Lurger / Faber Acquisition and Loss of Ownership of Goods

(PEL Acq)
1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-3-86653-901-3
Verlag: Otto Schmidt
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, Band 10, 1700 Seiten, Format (B × H): 160 mm x 240 mm

Reihe: Principles of European Law

This volume contains the major result of the work undertaken by the international research group "Transfer of Movables" which belonged to the Study Group on a European Civil Code. It covers the most important aspects of the law of property in movables, such as the transfer of ownership based on the transferor's right and the good faith acquisition of ownership. The suggested black letter provisions are accompanied by extensive explanatory comments and comparative notes providing information on the existing rules of the EU Member States.

As compared to Book VIII of the DCFR, this volume contains additional and partly revised national notes, extended comments, translations of the black letter rules and adapted registers.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Lurger, Brigitta

Faber, Wolfgang

Fachgebiete

• Rechtswissenschaften Internationales Recht und Europarecht Europarecht Europäisches Privat- und Vertragsrecht

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Short Table of Contents;16
2;Table of Contents;20
3;Text of Articles;72
4;Principles of European Law on Acquisition and loss of ownership of goods;276
5;Introduction;278
6;Chapter 1: General provisions;284
6.1;Section 1: Scope of application and relation to other provisions;284
6.1.1;VIII.-1:101: Scope of application;284
6.1.1.1;Comments;284
6.1.1.1.1;A. General;284
6.1.1.1.2;B. Scope of Book VIII in general (paragraph (1));285
6.1.1.1.3;C. Exclusion of specific modes of acquisition and loss (paragraph (2));289
6.1.1.1.4;D. Acquisition and loss of ownership by way of enforcement (paragraph (3));291
6.1.1.1.5;E. Exclusion of specific types of assets (paragraph (4));293
6.1.1.1.6;F. Money (paragraph (5));294
6.1.1.2;Notes;295
6.1.2;VIII.-1:102: Registration of goods;295
6.1.2.1;Comments;296
6.1.2.1.1;A. General;296
6.1.2.1.2;B. The rule in detail;296
6.1.2.2;Notes;298
6.1.3;VIII.-1:103: Priority of other provisions;322
6.1.3.1;Comments;322
6.1.3.1.1;A. General;322
6.1.3.1.2;B. Priority of Book IX on proprietary security rights (paragraph (1));323
6.1.3.1.3;C. Priority of Book X on trusts (paragraph (2));324
6.1.3.1.4;D. Priority of EU instruments and international instruments;324
6.1.3.2;Notes;324
6.1.4;VIII.-1:104: Application of rules of Books I to III;324
6.1.4.1;Comments;325
6.1.4.1.1;A. General;325
6.1.4.1.2;B. The rule in detail;325
6.1.4.2;Notes;326
6.2;Section 2: Definitions;327
6.2.1;VIII.-1:201: Goods;327
6.2.1.1;Comments;327
6.2.1.1.1;A. General;327
6.2.1.1.2;B. The rule in detail;327
6.2.1.2;Notes;328
6.2.2;VIII.-1:202: Ownership;328
6.2.2.1;Comments;328
6.2.2.1.1;A. General;328
6.2.2.1.2;B. The rule in detail;329
6.2.2.2;Notes;331
6.2.3;VIII.-1:203: Co-ownership;352
6.2.3.1;Comments;352
6.2.3.1.1;A. General;352
6.2.3.1.2;B. The rule in detail;352
6.2.3.2;Notes;353
6.2.4;VIII.-1:204: Limited proprietary rights;375
6.2.4.1;Comments;375
6.2.4.1.1;A. General;375
6.2.4.1.2;B. Particular limited proprietary rights;376
6.2.4.2;Notes;378
6.2.5;VIII.-1:205: Possession;387
6.2.5.1;Comments;387
6.2.5.1.1;A. General idea;387
6.2.5.1.2;B. Interests at stake and policy considerations;388
6.2.5.1.3;C. Comparative overview;390
