Buch, Englisch, 608 Seiten
A Practical Guide for Operational Safety
Buch, Englisch, 608 Seiten
ISBN: 978-1-394-28229-6
Verlag: John Wiley & Sons Inc
Comprehensive introduction to aerodynamics applied to different types of modern aircraft, now updated with the latest FAA guidance
Flight Theory and Aerodynamics provides an introduction to aerodynamics using practical application to modern aircraft with step-by-step calculations. This fifth edition streamlines content, notably the chapters on aircraft stability, and incorporates updated FAA guidance and figures from the 2023 Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge as well as other FAA handbooks.
A balanced application of introductory physics and meteorology in the first five chapters evolves into an introduction to propeller and jet aircraft propulsion and eventually moves into a broad discussion on the application of physics to aircraft takeoff and landing performance. After the introductory material has been presented, principles from earlier in the textbook and prior coursework are correlated and applied to slow flight, aircraft stability, and high-speed flight. A new chapter on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) flight theory is included.
The text features extensive instructor resources including detailed PowerPoint slides for each chapter, step-by-step guidance for end of chapter calculations, sample test bank questions for each chapter, and application sections within each chapter that allow the instructor to challenge the student with additional real-world scenarios based on chapter content.
Flight Theory and Aerodynamics includes information on: - Elements of the flight environment, covering forces, mass, scalar and vector quantities, linear and rotational motion, friction, and power
- Atmosphere, altitude, and airspeed measurement, covering properties of the atmosphere, Bernoulli’s equation, and pitot-static system advantages and disadvantages
- Jet aircraft performance, covering principles of propulsion, fuel flow, specific fuel consumption, and thrust-required curves
- Aircraft stability and control, covering oscillatory motion, weight and balance, and airplane reference axes
- Rotary-wing flight theory, airfoil selection, and helicopter control
- UAV flight theory, including UAV design considerations, the aerodynamics of UAV fuselage design, UAV powerplant design, and the future of UAV design and aerodynamics
- End of chapter questions focused on scenario-based learning as applied to the performance analysis of a Diamond DA50 and corresponding chapter material.
In addition to degree-oriented college programs, this latest edition of Flight Theory and Aerodynamics is also an essential resource for pilot training programs ranging from student pilots to flight instructors as well as practicing professionals flying a wide range of aircraft.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
1 Introduction to the Flight Environment. 15
Introduction. 16
History of Aerodynamics. 16
Basic Quantities. 21
Forces. 22
Mass. 24
Scalar and Vector Quantities. 24
Scalar Addition. 24
Vector Addition. 25
Vector Resolution. 26
Moments. 27
Equilibrium Conditions. 28
Newton’s Laws of Motion. 29
Newton’s First Law. 29
Newton’s Second Law. 29
Newton’s Third Law. 30
Energy and Work. 30
Power. 31
Friction. 32
Introduction to Linear Motion. 33
introduction to Rotational Motion. 35
CHAPTER 1 Symbols. 36
CHAPTER 1 EQUATIONS. 37
CHAPTER 1 KEY TERMS. 37
CHAPTER 1 PROBLEMS. 39
CHAPTER 1 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 42
2 Atmosphere, Altitude, and Airspeed Measurement. 44
PROPERTIES OF THE ATMOSPHERE. 44
Static Pressure. 45
Temperature. 46
Density. 48
Viscosity. 50
ICAO Standard Atmosphere. 50
Altitude Measurement. 51
Indicated Altitude. 51
Calibrated Altitude. 52
True Altitude. 52
Absolute Altitude. 52
Pressure Altitude. 53
Density Altitude. 54
Continuity Equation. 56
Bernoulli's Equation. 57
