Buch, Englisch, 352 Seiten
Buch, Englisch, 352 Seiten
ISBN: 978-1-394-30052-5
Verlag: Wiley
A practical guide on assessing and reducing environmental impact across all building life cycle stages
As sustainability becomes central to design and construction practices, professionals must go beyond intuition and embrace Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) to measure and minimize embodied carbon. Life Cycle Driven Structures is a much-needed bridge between theory and application for assessing environmental performance across the full span of a building's life. Integrating life cycle thinking directly into structural design decision-making, this timely book equips readers with the essential knowledge and tools to perform robust LCA to meet growing regulatory and market demands for environmentally conscious design.
Alper Kanyilmaz, a leading expert in sustainable construction and LCA education, provides a structured, methodical approach supported by practical exercises and real-world case studies. The author addresses a critical knowledge gap in architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) curricula and practice by demonstrating how LCA can inform material selection, structural systems, and construction methods. In-depth chapters cover steel, reinforced concrete, and mass timber structures—offering nuanced comparisons and clear guidance on using environmental product declarations (EPDs), carbon databases, and reduction strategies.
Delivering a comprehensive, hands-on learning experience that directly supports the AEC sector's shift toward lower-carbon, more sustainable building practices, Life Cycle Driven Structures:
- Covers the full building life cycle, including material sourcing, construction, operation, and end-of-life stages
- Presents comparative LCA results for different structural systems and material choices
- Features real-world case studies to illustrate the practical application of theory
- Includes hands-on exercises to reinforce understanding and build applied skills
- Discusses key tools, databases, and environmental product declarations (EPDs) used in LCA
- Provides insights drawn from cutting-edge European research projects and teaching experience
Aligned with ISO 14000 standards for environmental management, Life Cycle Driven Structures is ideal for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in civil engineering, architecture, and construction management programs, and is also a valuable reference for AEC professionals pursuing sustainable practices in industry.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
- Technische Wissenschaften Bauingenieurwesen Baukonstruktion, Baufachmaterialien
- Technische Wissenschaften Technik Allgemein Nachhaltigkeit, Grüne Technologien
- Technische Wissenschaften Bauingenieurwesen Konstruktiver Ingenieurbau, Baustatik
- Technische Wissenschaften Bauingenieurwesen Bauökologie, Baubiologie, Bauphysik, Bauchemie
Weitere Infos & Material
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Definitions of Major Components of Climate Crisis
1.1.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHGs), as the main cause of climate crisis
1.1.2 Resource Consumption
1.1.3 Deforestation
1.1.4 Biodiversity loss
1.1.5 Feedback loops accelerating climate crisis
1.1.6 Tunnel vision risk in structural design
1.2 Impact of Structural Systems on a Construction Product's Carbon Footprint
1.3 Role of Construction Materials in the Climate Crisis
1.4 Role of Structural Engineers and Architects in Climate Action
1.5 Regulatory Push for Decarbonization
1.6 Life-Cycle Driven Structures Framework
1.7 Conclusion
1.8 Questions
1.9 References
Chapter 2: A summary of Life-Cycle Analysis focusing on embodied carbon of steel, mass timber and reinforced concrete