6.2.5.1.4;D. General notion of direct and indirect possession - the corpus element;390
6.2.5.1.5;E. Mandatory character of the rules;392
6.2.5.2;Notes;392
6.2.6;VIII.-1:206: Possession by owner-possessor;421
6.2.6.1;Comments;421
6.2.6.2;Notes;422
6.2.7;VIII.-1:207: Possession by limited-right-possessor;446
6.2.7.1;Comments;446
6.2.7.1.1;A. The limited-right-possessor;446
6.2.7.1.2;B. Requirements of limited-right-possession;446
6.2.7.1.3;C. Two types of limited-right-possessors;447
6.2.7.1.4;D. Specific legal or contractual relationship;447
6.2.7.1.5;E. No different legal consequences for LRPs types (a) and (b);448
6.2.7.1.6;F. Validity of specific legal (contractual) relationship;448
6.2.7.1.7;G. Protection of LRPs;449
6.2.7.1.8;H. Direct and indirect limited-right-possession;449
6.2.7.2;Notes;450
6.2.8;VIII.-1:208: Possession through a possession-agent;461
6.2.8.1;Comments;462
6.2.8.1.1;A. The animus or intention of a possession-agent (PA);462
6.2.8.1.2;B. Absence of specific legal relationship in the sense of VIII.-1:207;462
6.2.8.1.3;C. Optional element of ‘‘binding instructions’’;462
6.2.8.1.4;D. Exemplary list in paragraph (2);462
6.2.8.1.5;E. Persons in physical control of the goods by coincidence (paragraph (3));463
6.2.8.1.6;F. No indirect possession-agents;463
6.2.8.2;Notes;464
6.3;Section 3: Further general rules;468
6.3.1;VIII.-1:301: Transferability;468
6.3.1.1;Comments;468
6.3.1.1.1;A. Transferability in general (paragraph (1));468
6.3.1.1.2;B. Transferability of goods linked to other assets (paragraph (2));469
6.3.1.2;Notes;469
7;Chapter 2: Transfer of ownership based on the transferor’s right or authority;476
7.1;Section 1: Requirements for transfer under this Chapter;476
7.1.1;VIII.-2:101: Requirements for the transfer of ownership in general;476
7.1.1.1;Comments;476
7.1.1.1.1;A. General;476
7.1.1.1.2;B. Brief introduction to the approach taken in Chapter 2;481
7.1.1.1.3;C. General discussion of the delivery approach versus a consensual approach, including further options;482
7.1.1.1.4;D. General discussion of requirement of a separate real agreement;515
7.1.1.1.5;E. General discussion of a ‘‘causal’’ versus an ‘‘abstract’’ transfer system;523
7.1.1.1.6;F. Concluding remark on the role of party autonomy;526
7.1.1.1.7;G. Concluding remark on a functional versus a unitary-based approach;527
7.1.1.1.8;H. The basic rule in detail;528
7.1.1.2;Notes;537
7.1.2;VIII.-2:102: Transferor’s right or authority;599
7.1.2.1;Comments;599
7.1.2.1.1;A. General;599
7.1.2.1.2;B. Subsequent acquisition of right to dispose;600
7.1.2.1.3;C. Ratification;600
7.1.2.2;Notes;602
7.1.3;VIII.-2:103: Agreement as to the time ownership is to pass;614
7.1.3.1;Comments;614
7.1.3.1.1;A. General;614
7.1.3.1.2;B. Examples of agreements as to time ownership is to pass;617
7.1.3.2;Notes;618
7.1.4;VIII.-2:104: Delivery;632
7.1.4.1;Comments;632
7.1.4.1.1;A. General;632
7.1.4.1.2;B. The general delivery rule (paragraph (1));633
7.1.4.1.3;C. Delivery involving carriage by a third party carrier (paragraph (2));635
7.1.4.2;Notes;638
7.1.5;VIII.-2:105: Equivalents to delivery;673
7.1.5.1;Comments;673
7.1.5.1.1;A. General;673
7.1.5.1.2;B. Goods already in possession of transferee (paragraph (1));674
7.1.5.1.3;C. Goods in possession of third person (paragraph (2));676
7.1.5.1.4;D. Delivery of means enabling the transferee to obtain possession of the goods (paragraph (3));679
7.1.5.1.5;E. Transfer of document containing the undertaking to deliver the goods (paragraph (4));680
7.1.5.1.6;F. Acts not covered;682
