E-Book, Englisch, 294 Seiten
Keddy / Signer / Erdberg Hermann Rorschach’s Psychodiagnostics
2021
ISBN: 978-1-61676-558-3
Verlag: Hogrefe Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
Newly Translated and Annotated 100th Anniversary Edition
E-Book, Englisch, 294 Seiten
ISBN: 978-1-61676-558-3
Verlag: Hogrefe Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
This new English translation and 100th anniversary annotated edition of Psychodiagnostics, the only book published by Hermann Rorschach, showcases Rorschach’s empiricism and the wide-ranging flexibility of his thinking – and thus helps us to understand why his iconic inkblot test has survived for a century and is still being used around the world, with the support of a strong evidence base. The expert translation team have collaborated closely to create an accessible rendition of Hermann Rorschach’s presentation of the inkblot test that resulted from his empirical research experiments. Also included in this edition is the case study lecture on new developments in the test that Rorschach gave to the Swiss Psychoanalytic Society in 1922, just six weeks before his premature death. His book and the lecture are each accompanied by annotations for the first time, looking backward to the sources of Rorschach’s terminology and also forward to how the test is used today. Drawings and photographs from the Rorschach Archive as well as introductory chapters on the history of the translation and the creation of Psychodiagnostics bring the story of this important figure and his work to life. This volume is essential reading for both historians and contemporary users of the inkblot test and anyone interested in exploring personality testing.
Zielgruppe
Clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, psychotherapists, historians, educationalists, and students.
Fachgebiete
- Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Medizinische Fachgebiete Psychiatrie, Sozialpsychiatrie, Suchttherapie
- Sozialwissenschaften Psychologie Allgemeine Psychologie Differentielle Psychologie, Persönlichkeitspsychologie Psychologische Diagnostik, Testpsychologie
- Sozialwissenschaften Psychologie Psychologie / Allgemeines & Theorie Geschichte der Psychologie
- Sozialwissenschaften Psychologie Psychologie / Allgemeines & Theorie Psychologische Theorie, Psychoanalyse
- Sozialwissenschaften Psychologie Psychotherapie / Klinische Psychologie
- Geisteswissenschaften Geschichtswissenschaft Geschichtliche Themen Wissenschafts- und Universitätsgeschichte
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Table of Contents, List of Tables, Illustrations, and Figures, Foreword and Praise for the Book;10
2;Introductory Chapters to the Newly Translated and Annotated 100th Anniversary Edition of Psychodiagnostics;20
2.1;Introduction to the Newly Translated and Annotated 100th Anniversary Edition;22
2.2;Excerpt From an Obituary on Hermann Rorschach (1884–1922);30
2.3;Biography of Hermann Rorschach;32
2.4;The Creation of Psychodiagnostics;36
3;Introduction to Psychodiagnostics;50
4;List of Signs and Abbreviations;52
5;I.The Method;54
5.1;1.Test Materials;54
5.2;2.Procedure;55
5.3;3.Interpretation of Pictures as Perception;55
6;II.The Factors of the Experiment;58
6.1;1.Statement of Problems;58
6.2;2.Number of Responses;60
6.3;3.Reaction Time;61
6.4;4.Failure to Respond;61
6.5;5.Form, Kinesthetic, and Color Factors in Their Relation to the Perception Process;61
6.5.1;a)Form Responses (F);62
6.5.2;b)Movement Responses (M);64
6.5.3;c)Color Responses (FC, CF, and C);68
6.5.4;d)Incidence of M and C in the Same Interpretation;73
6.6;6.Modes of Visual Grasping of the Inkblots;74
6.6.1;a)Formulation of Questions;74
6.6.2;b)Determining the Modes of Visual Grasping;75
6.6.3;c)Number of W, D, Dd, and So Forth;79
6.6.4;d)Visual-Grasping Types;79
6.6.5;e)Succession in the Modes of Visual Grasping;81
6.7;7.Descriptive Content of Interpretations and Percentage of Animal Responses;82
6.8;8.Original Responses;85
6.9;9.Summary;87
7;III.Addenda to the Methodology;92
7.1;1.Prerequisites of the Individual Plates;92
7.2;2.Parallel Series;93
7.3;3.Control Experiments;93
7.4;4.Recording Technique;94
8;IV.Results;96
8.1;1.The “Intelligence”;96
8.1.1;a)A High Percentage of Good Form Responses (Optimal F+ Percentage);96
8.1.2;b)The Optimally Strict Succession in the Modes of Visual Grasping (“Orderly” Succession);98
8.1.3;c)A Larger Number of Whole Responses (Ws) (An Optimal Ability to Produce W Responses);99
8.1.4;d)A Rich Visual-Grasping Type: W; W to D; or W to D to Dd;99
8.1.5;e)The Optimal Percentage of Animal Responses (The Optimal Variability of Interpretations);101
8.1.6;f)The Optimal Number of Good Original Responses;102
8.1.7;g)A Kinesthetic Influx to the Perception Process (At Least a Few Responses Determined by Kinesthetic Engrams);103
8.2;2.The Effects of the Respondent’s Varying Focus on the Seven Factors (Control Experiments);106
8.3;3.Effects of Disturbances of Mood on the Components of Intelligence;109
8.4;4.Interrelations of Movement and Color Responses: The “Experience Type (Erlebnistypus)” – Introversivity, Extratensivity, Coarctation;111
8.5;5.Experience Type (Erlebnistypus) and Everyday Life;127