2.1. Introduction to Life-Cycle Analysis (LCA)
2.2. The Stages of Life-Cycle Analysis for Building Structures
2.2.1. Life-Cycle Stage A (A0 to A5): Pre-Construction, Product, and Construction Stages 13
2.2.2. In-Use Stage (B1 to B5)
2.2.3. End-of-Life Stage (C1 to C4): Demolition, Waste Management, Recycling
2.2.4. Beyond Life Stage (D)
2.3. Upfront Carbon (A1 to A3) for Steel, Concrete, and Timber construction products
2.3.1. Steel Upfront Carbon (A1 to A3)
2.3.2. Concrete Upfront Carbon (A1 to A3)
2.3.3. Timber Upfront Carbon (A1 to A3)
2.3.4. Common upfront (A1-A3) carbon factors in literature
2.3.5. Carbon Emission Breakdown Examples for (A1 to A3) stage
2.4. Construction Stage Carbon for Building Structures (A4 to A5)
2.4.1. Steel Construction Stage Carbon (A4 to A5)
2.4.2. Concrete Construction Stage Carbon (A4 to A5)
2.4.3. Timber Construction Stage Carbon (A4 to A5)
2.4.4. Carbon Emission Breakdown Examples for (A1 to A5) stage
2.5. End-of-Life Stages
2.5.1. Deconstruction (C1)
2.5.2. Waste Transport (C2)
2.5.3. Waste Processing (C3) and Disposal (C4)
2.5.4. Examples, life cycle stages A to C
2.6. Beyond the Life Cycle (D)
2.7. Embodied carbon intensity rating systems
2.8. Conclusion
2.9. Questions
2.10. References
Chapter 3: Measuring and Reducing Embodied Carbon in Structures
3.1. Understanding the embodied carbon equation
3.1.1 Bill of Quantities (BoQ)
3.1.2 Carbon factor (Embodied carbon “equivalent”)
3.2 Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) and databases
3.2.1 Carbon factor ranges of principal construction materials (Variability in EPDs)
3.2.1.1 Steel
3.2.1.2 Concrete
3.2.1.3 Cement
3.2.1.4 Timber
3.2.2 Project-specific vs Generic Data
3.2.2.1 Regional EPD Databases
3.2.2.2 Regional Generic data sources
3.2.2.3 Handling uncertainties in EPDs and Generic data
3.3 Benchmarking, Tools, and Reporting
3.3.1 Normalizing Embodied Carbon for benchmarking
3.3.1.1 Gross Internal Area (GIA) - Buildings
3.3.3.2 FA (Functional Area) - Bridges
3.3.3.3 EA (Enclosed Area) - Stadia
3.3.3.4 Energy Delivered (ED) - Energy infrastructure
3.3.3.5 Embodied Carbon Rating System
3.4 Beyond quantifying: how to reduce embodied carbon ?
3.4.1 Design for circularity
3.4.2 High Strength Materials
3.4.3 Conceptual Optioneering
3.4.4 Hybrid and Composite Systems
3.4.5. Prefabrication & Modular Construction
3.4.6. Low-carbon material sourcing
3.4.7. Engaging stakeholders early in design
3.4.8. Digital, AI-assisted and Automated Methods
3.4.9. Design for Durability & Adaptability
3.4.10 Design for Robustness
3.5 Exercise: Example of Calculation of Embodied Carbon Intensity of a multi-storey building
3.5.1 Presentation of the Case Study
3.5.2 Calculation of Quantities
3.5.3 Carbon Factors for Materials
3.5.4 Upfront Carbon Calculation (Modules A1 to A5)
3.5.5 End-of-Life (Stage C) Carbon Calculation
3.5.6 Beyond Life-Cycle Carbon Calculation (Stage D)
3.6 Conclusion
3.7 Exercises
3.8 Discussion and Review Questions
3.9 References
Chapter 4: Life Cycle Parameter Analysis (LCPA) at Component Level
4.1 Principles of Parameter Analysis
4.2 Combining LCA and Parameter Analysis: LCPA
4.3 Case Study: Columns (Steel, Timber, Concrete, Composite)
4.3.1 Benchmark Structural Configuration
4.3.2 Column Types Analyzed
4.3.3 Steel Columns
4.3.4 Timber Columns
4.3.5 Reinforced Concrete Columns
4.3.6 Composite Columns (Steel–Concrete)
4.3.7 Comparison of Masses between Different Types of Columns with Increasing Height
4.3.8 Influence of Concrete Strength and Reinforcement Ratio on Masses of Columns with Different Heights
4.3.9 Comparison of Embodied Carbon between Different Types of Columns with Increasing Height
4.3.10 Influence of Concrete Strength and Reinforcement Ratio on Embodied Carbon of Columns with Different Heights
4.4 Case Study: Beams (IPE, HEA, Truss, Steel, Timber, Reinforced Concrete)
4.4.1 Benchmark Structural Configuration
4.4.2 Beams with Open Section Girders (IPE, HEA)
4.4.3 Steel Truss Beams with Open Sections
4.4.4 Steel Truss Beams with Tubular Sections
4.4.5 Timber Beams
4.4.6 Reinforced Concrete Beams
4.4.7 Comparison of Masses between Different Types of Beams with Increasing Span Length
4.4.8 Comparison of Embodied Carbon between Different Types of Beams with Increasing Span Length
4.5 Integrating Other Factors into LCPA
4.5.1 Cost
4.5.2 Durability
4.5.3 Fire Resistance
4.6 Conclusion
4.7 Questions
4.8 References
Chapter 5: Life Cycle Parametric Analysis (LPSA) at Building Level
5.1 Why is optioneering at the conceptual design stage is important?
5.2 Buildings and assumptions used for benchmarking