7.1.5.2;Notes;683
7.2;Section 2: Effects;711
7.2.1;VIII.-2:201: Effects of the transfer of ownership;711
7.2.1.1;Comments;711
7.2.1.1.1;A. General;711
7.2.1.1.2;B. Effects of transfer in general (paragraph (1));712
7.2.1.1.3;C. Clarifications as to relation to rights and obligations between the parties (paragraph (2));714
7.2.1.1.4;D. Clarifications as to rights of or against third parties (paragraph (3));715
7.2.1.1.5;E. Effect of termination exercised when withholding delivery after transfer of ownership (paragraph (4));716
7.2.1.1.6;F. Note on transferor’s right of stoppage in transit;717
7.2.1.2;Notes;718
7.2.2;VIII.-2:202: Effect of initial invalidity, subsequent avoidance, withdrawal, termination and revocation;789
7.2.2.1;Comments;790
7.2.2.1.1;A. General;790
7.2.2.1.2;B. Initial invalidity and subsequent avoidance (paragraphs (1) and (2));790
7.2.2.1.3;C. Withdrawal, termination and revocation (paragraph (3));791
7.2.2.1.4;D. Other rights to recover not affected (paragraph (4));793
7.2.2.2;Notes;793
7.2.3;VIII.-2:203: Transfer subject to condition;831
7.2.3.1;Comments;832
7.2.3.1.1;A. General;832
7.2.3.1.2;B. Transfer subject to resolutive condition (paragraph (1));832
7.2.3.1.3;C. Transfer subject to suspensive condition (paragraph (2));836
7.2.3.1.4;D. Note on transfer subject to time limit;836
7.2.3.2;Notes;837
7.3;Section 3: Special constellations;864
7.3.1;VIII.-2:301: Multiple transfers;864
7.3.1.1;Comments;864
7.3.1.1.1;A. General;864
7.3.1.1.2;B. How the rule works in detail;867
7.3.1.2;Notes;871
7.3.2;VIII.-2:302: Indirect representation;884
7.3.2.1;Comments;884
7.3.2.1.1;A. General;884
7.3.2.1.2;B. Discussion of ‘‘two-step transfer’’ versus ‘‘direct transfer’’ approach;887
7.3.2.1.3;C. The rule in detail;891
7.3.2.2;Notes;893
7.3.3;VIII.-2:303: Passing of ownership in case of direct delivery in a chain of transactions;903
7.3.3.1;Comments;903
7.3.3.1.1;A. General;903
7.3.3.1.2;B. Discussion of the options;904
7.3.3.1.3;C. The rule in detail;906
7.3.3.2;Notes;907
7.3.4;VIII.-2:304: Passing of ownership of unsolicited goods;921
7.3.4.1;Comments;921
7.3.4.1.1;A. General;921
7.3.4.1.2;B. The main rule in detail (paragraph (1));922
7.3.4.1.3;C. Exceptions (paragraph (2));924
7.3.4.2;Notes;925
7.3.5;VIII.-2:305: Transfer of goods forming part of a bulk;933
7.3.5.1;Comments;933
7.3.5.1.1;A. General;933
7.3.5.1.2;B. Definition of ‘‘bulk’’ (paragraph (1));935
7.3.5.1.3;C. Main rule: creation of co-ownership (paragraph (2));936
7.3.5.1.4;D. Calculation of the undivided shares: general rule (paragraph (3));937
7.3.5.1.5;E. Diminution of the bulk (paragraph (4));939
7.3.5.1.6;F. ’’Transfer’’ of quantity exceeding quantity in the bulk (paragraph (5));941
7.3.5.1.7;G. Further dispositions relating to the undivided share;942
7.3.5.2;Notes;944
7.3.6;VIII.-2:306: Delivery out of the bulk;946
7.3.6.1;Comments;946
7.3.6.1.1;A. General;946
7.3.6.1.2;B. Right to take delivery and acquisition of ownership (paragraph (1));947
7.3.6.1.3;C. Delivery in excess of quantity corresponding to undivided share (paragraph (2));949
7.3.6.2;Notes;951
7.3.7;VIII.-2:307: Contingent right of transferee under retention of ownership;951
7.3.7.1;Comments;951
7.3.7.1.1;A. General;951
7.3.7.1.2;B. The rule in detail;952
7.3.7.2;Notes;953
8;Chapter 3: Good faith acquisition of ownership;958
8.1;VIII.-3:101: Good faith acquisition through a person without right or authority to transfer ownership;958
8.1.1;Comments;958
8.1.1.1;A. General remarks;958