8.6;6.Experience Type (Erlebnistypus) and the Components of Intelligence;127
8.7;7.Experience Type (Erlebnistypus) and Moods;132
8.8;8.Temporary Variations of the Habitual Experience Type (Erlebnistypus) in the Individual;133
8.9;9.Experience Type (Erlebnistypus) Changes in the Course of the Life Span;134
8.10;10.Comparative Research in Experience Type (Erlebnistypus);135
8.11;11.The Affectivity and the Personality;136
8.12;12.Imagination;140
8.13;13.Experience Type (Erlebnistypus) and Representation Type;142
8.14;14.Experience Type (Erlebnistypus) and Hallucination Type;144
8.15;15.Experience Type (Erlebnistypus) and Talents;145
8.16;16.Talent Variations and Talent Comparison;148
8.17;17.Experience Type (Erlebnistypus), Talent, and Drive;150
8.18;18.Experience Type (Erlebnistypus), Personality, and Talents;152
8.19;19.Experience Type (Erlebnistypus) and Illness;152
8.20;20.About the Question of the Development of the Experience Type (Erlebnistypus);154
9;V.Practical Diagnostic Use of the Form Interpretation Experiment;158
9.1;1.Usability;158
9.2;2.Concerns About the Experiment;159
9.3;3.Diagnostic Calculation;159
9.4;4.The Content of the Interpretations;160
9.5;5.The Experiment and Psychoanalysis;161
10;VI.Examples;164
10.1;Normal Respondents (and Respondents With Intellectual Disabilities, Cyclothymic Disorder, etc.);164
10.1.1;1.Female, Age 26, Attendant in a Mental Institution: Normal Average Respondent;164
10.1.2;2.Male, Age 29, Multitalented Scientist/Academic: Typical Above-Average Respondent;166
10.1.3;3.Male, Age 26, Handyman: Typical Below-Average Respondent;169
10.1.4;4.Male, Age 17: With Intellectual Disability (Moderate-to-Severe);170
10.1.5;5.Female, Age 45: Submanic Moodiness (Mild Cyclothymia);172
10.1.6;6. Male, Age 29: Introversive Tendency and Extratensive Occupation (Merchant);174
10.1.7;7.Female, Age 36: Educated and Gifted With Imagination;177
10.1.8;8.Female, Age 30: Housekeeper With Pedantic Tendencies;179
10.1.9;9.Female, Age 80: Elderly Respondent in Good Mental Condition;181
10.2;Respondents With Neuroses;183
10.2.1;10.Female, Age 30: Respondent With Hysterical Symptoms;183
10.2.2;11.Male, Age 37: Unstable, Infantile Respondent With Arrest of Development (“Neurasthenia”);184
10.2.3;12.Male, Age 28: Academic With an Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis: First of Two Testings;188
10.2.4;12.Male, Age 28: Academic With an Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis: Second of Two Testings;193
10.2.5;13.Female, Age 45: With “Nervous Exhaustion” (Latent Schizophrenia);199
10.3;Respondents With Psychotic Disorders: Schizophrenia;202
10.3.1;14.Female, Age 38: Housewife With Dementia Simplex;202
10.3.2;15.Male, Age 50: Textile Merchant With Hebephrenia (Disorganized Schizophrenia), Ill for Almost 20 Years;203
10.3.3;16.Male, Age 25: In a Prison Camp. Recently Diagnosed With Abulia and Limp Hebephrenoid Catatonia, Few Symptoms;205
10.3.4;17. Male, Age 40: Suffering From Catatonia With Motor Excitement and Disorganized Thinking;206
10.3.5;18.Male, Age 53: With Catatonia, Exhibiting Thought Blocking;210
10.3.6;19.Female, Age 30: With Paranoid Schizophrenia;212
10.4;Respondents With Psychotic Disorders: Manic-Depressive Disorder;214
10.4.1;20.Female, Age 54: In a Melancholic Phase;214
10.4.2;21.Female, Age 54: The Same Patient in a Manic Phase About Three-Quarters of a Year Later;215
10.5;Respondents With Psychotic Disorders: Epileptic Disorders;217
10.5.1;22. Male, Age 26: With Typical Epileptic Dementia, Rapid Onset;217
10.5.2;23.Male, Age 29, Hospital Guard: With Symptoms Resembling Epilepsy (“Epileptoid”);220
10.6;Respondents With Psychotic Disorders: Organic Psychotic Disorders;222
10.6.1;24.Female, Age 69: With Depression in Arteriosclerotic Dementia;222
10.6.2;25.Male, Age 60, Former Teacher With Alcoholism and Korsakoff’s Psychosis;223
10.6.3;26.Male, Age 45: With Progressive Paralysis;226
10.6.4;27.Male, Age 78: With Definite Dementia in an Older Person For the Last Three Years;227
10.6.5;28.Female, Age 32: With Encephalitis Lethargica;229
11;VII.Summary;230
12;Addenda;234
13;Addendum 1: The Evaluation of the Form Interpretation Experiment for Psychoanalysis;236
13.1;Paper Presentation by Hermann Rorschach, MD;238
14;Addendum 2: Glossary of Some Key Terms Used by Rorschach in Psychodiagnostics and in the 1922 Lecture;270
15;Addendum 3: Publications of Hermann Rorschach;273
16;Addendum 4: Annotations;276
16.1;Recurring References Cited in the Annotations;276
16.2;Annotations for Introductory Chapters;278
16.3;Annotations for Psychodiagnostics;279
16.4;Annotations for the 1922 Lecture;302
Introduction to the Newly Translated and Annotated 100th Anniversary Edition
By Philip J. Keddy
“The investigative method originally grew out of theoretical questions. The discovery that the results could be used in making diagnoses was a purely empirical finding which had not been sought. Only then did the ‘research experiment’ become an ‘examination test.’” “May the experiment be able to discover more dispositions to talents than missed professions and illusions, free more people from the fear of psychosis than burden them with such fear, and afford more relief than aggravation.”