5.2.1 Calculation of the Gross Internal Area (GIA) of the benchmark buildings
5.2.2 Selection of the embodied carbon factors to use in the study
5.2.3 What is very important to know during the selection of carbon factors?
5.3 Early-Stage design alternatives using representative portions
5.3.1 Reinforced Concrete Building Portion
5.3.2 Steel Building Portion
5.4 The impact of tubular profiles and higher strength steel
5.5 Influence of the carbon factor selection on the final results
5.5.1 Impact of the structural steel carbon factor
5.5.2 Effects of Steel Sourcing (Virgin, Scrap, Reclaimed)
5.5.3 Influence of Transportation Distances
5.5.4 Role of connection complexity
5.6 What if we use a hybrid approach combining CLT slabs with a Steel frame?
5.7 How to account for uncertainty of input carbon factors?
5.8 Questions
5.9 References
Chapter 6: Life Cycle Optimization (LCO) for Conceptual Design
6.1 Key Decisions to be Given at a Conceptual Design of Building Structures
6.2 Decisions given at a conceptual design of building structures
6.2.1 Material selection
6.2.2 Structural grid
6.2.3 Floor systems
6.2.4 Lateral load system
6.3 Life Cycle Optimization (LCO) at conceptual design using Genetic Algorithms
6.4 Description of a LCO Building Conceptual Design Tool and its applications
6.4.1 Floor system
6.4.2 Beams and column design
6.4.3 The Floor-to-floor height
6.4.4 Foundation systems
6.4.5 How to address different parameters in an optimization: fitness function
6.4.6 How to handle infeasible solutions: repair module
6.4.7 Selection of lateral stability systems
6.4.8 Pareto front representation
6.4.9 Example: 4-storey office building
6.4.10 Example: 8-storey residential building
6.5 Example: LCO-based sensitivity analysis
6.6 Example: Impact of Geometric Parameters on Building Cost and Embodied Carbon
6.6.1 Span length
6.6.2 Building height
6.6.3 Building shape
6.7 Conclusions and future trends of a data-driven conceptual design
6.8 Discussions and Review Questions
Chapter 7: Life cycle driven earthquake-resistant design
7.1 Seismic design philosophies in relation to life cycle thinking
7.1.1 Performance-based seismic design
7.1.2 Damage controlled (low-damage or repairable) seismic design
7.1.3 No-damage seismic design (using seismic isolators)
7.2 Role of construction materials on seismic design with life cycle thinking
7.3 Resilience of non-structural elements under earthquakes
7.4 Retrofitting for resilience of existing building stock
7.4.1 Retrofitting with Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls and Steel-Braced Frames
7.4.2 Column Confinement with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Wraps
7.4.3 Seismic Isolation of Existing Buildings
7.5 Seismic Design Codes and their Influence on Sustainable and Resilient Structures
7.6 Impact on Community
7.6.1 Time of Earthquake
7.6.2 Post-Earthquake Safety Evaluations
7.6.3 Long-Term Recovery
7.7 Conclusion
7.8 Question
7.9 References
Chapter 8: Real-world applications of life-cycle driven structures
8.1 Adaptive Reuse and Circular Construction
8.1.1 Transforming a Shopping Mall into an Ice Center with Adaptive Reuse
8.1.2 Adaptive Reuse of Reinforced Concrete Cores
8.1.3 Reclaimed Steel in Practice
8.1.4 Transforming an Incomplete Structure into Sustainable Headquarters
8.2 Material Efficiency and Technology
8.2.1 Centrifuged High-Strength Concrete with Recycled Aggregates
8.2.2 Industrialized Construction for a Next-Generation Hospital
8.2.3 Embodied Carbon Reduction through Cement Replacement and Innovation
8.3 Hybrid, Composite and Modular Systems
8.3.1 Vertical Expansion with Mass Timber and Off-Site Fabrication
8.3.2 Architectural Ambition Achieved with a Steel-Concrete Composite Frame
8.3.3 Modular Mass-Timber System with Reinforced Concrete Cores
8.3.4 Modular Steel Construction for a Complex Geometry
8.3.5 Mass-Timber Landmark Assisted with Concrete and Steel
8.4 Regenerative Design in Harsh Soil and Seismic Conditions
8.4.1 Geotechnical Optimization on the Same Soil of Pisa Tower
8.4.2 Low-Carbon Structural Design on a Contaminated Site
8.4.3 Regenerative Hybrid System in a High-Seismic Region
8.5 Resilient Infrastructure Design
8.5.1 Bridge Design Optioneering with High-Strength Steel
8.5.2 Sustainability Ahead of Its Time for Bridge Viaducts of Sardinia
8.5.3 Mastering Airport Design through Optimization, Shock Transmitters, and Testing
8.5.4 Integrating precision and sustainability in the erection of an arch bridge
8.6 Conclusion
8.7 Questions
8.8 References
Appendices
Appendix A: Glossary of Terms