8.1.1.2;B. General policy of good faith acquisition;960
8.1.1.3;C. Requirements for the transfer relationship B-C;961
8.1.1.4;D. Relationship A-B: how A loses possession (stolen goods);968
8.1.1.5;E. Counter-exception of paragraph (2): in the ordinary course of business, cultural objects;969
8.1.1.6;F. Relation A - C: no right to buy back;972
8.1.1.7;G. Transferee already in possession of the goods (paragraph (3));972
8.1.2;Notes;973
8.2;VIII.-3:102: Good faith acquisition of ownership free of limited proprietary rights;1011
8.2.1;Comments;1011
8.2.1.1;A. Scope and function of Article and relationship to VIII.-3:101;1011
8.2.1.2;B. Requirements for good faith acquisition;1013
8.2.1.3;C. Exceptions as to stolen goods and cultural objects;1014
8.2.1.4;D. Special situations of transfer (paragraphs (2) and (3));1015
8.2.2;Notes;1015
9;Chapter 4: Acquisition of ownership by continuous possession;1020
9.1;Section 1: Requirements for acquisition of ownership by continuous possession;1020
9.1.1;VIII.-4:101: Basic rule;1020
9.1.1.1;Comments;1020
9.1.1.1.1;A. General;1020
9.1.1.1.2;B. Scope of application;1022
9.1.1.1.3;C. Interests underlying, and functions and policies of, the rules on acquisition by continuous possession;1024
9.1.1.1.4;D. Overview of main requirements;1028
9.1.1.1.5;E. Possession;1028
9.1.1.1.6;F. Acquisition by continuous possession in good faith;1031
9.1.1.1.7;G. Acquisition of ownership by continuous possession in bad faith;1036
9.1.1.1.8;H. Exclusion of acquisition by a thief, paragraph (3);1037
9.1.1.1.9;I. Requirements not adopted;1040
9.1.1.2;Notes;1044
9.1.2;VIII.-4:102: Cultural objects;1071
9.1.2.1;Comments;1071
9.1.2.1.1;A. General;1071
9.1.2.1.2;B. Definition of cultural objects in the sense of paragraph (1);1072
9.1.2.1.3;C. Relation to other rules of law;1073
9.1.2.2;Notes;1075
9.1.3;VIII.-4:103: Continuous possession;1080
9.1.3.1;Comments;1080
9.1.3.1.1;A. Involuntary loss of possession (paragraph (1));1080
9.1.3.1.2;B. Presumption of continuous possession (paragraph (2));1081
9.1.3.2;Notes;1081
9.2;Section 2: Additional provisions as to the period required for acquisition of ownership;1087
9.2.1;VIII.-4:201: Extension in case of incapacity;1087
9.2.1.1;Comments;1087
9.2.1.1.1;A. Terminology in Section 2;1087
9.2.1.1.2;B. Coherence with Book III, Chapter 7 on the prescription of rights to the performance of an obligation;1088
9.2.1.1.3;C. Terminology relating to incapacity;1088
9.2.1.1.4;D. Basic policy decision: no, medium or even ‘‘strict’’ relevance of incapacity;1089
9.2.1.1.5;E. Suspension in case of initial lack of capacity, paragraph (1);1090
9.2.1.1.6;F. Postponement of expiry in case of subsequent lack of capacity, paragraph (2);1093
9.2.1.1.7;G. Owner-possessor is representative, paragraph (3);1095
9.2.1.1.8;H. Other cases of acquisition of ownership by continuous possession within the family;1096
9.2.1.1.9;I. In particular: no suspension between spouses and registered partners;1097
9.2.1.1.10;J. Further cases: unmarried couples, other household members;1099
9.2.1.2;Notes;1099
9.2.2;VIII.-4:202: Extension in case of impediment beyond owner’s control;1107
9.2.2.1;Comments;1107
9.2.2.1.1;A. General;1107
9.2.2.1.2;B. Basic rule (paragraph (1));1108
9.2.2.1.3;C. Qualifications as to time (paragraphs (2) and (3));1109
9.2.2.2;Notes;1110
9.2.3;VIII.-4:203: Extension and renewal in case of judicial and other proceedings;1114
9.2.3.1;Comments;1114
9.2.3.1.1;A. General;1114
9.2.3.1.2;B. Suspension for the duration of judicial proceedings, paragraph (1);1115
