E-Book, Englisch, 869 Seiten
Krishnamurthy / Gupta Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths, Second Edition
2. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-1-4665-7638-4
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
E-Book, Englisch, 869 Seiten
ISBN: 978-1-4665-7638-4
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
This book describes the properties, characteristics, and uses of rare earth elements. It explains where, in what quantities, and how these elements occur in nature, as well as how they are processed from ores into marketable end materials. Retaining its status as a comprehensive monograph for academic, industry, and regulatory professionals, the Second Edition includes a new chapter on the recycling of rare earth elements from devices such as unused batteries and electronics, and is updated throughout with important developments from the past ten years.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
Foreword
Preface
The Rare Earths
Introduction
Discovery
Special Characteristics
Electronic Configuration
Lanthanide Contraction
Basicity
Properties
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Allotropes
Resistivity
Magnetic Properties
Spectral Properties
Mechanical Properties
Reactivity
Air/Oxygen
Refractories
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Carbon
Silicon
Sulphur, Selenium, Phosphorus
Refractory Metals
Acids and Bases
Water
Aqueous Systems
The Trivalent State
Complexes
The Tetravalent State
The Divalent State
Applications
Metallurgy
Magnets
Terfenol
Magnetic Refrigeration
Magnetooptic Materials
Ceramics
Electronics
Chemical
Optical
Phosphors
Nuclear
Hydrogen Storage
Superconductor
Miscellaneous
Rare Earths and Green Energy
Summary
Resources
Introduction
Crustal Abundance
Minerals
Bastnasite
Monazite
Xenotime
Allanite
Apatite
Brannerite
Eudialyte
Euxenite, Fergusonite, Florencite, Gadolinite, and Loparite
Perovskite
Pyrochlore
Zircon
Other Minerals
Scandium Minerals
Promethium
Rare Earth Deposits
Primary and Secondary
Carbonatites
Pegmatites
Hydrothermal
Weathered
Placers
Distribution
Resources and Reserves
Occurrences Argentina
Australia
Bangladesh
Brazil
Canada
China
Germany
Greenland
India
Indonesia
Japan
Madagascar
Malaysia
Malawi
Mozambique
Myanmar
New Zealand
Peru
South Africa
Sri Lanka
Taiwan
Thailand
Turkey
United States
Former USSR
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zaire
Byproducts and Coproducts
World Rare Earth Production and Availability
Brazil
India
United States
Australia
China
Former Soviet Union
South Africa
Canada
Malaysia
Thailand
Sri Lanka
Zaire and Madagascar
Rare Earth Production Potential
New Projects
Australia
Brazil
Canada
China
Greenland
Madagascar
Mozambique
United States
Forecast
Rare Earths from Recycling
Summary
Resource Processing
Introduction
Mining
Hard Rock Deposits
Placer Deposits
Physical Beneficiation
Monazite
Bastnasite
Bayan Obo Ore
Chemical Treatment
Monazite
Bastnasite
Chlorination
Xenotime
Elliot Lake Uranium Ore
Gadolinite
Euxenite
Loparite, Pyrochlore, Fergusonite, and Samarskite
Apatite
Separation Processes
Selective Oxidation
Selective Reduction
Fractional Crystallisation
Fractional Precipitation
Ion Exchange
Solvent Extraction
New Separation Techniques
Scandium
Analytical Chemistry
Summary
Reduction
Introduction
Fundamentals
Metallothermy
Preparation of Rare Earth Chloride
Preparation of Hydrated Rare Earth Chloride
Dehydration of Hydrated Rare Earth Chloride
Dry Methods
Purification of Rare Earth Chlorides
Reduction of Rare Earth Chlorides
Early Attempts
Reduction in a Refractory Bomb
Reduction in Tantalum Crucible
Intermediate Alloy Processes
Kroll Type Processes
Preparation of Rare Earth Fluorides
Wet Method
Dry Method
Purification of Rare Earth Fluorides
Reduction of Rare Earth Fluorides
Lithium Reduction
Calcium Reduction (Ames Process)
Intermediate Alloy Process
Preparation of Scandium
Reduction of Samarium, Europium, and Ytterbium Halides
Oxide Reduction Processes
Reduction Distillation – Lanthanothermy
Reduction Distillation – Other Reductions
New Reduction Procedures
Direct Preparation of Gadolinium Metal Powder
Metallothermic Reduction in Molten Salt
Carbothermic Reduction
Electrolytic Production of Rare Earth Metals
Chlorides Electrolysis
Electrowinning at Room Temperature
Electrowinning Solid Metal Deposits
Insitu Preparation of Electrolyte
Commercial Electrowinning from Rare Earth Chlorides
Oxide-Fluoride Electrolysis
Recovery of Rare Earth Metals as Alloys
Electrolysis of Chlorides
Electrolysis of Oxide-Fluoride Melts
Current Efficiency
Analytical Chemistry
Summary
Refining
Introduction Origin of Impurities
Starting Materials
Crucible
Environment
Methods for Impurity Removal
Pyrovacuum Processes
Distillation
Removal of Halogens/Halides
Degassing
Pyrovaccum Techniques
Lanthanum, Cerium, Praseodymium, and Neodymium
Yttrium, Gadolinium, Terbium, and Lutetium
Scandium, Dysprosium, Holmium, and Erbium
Samarium, Europium, Thulium, and Ytterbium
Electrorefining
Yttrium
Gadolinium
Cerium
Ultrapurification Methods
Zone Refining
Preliminary Studies
Lanthanum, Gadolinium, Terbium Lanthanum, Cerium, Gadolinium
Solid State Electrotransport
SSE System
Residual Resistivity Ratio
Lanthanum
Praseodymium
Neodymium
Gadolinium
Terbium
Yttrium
Dysprosium and Holmium
Erbium
Lutetium
Samarium
Zone Refining and Electrotransport
Neodymium
Gadolinium
Iodide Refining
Miscellaneous Processes
Summary
Rare Earth Materials
Introduction
Mischmetal
Preparation of Mixed Rare Earth Chlorides
Electrolysis of Chlorides
Electrolysis of Oxide-Fluoride Melts
Ames Process
Thermal Reduction Process
Rare Earth-Silicon-Iron Alloys
Reno (USBM) Process
BARC Process
Baotou Process
Rare Earth-Magnesium-Silicon Alloys
Rare Earth-Aluminium-Zinc Alloy
Yttrium-Aluminium Alloy
Permanent Magnet Materials
RE-Co Permanent Magnets
Preparation
Preparation of Magnets
Neodymium-Iron-Boron Magnets
Production of Nd-Fe-B Alloys
Nanocomposite Permanent Magnet Materials
Terfenol-D
Magnetic Refrigerants
Thin Film Deposition Processes
Bubble Domain Memory Materials
Magnetooptic Storage Media
LaNi5
Superconductors
Analytical Chemistry
Summary
Recycling
Introduction
Raw Materials
Pre-processing
Processes
Physical
Aqueous
Liquid Metal Extraction
Electro Slag
High Temperature
Miscellaneous
Flowsheets
Magnets
Batteries
Phosphors
Process Wastes and Other Sources
Outlook
Summary
References