Airspeed Measurement. 60
Indicated Airspeed. 63
Calibrated Airspeed. 63
Equivalent Airspeed. 64
True Airspeed. 64
Mach. 66
Groundspeed. 67
CHAPTER 2 Symbols. 67
CHAPTER 2 EQUATIONS. 68
CHAPTER 2 KEY TERMS. 69
CHAPTER 2 PROBLEMS. 70
CHAPTER 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 74
3 Structures, Airfoils, and Aerodynamic Forces. 75
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES. 75
Primary Flight Controls. 76
Secondary Flight Controls. 83
AIRFOILS. 89
Airfoil Terminology. 90
Definitions. 90
Geometry Variables of Airfoils. 91
Classification of Airfoils. 93
DEVELOPMENT OF FORCES ON AIRFOILS. 96
Pressure Disturbances on Airfoils. 96
Velocity and Static Pressure Changes about an Airfoil 97
AERODYNAMIC FORCE. 98
Pressure Distribution on a Rotating Cylinder. 98
AERODYNAMIC PITCHING MOMENTS. 99
AERODYNAMIC CENTER. 102
ACCIDENT BRIEF: AIR MIDWEST FLIGHT 5481. 103
CHAPTER 3 SYMBOLS. 104
CHAPTER 3 KEY TERMS. 104
CHAPTER 3 PROBLEMS. 105
CHAPTER 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 109
4 Lift. 110
Introduction to Lift. 110
Angle of Attack. 111
Angle of Attack Indicator. 112
Accident Brief: Air France Flight 447. 114
Angle of Attack and Coefficient of Lift. 115
Boundary Layer Theory. 116
Coanda Effect. 119
Reynolds Number. 119
Adverse Pressure Gradient. 121
Airflow Separation. 122
Stall 124
Aerodynamic Force Equations. 126
Lift Equation. 126
Coefficient of Lift and the Lift Equation. 127
Velocity. 129
Lift Formula Summary. 131
Airfoil Lift Characteristics. 132
High Coefficient of Lift Devices. 133
Effect of Ice and Frost. 141
Lift During Flight Maneuvers. 142
Lift During Turns. 143
Lift During Climbs and Descents. 144
Lift and Balloons. 145
CHAPTER 4 Symbols. 147
CHAPTER 4 EQUATIONS. 148
CHAPTER 4 KEY TERMS. 148
CHAPTER 4 PROBLEMS. 149
CHAPTER 4 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 153
5 Drag. 155
Induced Drag. 155
Aspect Ratio. 158
Wingtip Vortices. 160
Infinite Wing. 161
Finite Wing. 162
Induced Drag Summary. 164
Ground Effect. 165
Airflow Alteration Around the Wing. 166
Pitching Moments. 167
Pitot–Static Influence. 168
Ground Effect Summary. 168
Parasite Drag. 170
Skin Friction Drag. 170
Laminar Flow Airfoils. 171
Form Drag. 174
Interference Drag. 175
Leakage Drag. 176
Parasite Drag Summary. 176
Drag Equation. 177
Induced and Parasite Drag Calculations. 178
Total Drag. 179
Lift-to-Drag Ratio. 181
(L/D)max Summary. 185
Drag Reduction. 186
Winglet Design. 186
Winglet Application. 189
CHAPTER 5 Symbols. 190
CHAPTER 5 EQUATIONS. 191
CHAPTER 5 KEY TERMS. 191
CHAPTER 5 PROBLEMS. 193
CHAPTER 5 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 197
6 Jet Aircraft Performance. 199
Thrust-Producing Aircraft. 200
Turbine Engine Operation. 201
Thrust-Required Curve. 203
Principles of Propulsion. 204
Thrust-Available Turbojet Aircraft. 206
Thrust Variation and rpm. 206
Specific Fuel Consumption. 209
Fuel Flow. 211
Thrust-Available/Thrust-Required Curves. 211
Items of Aircraft Performance. 212
Straight and Level Flight. 212
Climb Performance. 213
Angle of Climb. 214
Rate of Climb. 215
Endurance. 218
Specific Range. 219
Wind Effect on Specific Range. 220
Total Range. 220
Variations in the Thrust-Required Curve. 221
Weight Changes. 222
Configuration Changes. 226
Altitude Changes. 228
Cruise–Climb Flight. 230
Afterburners and Vectored Thrust. 231
Jet Performance Summary. 232
CHAPTER 6 Symbols. 233
CHAPTER 6 EQUATIONS. 234
CHAPTER 6 KEY TERMS. 235
CHAPTER 6 PROBLEMS. 235
CHAPTER 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 239
7 Propeller Aircraft Performance. 241
POWER AVAILABLE. 242
Basic Propeller Principles. 243
Fixed-Pitch Propeller. 245
Constant-Speed Propeller. 246
PRINCIPLES OF PROPULSION. 248
POWER-REQUIRED CURVES. 251
Power Available Versus Velocity. 253
Variations with Power and Altitude. 255
ITEMS OF AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE. 258
Straight and Level Flight. 258
Climb Performance. 258