9.2.3.1.3;C. When the claimant loses the proceedings, paragraph (2);1117
9.2.3.1.4;D. When the claimant (owner) wins the proceedings, paragraph (3);1119
9.2.3.1.5;E. Other proceedings, paragraph (4);1120
9.2.3.1.6;F. Institution of enforcement proceedings;1121
9.2.3.2;Notes;1122
9.2.4;VIII.-4:204: Postponement of expiry in case of negotiations;1128
9.2.4.1;Comments;1128
9.2.4.1.1;A. Negotiations;1128
9.2.4.1.2;B. Mediation proceedings in particular;1129
9.2.4.2;Notes;1130
9.2.5;VIII.-4:205: Ending of period in case of acknowledgement;1132
9.2.5.1;Comments;1132
9.2.5.1.1;A. General;1132
9.2.5.1.2;B. The rule in detail;1133
9.2.5.2;Notes;1134
9.2.6;VIII.-4:206: Period of a predecessor to be taken into account;1136
9.2.6.1;Comments;1136
9.2.6.1.1;A. General rule, paragraph (1);1136
9.2.6.1.2;B. Good faith and bad faith possessor, paragraph (2);1137
9.2.6.2;Notes;1140
9.3;Section 3: Effects of acquisition of ownership by continuous possession;1149
9.3.1;VIII.-4:301: Acquisition of ownership;1149
9.3.1.1;Comments;1149
9.3.1.1.1;A. Acquisition of ownership, paragraph (1);1149
9.3.1.1.2;B. Effect on limited proprietary rights, paragraph (2);1151
9.3.1.2;Notes;1152
9.3.2;VIII.-4:302: Extinction of rights under rules on unjustified enrichment and non-contractual liability for damage;1157
9.3.2.1;Comments;1157
9.3.2.1.1;A. Function of the rule;1157
9.3.2.1.2;B. Details;1158
9.3.2.2;Notes;1159
10;Chapter 5: Production, combination and commingling;1162
10.1;Section 1: General provisions;1162
10.1.1;VIII.-5:101: Party autonomy and relation to other provisions;1162
10.1.1.1;Comments;1162
10.1.1.1.1;A. General;1162
10.1.1.1.2;B. Overview of the relation between production, combination and commingling, and other provisions of these model rules;1165
10.1.1.1.3;C. Overview of relation to other provisions of Book VIII;1171
10.1.1.1.4;D. Party autonomy and scope of this Chapter (paragraphs (1) and (2));1175
10.1.1.1.5;E. Relation to Book IX on proprietary security in movable assets (VIII.-1:103 (1), VIII.-5:101(3) and (4));1180
10.1.1.1.6;F. Relation to Book VI on non-contractual liability for damage (paragraph (5) sentence 1);1184
10.1.1.1.7;G. Relation to Book V on benevolent intervention in another’s affairs (paragraph (5) sentence 2);1186
10.1.1.1.8;H. General policies pursued in Chapter 5 and relation to Book VII on unjustified enrichment;1187
10.1.1.2;Notes;1189
10.2;Section 2: Default rules and supplementary provisions;1196
10.2.1;VIII.-5:201: Production;1196
10.2.1.1;Comments;1196
10.2.1.1.1;A. General;1196
10.2.1.1.2;B. General requirements for application (paragraphs (1) and (2)(a));1198
10.2.1.1.3;C. Proprietary consequences (paragraph (1));1203
10.2.1.1.4;D. Material-owner’s right to payment (paragraph (1));1209
10.2.1.1.5;E. Exception for producer knowingly using another’s goods against that person’s will (paragraph (2)(b));1212
10.2.1.1.6;F. Consequences in situations exempted from general rules (paragraph (3));1218
10.2.1.2;Notes;1221
10.2.2;VIII.-5:202: Commingling;1241
10.2.2.1;Comments;1242
10.2.2.1.1;A. General;1242
10.2.2.1.2;B. Scope of application;1243
10.2.2.1.3;C. Consequences of commingling (paragraphs (1) and (2));1248
10.2.2.2;Notes;1251
10.2.3;VIII.-5:203: Combination;1272
10.2.3.1;Comments;1272
10.2.3.1.1;A. General;1272
10.2.3.1.2;B. Scope of application (paragraph (1));1274
10.2.3.1.3;C. Proprietary consequences where ‘‘principal part’’ rule applies (paragraph (2));1276
