecular Cell Biology of Melanin-Concentrating Hormone;244
11.1;I. Introduction;244
11.2;II. Structure of MCH and Related Molecules;245
11.3;III. The MCH Receptors;248
11.4;IV. MCH in Nonmammalian Vertebrates;255
11.5;V. MCH in Mammals;258
11.6;VI. Concluding Remarks;277
11.7;References;278
12;Index;290

Leseproben

Neuroendocrine Control of Pheromone Biosynthesis in Moths
Ada Rafaeli    ARO, Volcani Center, Institute for Technology and Storage of Agricultural Products, Department of Stored Products, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel Abstract
Prevalent among the Lepidoptera, as in many other insect orders, species-specific pheromones are synchronously produced and released for mate finding. Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) is a neuropeptide widespread throughout the class Insecta. Although its role in the several different orders of insects has not been fully elucidated, its regulatory role in Lepidopteran pheromone biosynthesis has been strongly implicated. The biosynthesis, gene expression, distribution, and release of PBAN have been studied in several moth species. This review discusses PBAN’s mode of action as a pheromonotropic neurohormone at the organism, tissue, and cellular levels. The discussion includes an overview on PBAN structure–activity relationships, its target tissue identification, its putative receptor proteins, and the second messengers involved in signal transduction and the key regulatory enzymes in the pheromone biosynthetic pathway that may be influenced by PBAN. Finally, the review includes a discussion of various mediators and inhibitors of the pheromonotropic action due to PBAN. KEY WORDS PBAN/pyrokinin/myotropins Immunocytochemistry ELISA Radioimmunoassay Pheromone gland Receptor proteins Photoaffinity labeling Cyclic AMP Juvenile hormone Octopamine Sex peptide I Introduction
The process of reproduction represents the defining feature of all life-forms. Thus, the events concerned with reproduction may be considered as the ultimate objective of all other life processes. Species diversity, relying on the exchange of genetic information, therefore depends on the successful meeting between two individuals of the same species. Many insect species use species-specific sex pheromones for mate finding. Among the moth species, generally nocturnal and active during the night (scotophase), sex pheromones are prevalent. These are volatile chemical substances, synthesized and emitted by one partner (usually the female) and perceived by the opposite sex. Emission of pheromone by female moths occurs during calling behavior in which the female moth exposes its pheromone gland by extruding its ovipositor tip. Perception of these chemical substances triggers stereotypic orientation responses in the members of the opposite sex. The evolutionary and ecological success of the insect therefore depends on its ability to initiate and terminate pheromone biosynthesis, and the successful outcome of these behavioral events depends on their synchronization. In many moth species this synchronization is achieved by neuroendocrine mechanisms that, in turn, are influenced by various environmental and physiological events (temperature, photoperiod, host plants, mating(s), hormones, neurohormones, and neuromodulators). This review considers the available evidence concerning the regulation of sex pheromone production at the level of the organism, tissue, and cell and attempts at providing a unifying hypothesis for the apparent variations among different moth species. II Reproductive Behavior in Moths
Females of many moth species are attractive to males during specific periods of the photoperiod. In these moths, therefore, pheromone production and emission are controlled by an endogenous circadian rhythm that is entrained by photoperiodic cues. Additionally, some moths (e.g., Helicoverpa zea) have been shown to delay production of pheromone until a suitable host plant is found for egg laying (Raina, 1988). These facts suggest that a regulatory mechanism must play an important role in the synchronization of mating behavior. Raina and Klun (1984) were the first to discover that sex pheromone production is regulated by a neurohormone in H. zea. The neurohormonal activity was found in homogenates of brain complexes [consisting of brain–subesophageal ganglia–corpora cardiaca–corpora allata (Br-SOG-CC-CA) complexes] during both the photophase and the scotophase. This activity was detected in the hemolymph only during the scotophase, thereby indicating a hormonal function. The neurohormone was termed pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN). The activity was present in brain complexes of both male and female H. zea as well as in females of other moth species (Ostrinia nubilalis and Lymantria dispar) and in the cockroach (Blatella germanica). Many workers subsequently detected PBAN-like activity in neural tissues of several other moth species as well as in other insect orders (Table I). Table I The Presence of PBAN-like Activity and/or Immunoreactivity in Insect Species Noctuidae Helicoverpa zea Raina and Klun (1984) Heliothis phloxiphaga Raina and Klun (1984) Helicoverpa armigera Rafaeli and Soroker (1989a) Helicoverpa assulta Choi et al. (1998a,b) Heliothis virescens Raina et al. (1987) Heliothis peltigera Altstein et al. (1990) Chrysodeixis chalcites Altstein et al. (1990) Agrotis segatum Zhu et al. (1995) Agrotis ipsilon Duportes et al. (1998) Spodoptera frugiperda Raina et al. (1987) Spodoptera littoralis Rafaeli and Soroker (1989a) Spodoptera latifascia Jacquin-Joly and Descoins (1996) Spodoptera descoinsi Jacquin-Joly and Descoins (1996) Mamestra brassicae Bestmann et al. (1989) Pseudaletia separata Cusson and McNeil (1989) Trichoplusia ni Zhao and Haynes (1997) Pyralidae Diaphania nitidalis Raina et al. (1987) Ostrinia nubilalis Raina et al. (1987) Eldana saccharina Jacquin-Joly and Descoins (1996) Plodia interpunctella Rafaeli and Gileadi (1995a) Lymantriidae Lymantria dispar Raina et al. (1987) Sphingidae Manduca sexta Raina et al. (1987) Gelechiidae Pectinophora gossypiella Rafaeli and Klein (1994) Tortricidae Choristonura fumiferana Delisle et al. (1999) Choristonura rosaceana Delisle et al. (1999) Pieridae Pieris brassicae Jacquin-Joly and Descoins (1996) Insect order Orthoptera Blatella germanica Raina et al. (1987) Locusta migratoria Sreng et al. (1990) Diptera Mayetiola destructor Foster et al. (1991) Sarchophaga bullata (larvae) Zdarek et al. (1997) Anastrepha suspensa Teal (1998) The regulatory mechanisms of pheromone production (physiological response) do not depend on calling behavior (behavioral response), although both responses may be synchronized and entrained to the photoperiod. In some species (Sesamia nonagrioides, Plodia interpunctella, Ephestia cautella, and Helicoverpa spp.), pheromone production and calling behavior are synchronous and peak pheromone production occurs during peak periods of calling behavior (Bablis and Mazomenos 1992a; Coffelt et al., 1978; Raina, 1988). However, in other moth species pheromone titers either remain high throughout the 24 h (Trichoplusia ni and Pectinophora gossypiella) (Shorey and Gaston,...