Angle of Climb. 259
Rate of Climb. 261
Endurance. 263
Specific Range. 265
Wind Effect on Specific Range. 265
VARIATIONS IN THE POWER-REQUIRED CURVE. 266
Weight Changes. 266
Configuration Change. 270
Altitude Changes. 272
Propeller Performance Summary. 276
CHAPTER 7 SYMBOLS. 277
CHAPTER 7 EQUATIONS. 278
CHAPTER 7 KEY TERMS. 278
CHAPTER 7 PROBLEMS. 279
Chapter 7 Bibliography. 286
8 Takeoff Performance. 287
Normal Takeoff. 290
Crosswind Takeoff. 291
Performance Takeoffs. 293
Water Takeoffs. 295
Performance Speeds – Normal Takeoff. 296
Improper Liftoff. 297
Premature Takeoff in Ground Effect. 297
Dangers of Over-rotation. 298
Rejected Takeoffs. 298
RTO V-Speeds and Definitions. 299
Declared Distances. 302
Single-Engine Airplane. 303
Multi-Engine Airplane. 304
Rejected Takeoff Aerodynamics. 306
Initial Climb. 310
Linear Motion. 313
Factors Affecting Takeoff Performance. 316
Weight Change. 316
Altitude. 318
Wind. 319
Runway Surface. 322
Runway Slope. 323
CHAPTER 8 Symbols. 324
CHAPTER 8 EQUATIONS. 324
CHAPTER 8 kEY TERMS. 325
CHAPTER 8 PROBLEMS. 326
Chapter 8 Bibliography. 331
9 Landing Performance. 333
PRELANDING PERFORMANCE. 335
Gliding Flight. 336
The Landing Approach. 338
Stabilized Approaches. 339
Approach Glide Paths. 340
NORMAL LANDING. 345
Crosswind Landing. 345
Performance Landings. 347
IMPROPER LANDING PERFORMANCE. 349
Improper Round Out. 349
Bouncing and Ballooning. 350
Porpoising. 351
Rejected Landings (Go-arounds). 352
HAZARDS OF HYDROPLANING. 353
Dynamic Hydroplaning. 353
Viscous Hydroplaning. 356
Reverted Rubber Hydroplaning. 356
LANDING DECELERATION, VELOCITY, AND DISTANCE. 356
Forces on the Aircraft During Landing. 356
Braking Techniques. 361
Thrust Reversers. 361
LANDING EQUATIONS. 363
General Equation. 363
Effect of Weight Change. 364
Effect of Altitude. 365
Effect of Wind. 366
LANDING ENVIRONMENT. 369
Accident Brief: Southwest Airlines (SWA) Flight 1248. 369
Runway Surface. 370
Runway Slope. 373
CHAPTER 9 SYMBOLS. 373
CHAPTER 9 EQUATIONS. 373
CHAPTER 9 KEY TERMS. 374
CHAPTER 9 PROBLEMS. 375
Chapter 9 Bibliography. 380
10 Slow-Speed Flight. 382
Region of Reversed Command. 383
Thrust producers. 384
Power producers. 387
Stalls. 388
Stall Patterns. 388
Stall Warning Devices. 391
Stall Recovery. 391
Power-Off Stall 393
Power-On Stall 394
Accelerated Stall 395
Cross-Control Stall 396
Uncoordinated Flight. 397
Spins. 399
Spin Warning. 399
Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Spin. 401
Impact of Weight and Balance During a Spin. 404
Hazards During Slow-Speed Flight – Low-Level Wind Shear. 405
Aircraft Performance in Low-Level Wind Shear. 407
During Takeoff and Departure. 407
During Approach to a Landing. 409
Vertical Shear Level 410
Crosswind Burst Response. 412
Heavy Rain. 412
Hazards During Slow-Speed Flight – Turbulence. 413
Turbulence Effects. 413
Wake Turbulence. 413
Mechanical Turbulence. 416
Convection and Mountain Wave Turbulence. 417
Chapter 10 EQUATIONS. 419
Chapter 10 Key Terms. 419
Chapter 10 Problems. 420
Chapter 10 Bibliography. 424
11 Maneuvering Performance. 426
General Turning Performance. 426
Forces in Turns. 429
Load Factor. 430
Load Factors on an Aircraft in a Coordinated Turn. 432
Effect of a Coordinated Banked Turn on Stall Speed. 433
The V–G Diagram (Flight Envelope). 436
Maneuver Speed and Limit Load Factor. 440
Load Factor and Flight Maneuvers. 443
Radius of Turn. 444
Rate of Turn. 448
Energy Management. 451
The Airplane as an Energy System. 452
Energy System Control 453
Application of the Energy System. 455
CHAPTER 11 Symbols. 458
CHAPTER 11 EQUATIONS. 458
CHAPTER 11 KEY TERMS. 459
CHAPTER 11 PROBLEMS. 460
Chapter 11 Bibliography. 464
12 Longitudinal Stability and Control 465
Definitions. 466
Equilibrium. 466
Static Stability. 466
Dynamic Stability. 467
Oscillatory Motion. 468
Weight and Balance. 469
Weight and Balance Theory. 470
Mean Aerodynamic Chord. 472
Effect of Weight on Flight Performance. 473
Effect of Weight on Load Distribution. 474