10.2.3.1.4;D. Subordinate part owner’s right to payment (paragraph (2));1281
10.2.3.1.5;E. No principal part identifiable: co-ownership (paragraph (3));1284
10.2.3.1.6;F. Exception from acquisition of sole ownership where person effecting combination knowingly uses another’s goods without that other’s consent (paragraph (4));1286
10.2.3.2;Notes;1289
10.2.4;VIII.-5:204: Additional provisions as to proprietary security rights;1289
10.2.4.1;Comments;1289
10.2.4.1.1;A. General;1289
10.2.4.1.2;B. Effectiveness without possession or registration (paragraph (1));1289
10.2.4.1.3;C. Extension to proceeds (paragraph (2));1291
10.2.4.1.4;D. Priority over security rights created earlier in new or combined goods (paragraph (3));1291
10.2.4.1.5;E. Further issues relating to proprietary security rights created under Section 2;1293
10.2.4.2;Notes;1295
11;Chapter 6: Protection of ownership and protection of possession;1296
11.1;Section 1: Protection of ownership;1296
11.1.1;VIII.-6:101: Protection of ownership;1296
11.1.1.1;Comments;1296
11.1.1.1.1;A. General approach in Chapter 6;1296
11.1.1.1.2;B. Sources and scope of application;1297
11.1.1.1.3;C. Basic principles and guidelines of remedies;1297
11.1.1.1.4;D. Terminology;1298
11.1.1.1.5;E. Possession as a ‘‘right’’, a ‘‘proprietary right’’ or a mere ‘‘factum’’?;1298
11.1.1.1.6;F. General idea of VIII.-6:101;1300
11.1.1.1.7;G. Interests at stake and policy considerations;1301
11.1.1.1.8;H. Comparative analysis;1301
11.1.1.1.9;I. VIII.-6:101 (1): receipt and recovery of physical control;1303
11.1.1.1.10;J. VIII.-6:101(2): other interferences;1306
11.1.1.1.11;K. VIII.-6:101 (3): Protection order;1307
11.1.1.1.12;L. Relationship to other parts of the DCFR;1308
11.1.1.1.13;M. Character of the rules;1308
11.1.1.2;Notes;1309
11.1.2;VIII.-6:102: Recovery of goods after transfer based on invalid or avoided contract or other juridical act;1337
11.1.2.1;Comments;1337
11.1.2.1.1;A. Restitution of movable if obligation is invalid, ineffective or avoided;1337
11.1.2.1.2;B. Right to withhold the goods;1338
11.1.2.1.3;C. Resolutive condition;1338
11.1.2.2;Notes;1339
11.2;Section 2: Protection of mere possession;1340
11.2.1;VIII.-6:201: Definition of unlawful dispossession and interference;1340
11.2.1.1;Comments;1340
11.2.1.1.1;A. General idea;1340
11.2.1.1.2;B. Interests at stake and policy considerations;1340
11.2.1.1.3;C. Comparative overview;1340
11.2.1.1.4;D. Acting without the possessor’s consent unless permitted by law;1341
11.2.1.1.5;E. Character of the rule;1342
11.2.1.2;Notes;1342
11.2.2;VIII.-6:202: Self-help of possessor;1356
11.2.2.1;Comments;1356
11.2.2.1.1;A. General idea;1356
11.2.2.1.2;B. Interests at stake and policy considerations;1356
11.2.2.1.3;C. Comparative overview;1357
11.2.2.1.4;D. Persons entitled to self-help;1357
11.2.2.1.5;E. Persons against whom self-help is directed;1358
11.2.2.1.6;F. Restrictions on self-help in VIII.-6:202 paragraph (2);1358
11.2.2.1.7;G. Self-help by the direct possessor against the indirect possessor (VIII.-6:202(3));1360
11.2.2.1.8;H. Relation to other parts of the DCFR;1361
11.2.2.1.9;I. Character of the rule;1362
11.2.2.2;Notes;1362
11.2.3;VIII.-6:203: Entitlement to recover as protection of mere possession;1374
11.2.3.1;Comments;1374
11.2.4;VIII.-6:204: Entitlement to protection order to protect mere possession;1374
11.2.4.1;Comments;1375
11.2.4.1.1;A. General idea;1375
11.2.4.1.2;B. Interests at stake and policy considerations;1376
11.2.4.1.3;C. Comparative overview;1376