Hermann Rorschach, Psychodiagnostics
First published in 1921, Psychodiagnostics was the only book by Rorschach published during his lifetime. The inkblot test that he presented in it has been in use now around the world for a century. An amusing reminder of Rorschach’s fame came my way while I was working on this translation. A neighbor I have never met posted a listserv notice about a missing cat “with a face like a Rorschach test.” The cat was found! But, as famous as Rorschach and his test have become in the intervening one hundred years in the professional and academic worlds, controversies focusing on questions about the utility and validity of the test have dogged it all along. Rorschach, a relatively modest person, himself noticed the furor he had tapped into, saying that the test “provokes interest and head-shaking everywhere” (Müller & Signer, 2004, p. 277).
Reading Psychodiagnostics enables us to see for ourselves what Rorschach launched, what he intended for the test, and how that compares with the much evolved use of it today. Our goal has been to provide an updated and hopefully more accessible translation of the book that launched this powerful and controversial tool. The Rorschach test was taught in the United States starting at least a decade before Psychodiagnostics was translated into English, and that probably contributed to some of the controversy as different understandings of the test began to take hold. The year 2022 will also be the 80th anniversary of the 1942 English translation. We have modernized the text taking into consideration the seventh edition of the American Psychological Association style guide, their translation as the first edition of the Manual only came out a decade later. We also drew upon conventions used in current Rorschach literature for the presentation of data and terminology. We hope we have made what was not an easy book in the original German much more approachable and readable work. To that end, our annotations were written with several purposes in mind. We provided definitions of Rorschach’s terms and identified sources or influences wherever possible. We have also indicated how similar issues are handled in the test literature today, showing the continuity between Rorschach’s use of the test and present-day practices where that is justified, as well as some hypotheses or observations Rorschach made that have not been supported.
One example of the kind of information we have included in annotations concerns the psychologist and philosopher William Stern (1871–1938). Rorschach was using Stern’s terminology in the first opening quote above when distinguishing a “research experiment” from an “examination test.” Stern’s thought was important to Rorschach and he used Stern’s language multiple times, without always referencing the source. But Stern’s work is not well-known within scientific psychology today. If his name is recognized at all, it is for being the inventor of the IQ quotient. James Lamiell, an authority on Stern, succinctly explained the problem when he called Stern an “eclipsed star of early 20thcentury psychology” and “more than the IQ guy.” Lamiell described that in fact Stern “founded that sub-discipline of psychology that would be concentrated on the study of individual differences in various aspects of human psychological functioning” (Lamiell, 2020, all quotes from p. 1).
While working through his book, I was struck again and again by Rorschach’s commitment to empiricism. As the opening quote in this chapter reveals, his discovery that the inkblots “could be used in making diagnoses” was an accidental one. In the first paragraph of his Introduction to the book, he said “[I]t must be pointed out that the entire work is predominantly empirical.” He did not have the help of research assistants and computers to collect this empirical data, but collect it he did, assiduously. Rorschach presented test data for normal respondents, and for people with the following diagnoses: intellectual disability, schizophrenia, manic-depressive illness, epilepsy, and organic disorders. There are 18 tables of group data in the book, and 28 individual case examples. Rorschach wanted to include 47 case examples, but the publisher insisted that the manuscript be shorter. Before gathering results with the inkblots we still use today, he experimented with different inkblots, to develop those cards. “The picture series used in the test gradually developed on the basis of empirical observations,” he noted. Here, for example, is Rorschach carefully discussing the importance of being able to refer to norms when assigning what is now called the Form Quality of a response:
The plus sign (+) that follows indicates that the form was clearly visually grasped, even though this does not apply based on my subjective judgment. Nonetheless, the quality of visual-grasping of form should not depend on subjective judgment, but on statistical frequency. At the same time, Rorschach acknowledged that some subjective decisions were unavoidable in the examiner’s handling of the test data. In this example below, Rorschach ...
