Joseph / Soorya / Thurm Autism Spectrum Disorder

1., 2015
ISBN: 978-1-61334-404-0
Verlag: Hogrefe Publishing
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Vol. 29, 106 Seiten

Reihe: Advances in Psychotherapy - Evidence-Based Practice

Compact, authoritative guide to effective diagnosis and empirically supported treatments for autism spectrum disorder.
This addition to the Advances in Psychotherapy–Evidence-Based Practice series is a straightforward yet authoritative guide to effective diagnosis and empirically supported treatments for autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
The book starts by reviewing DSM-5 and ICD-10 diagnostic criteria, current theories and models, and prevalence rates for ASD and related neurodevelopmental disorders. It explains the differences between the disorders and changes in criteria and names (such as Asperger’s syndrome, childhood and atypical autism, pervasive developmental disorder, Rett’s syndrome) over time. It then provides clear guidance on evaluation of ASD and comorbidities, with practical outlines and examples to guide practice.
The core of the book that follows is a clear description of current interventions and their empirical support, including psychosocial, pharmacological, educational, social skills, and complementary/alternative treatments. Clinical vignettes and marginal notes highlighting the key points help make it an easy-to-use resource, incorporating the latest scientific research, that is suitable for all mental health providers dealing with autism spectrum disorder.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Joseph, Lisa

Soorya, Latha V.

Soorya, Lathia V.

Thurm, Audrey

Fachgebiete

• Sozialwissenschaften Psychologie Allgemeine Psychologie Differentielle Psychologie, Persönlichkeitspsychologie Psychologische Diagnostik, Testpsychologie
• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Klinische und Innere Medizin Autismus und Asperger-Syndrom
• Sozialwissenschaften Psychologie Psychotherapie / Klinische Psychologie Psychopathologie

Leseproben

[1]1 Description This book focuses on autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which is considered a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder, qualitatively different from other behavioral disorders that are the foci in this series. As a neurodevelopmental disorder, ASD arises very early in life, often has associated biological and medical conditions, and is not easily treated. In fact, although clearly some individuals improve over time and even “remit,” it is considered controversial even today to discuss a “cure” for the disorder. While ASD comprises persisting and impairing social communication deficits and the presence of restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests, it is much more than that, given the inherent and necessary, evolution-driven social tendencies and proclivities of human nature. Lacking basic skills and motivations regarding socialization leads to the inability to engage in and benefit from many of the activities of life that require such skills: learning, conversing, and engaging in meaningful and mutually beneficial relationships among them. The following work, beginning with an introduction to old and new classifications of the disorder, explores the parameters of ASD as a heterogeneous condition with associated conditions. The book goes into depth about the complexities of making the diagnosis and differentiating ASD from other related disorders, and describes the state of the science and practice with respect to treating associated features and ultimately the core symptoms of the disorder. 1.1 Terminology The terminology for ASD relates to its associated conditions and the diagnostic classification of the disorder developed through the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD) classification systems. A few key abbreviations that are used throughout the book are described in the box below. [2]Key Abbreviations AAC Augmentative and alternative communication ABA Applied behavior analysis ASD Autism spectrum disorder DTT Discrete trial training EIBI Early intensive behavioral intervention EST Empirically supported treatments FBA Functional behavioral assessment PDD-NOS Pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified PRT Pivotal response treatment RRB Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities SCD Social communication disorder The terminology for ASD has changed several times since the condition was first introduced as a mental disorder in the 1980s, and most recently it has changed with the publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). The diagnostic classification has changed from autistic disorder (or autism) to autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and ASD is defined with criteria very similar to the previous criteria for autistic disorder (or autism), pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), and Asperger’s disorder, under DSM-IV (APA, 2000). The main changes between the DSM-IV and DSM-5 conceptualization and criteria are the following: The broad diagnostic category is termed autism spectrum disorder (rather than the previously termed pervasive developmental disorder). ASD is one diagnosis, with specific distinctions for autism vs. PDD-NOS vs. Asperger’s disorder (as well as Rett syndrome and childhood disintegrative disorder) removed from the DSM, although these terms are still used clinically and are defined in other classification systems. Within ASD, one domain for social communication deficits is now described (merging the separate criteria for reciprocal social interaction deficits and communication deficits). In addition, key terms in ASD relate to concepts of the restricted, repetitive behavior domain. In this area, symptoms are now described to include fixated patterns of interests (also described as circumscribed interests or preoccupations) and stereotyped movements (which may include repetitive or idiosyncratic movements). The DSM-5 also includes criteria for hypersensory and hyposensory sensitivities, previously not part of the diagnostic criteria. Level of support indicators: Requiring support Requiring substantial support Requiring very substantial support The description of relevant terminology relating to ASD also includes wording for how DSM-5 diagnoses are described more generally. Instead of using a multiaxial system, the DSM-5 uses specifiers, which are descriptors used in the diagnosis to more comprehensively describe an individual. The specifiers for ASD include indication of cognitive functioning (with or without intellectual impairment); language level (with or without language impairment); associations with known medical, genetic, or environmental factors; and classifications that may be used to describe severity for the two criteria domains, categorized by three levels of support. These levels of support are described as requiring support, requiring substantial support, and requiring very substantial support, and these may be used to track change[3] over time within an individual. Separate specifiers are used to describe severity for each domain (social communication deficits and restrictive, repetitive behavior). As such, while some of the specifiers (e.g., association with a medical illness) may be static for individuals, other specifiers may be modified for individuals as they change developmental stage or potentially respond to treatment. While DSM-5 included the aforementioned changes, the current ICD-10 classifications remain similar to the DSM-IV conceptualizations, as shown in Table 1 (see http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010). In addition to classifications for autism (childhood autism), other childhood disintegrative disorder, Rett syndrome, and Asperger’s syndrome, the ICD-10 system includes an atypical autism classification, for individuals with onset after the age of 3 years. It also includes subthreshold criteria such that a diagnosis of autism may be ruled out. While the ICD-11 revision is not due to be published until 2015, it remains to be seen how and whether these two classifications systems will realign with respect to ASD. Table 1
DSM-5 and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria for ASD [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] Note. ASD = autism spectrum disorder. DSM-5 criteria reprinted with permission from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. © 2013, American Psychiatric Association. All Rights Reserved. ICD-10 criteria reprinted with permission from the ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Diagnostic Criteria for Research, pp. 197–201, © 2010 World Health Organization. 1.2 Definition Deficits in social communication, including reciprocal social interaction, and the presence of restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interest, or activities (RRBs) are the defining symptoms of ASD. The onset of these symptoms must be present in early development, the symptoms must cause impairment in several areas of functioning, and the symptoms must not be better explained by intellectual disability or global developmental delay (APA, 2013). Social communication deficits are among the earliest indicators of ASD Social communication deficits are among the first concerns reported by parents (Lord, 1995) and have long been considered to be at the core of ASD. Studies...