11.2.4.1.4;D. VIII.-6:203(1) and VIII.-6:204(1): requirements and persons entitled to remedy;1377
11.2.4.1.5;E. VIII.-6:203 paragraph (1) and VIII.-6:204 paragraph (1): objective limitation period of one year;1379
11.2.4.1.6;F. VIII.-6:203(1) and VIII.-6:204(1): the remedies - recovery and protection order;1381
11.2.4.1.7;G. VIII.-6:203(2) and VIII.-6:204(2): the relationship between direct and indirect possessor;1381
11.2.4.1.8;H. VIII.-6:203(3): exclusion of remedy in case of unlawful dispossession by claimant within the past year;1382
11.2.4.1.9;I. VIII.-6:203(4) and VIII.-6:204(3): enforcement of right or better position to possess;1383
11.2.4.1.10;J. Character of the rule;1383
11.2.4.2;Notes;1383
11.3;Section 3: Protection of better possession;1414
11.3.1;VIII.-6:301: Entitlement to recover in case of better possession;1414
11.3.1.1;Comments;1414
11.3.2;VIII.-6:302: Entitlement to protection order in case of better possession;1414
11.3.2.1;Comments;1414
11.3.2.1.1;A. General idea;1414
11.3.2.1.2;B. Interests at stake and policy considerations;1415
11.3.2.1.3;C. Comparative overview;1416
11.3.2.1.4;D. VIII.-6:301(1) and VIII.-6:302: requirements in general;1416
11.3.2.1.5;E. VIII.-6:301(1) and VIII.-6:302: persons entitled to ‘‘better possession’’ remedies - OP or LRP in good faith;1418
11.3.2.1.6;F. VIII.-6:301(1) and VIII.-6:302: persons against whom the remedies are granted;1418
11.3.2.1.7;G. VIII.-6:301(1) and VIII.-6:302: proof of ‘‘better possession’’ or ‘‘better right to use or otherwise deal with the movable’’;1419
11.3.2.1.8;H. VIII.-6:301(2): determination of ‘‘better possession’’;1420
11.3.2.1.9;I. VIII.-6:302: remedies against interference or imminent interference;1424
11.3.2.1.10;J. Character of the rule;1425
11.3.2.2;Notes;1425
11.4;Section 4: Other remedies;1432
11.4.1;VIII.-6:401: Non-contractual liability;1432
11.4.1.1;Comments;1432
11.4.1.1.1;A. Character of the rule;1432
11.4.1.1.2;B. ’’Property right’’ and ‘‘lawful possession’’;1432
11.4.1.1.3;C. Holder of proprietary right not in possession of the goods;1433
11.4.1.2;Notes;1433
12;Chapter 7: Consequential questions on restitution of goods;1452
12.1;VIII.-7:101: Scope;1452
12.1.1;Comments;1452
12.1.1.1;A. General;1452
12.1.1.2;B. Scope of application, paragraph (1);1453
12.1.1.3;C. Different approaches in the European legal systems;1458
12.1.1.4;D. General approach taken in Chapter 7;1458
12.1.1.5;E. Relation to Book V on benevolent intervention, paragraph (2);1459
12.1.1.6;F. Character of the rules;1460
12.1.1.7;G. Relation to Chapter 5, paragraph (3);1460
12.1.2;Notes;1461
12.2;VIII.-7:102: Loss of, or damage to, the goods during possession;1465
12.2.1;Comments;1465
12.2.1.1;A. General;1465
12.2.1.2;B. The main rule (paragraph (1));1466
12.2.1.3;C. The function of paragraph (2);1468
12.2.2;Notes;1470
12.3;VIII.-7:103: Fruits from, use of, and other benefits derived from the goods during possession;1481
12.3.1;Comments;1481
12.3.1.1;A. General;1481
12.3.1.2;B. The proposed approach: reference to Book VII on unjustified enrichment;1482
12.3.1.3;C. Main policy reasons for not ‘‘immunising’’ a possessor in good faith;1483
12.3.2;Notes;1486
12.4;VIII.-7:104: Expenditure on, or parts added to, the goods during possession;1502
12.4.1;Comments;1502
12.4.1.1;A. General;1502
12.4.1.2;B. Reimbursement of expenditure and for added parts;1504
12.4.1.3;C. Right to retain, paragraph (2);1511
12.4.1.4;D. Possessor’s right to remove added parts (ius tollendi);1512
12.4.2;Notes;1514