Airplane Reference Axes. 476
Static Longitudinal Stability. 479
The Pitching Moment Equation. 479
Graphic Representation of Static Longitudinal Stability. 480
Contribution of Aircraft Components to Pitch Stability. 481
Static Margin and Neutral Point. 490
Stick-Fixed Versus Stick-Free Stability. 492
Accident Brief: B-1A Static Margin Test. 492
Dynamic Longitudinal Stability. 494
Pitching Tendencies in a Stall 496
Low-Tailed Aircraft. 496
T-Tail Aircraft. 497
Explanation of Nose-Up Pitch Following Stall in Swept-Wing Aircraft. 498
Longitudinal Control 500
CHAPTER 12 Symbols. 501
CHAPTER 12 EQUATIONS. 502
CHAPTER 12 KEY TERMS. 502
CHAPTER 12 PROBLEMS. 503
Chapter 12 Bibliography. 507
13 Directional and Lateral Stability. 509
Static Directional Stability. 509
The Yawing Moment Equation. 511
Graphic Representation of Static Directional Stability. 511
Contribution of Aircraft Components to Yaw Stability. 512
Directional Control 517
Slipstream Rotation. 517
Crosswind Takeoff and Landing. 518
Asymmetrical Loading/Thrust. 518
Intentional Slips. 522
Multi-Engine Flight Principles. 524
Introduction to Single-Engine Flight. 525
Flight Principles with One Engine Inoperative. 526
VMC Considerations. 528
Lateral Stability and Control 531
Static Lateral Stability. 531
The Rolling Moment Equation. 533
Graphic Representation of Static Lateral Stability. 533
Contributions of Aircraft Components to Roll Stability. 534
Lateral Control 539
Dynamic Directional and Lateral Coupled Effects. 539
Roll Due to Yawing. 539
Adverse Yaw. 540
Types of Motion Resulting from Coupled Effects. 543
CHAPTER 13 Symbols. 546
CHAPTER 13 EQUATIONS. 547
CHAPTER 13 KEY TERMS. 547
CHAPTER 13 PROBLEMS. 548
Chapter 13 Bibliography. 551
14 High-Speed Flight. 552
THE SPEED OF SOUND. 552
Coffin Corner (Q Corner). 555
HIGH-SUBSONIC FLIGHT. 556
Normal Shock Wave Formation on Wings. 556
DESIGN FEATURES FOR HIGH-SUBSONIC FLIGHT. 557
Thin Airfoil Sections. 558
High-Speed Subsonic Airfoils. 558
Sweepback. 559
Vortex Generators. 561
High-Speed Subsonic Control Surfaces. 561
Flight Control Augmentation Systems. 563
TRANSONIC FLIGHT. 565
Wave Drag and Force Divergence. 565
Mach Tuck. 567
High-Speed Mach Buffet. 569
Control Surface Buzz and Flutter. 569
SUPERSONIC FLIGHT. 570
Oblique Shock Waves. 571
Expansion Waves. 572
Aerodynamic Forces in Supersonic Flight. 574
Supersonic Airfoils. 574
Wing Planform. 576
Area Rule Drag Reduction. 578
Control Effectiveness. 579
Supersonic Engine Inlets. 581
Aerodynamic Heating. 584
Computational Fluid Dynamics and Computer-Aided Design. 586
Low Boom Flight Development. 588
chapter 14 SYMBOLS. 591
chapter 14 EQUATIONS. 591
chapter 14 KEY TERMS. 591
chapter 14 pROBLEMS. 592
Chapter 14 Bibliography. 595
15 Rotary-Wing Flight Theory. 597
MOMENTUM THEORY OF LIFT. 599
AIRFOIL SELECTION. 599
FORCES ON ROTOR SYSTEM. 600
THRUST DEVELOPMENT. 603
HOVERING FLIGHT. 603
Hovering Blade Velocity. 605
Blade Twist. 605
GROUND EFFECT. 605
Torque. 606
ROTOR SYSTEMS. 608
Rigid Rotor. 608
Semirigid Rotor (Seesaw or Teetering Hinge). 609
Fully Articulated Rotor. 609
DISSYMMETRY OF LIFT IN FORWARD FLIGHT. 610
Blade Flapping. 611
Blade Lead and Lag. 612
HIGH FORWARD SPEED PROBLEMS. 613
Advancing Blade Compressibility. 613
Retreating Blade Stall 614
Gyroscopic Precession. 615
HELICOPTER CONTROL. 615
Rotor Head Control 616
Control of the Path. 617
HELICOPTER POWER-REQUIRED CURVES. 617
Translational Lift. 618
POWER SETTLING, SETTLING WITH POWER, AND VORTEX RING STATE. 619
AUTOROTATION. 622
DYNAMIC ROLLOVER. 624
CHAPTER 15 PROBLEMS. 625
CHAPTER 15 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 627
16 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Flight Theory. 628
UAV Categorization. 630
UAV Design. 630
Aerodynamics of UAV Fuselage Design. 632
UAV Powerplant Design. 634
The Future of UAV Design and Aerodynamics. 640
CHAPTER 16 KEY TERMS. 644
CHAPTER 16 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 644
