McTiernan Physical Activity, Dietary Calorie Restriction, and Cancer

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-4419-7551-5
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 186 Seiten

The World Health Organization estimates that 25 percent of common cancers can be prevented through regular physical activity and weight control. Common cancers linked to overweight/obesity and a sedentary lifestyle include breast, colon, endometrium, pancreas, renal, esophageal, and several others. There are several plausible mechanisms linking lack of physical activity and increased adiposity to cancer risk, supported by results from animal experiments and human intervention studies.

Autoren/Hrsg.

McTiernan, Anne

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;5
2;Contributors;6
3;1 Introduction;8
3.1;References;10
4;2 Epidemiology of Overweight/Obesity and Cancer Risk;11
4.1;1 Introduction;11
4.2;2 Epidemiology of Excess Body Weight;12
4.3;3 Associations Between Adiposity and Cancer Risk;14
4.3.1;3.1 Body Mass Index (BMI);14
4.3.2;3.2 Other Adiposity-Related Anthropometric Measures;15
4.4;4 Ecological Observations;16
4.5;5 Biological Mechanisms;17
4.6;6 Causal Association and Attributable Risk;19
4.7;7 Confounding and Effect Modifications;20
4.7.1;7.1 Hormonal Replacement Therapy and Breast Cancer;20
4.7.2;7.2 Hormonal Replacement Therapy and Endometrial Cancer;22
4.7.3;7.3 BMI, Smoking and Cancer Risk;22
4.7.4;7.4 PSA Screening and Prostate Cancer Risk;25
4.8;8 Future Directions;26
4.9;References;26
5;3 Epidemiology of Physical Activity and Cancer Risk;30
5.1;1 Introduction;30
5.1.1;1.1 Physical Activity and Cancer Incidence;31
5.1.1.1;1.1.1 Methods and Study Design;31
5.1.1.2;1.1.2 Body of Evidence by Cancer Site;32
5.1.1.3;1.1.3 Conclusions;43
5.1.2;1.2 Physical Fitness and Cancer;44
5.1.2.1;1.2.1 Background;44
5.1.2.2;1.2.2 Body of Evidence;45
5.1.2.3;1.2.3 Conclusions;46
5.2;References;46
6;4 Energetics and Cancer: Exploring a Road Less Traveled;59
6.1;1 Introduction;59
6.2;2 Body Mass Index and Energy Balance;60
6.3;3 Mechanistic Overview;61
6.4;4 Intracellular Energy Sensing;63
6.5;5 Guanylyl Cyclase;64
6.6;6 Sirtuins;65
6.7;7 PPARs;66
6.8;8 AMP-Activated Protein Kinase;66
6.9;9 Extracellular Inputs;67
6.9.1;9.1 Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1);67
6.9.2;9.2 Protein Kinase B (Akt);67
6.10;10 Network Integration: Mammalian Target of Rapamycin;68
6.11;11 Conclusions;68
6.12;References;69
7;5 Calorie Restriction, Exercise, and Colon Cancer Prevention: A Mechanistic Perspective;72
7.1;1 Introduction;72
7.2;2 Overview of Physical Activity and Colon Cancer Prevention;73
7.3;3 Overview of Calorie Restriction and Colon Cancer Prevention;73
7.4;4 Rationale for Exercise and Calorie Restriction Interventions in Humans;75
7.5;5 Biological Mechanisms: Exercise and Colon Cancer Prevention;76
7.5.1;5.1 Enhanced DNA Repair and Antioxidant Defenses;76
7.5.2;5.2 Alterations in Cellular Proliferation and Apoptosis;77
7.5.3;5.3 Altered Growth Factor Milieu;78
7.5.4;5.4 Alterations in Chronic Inflammation;80
7.5.5;5.5 Enhanced Antitumor Immunity;81
7.5.6;5.6 Reduction in Angiogenesis;83
7.6;6 Biological Mechanisms: Calorie Restriction and Colon Cancer Prevention;83
7.6.1;6.1 Altered Growth Factor Milieu;83
7.6.2;6.2 Increased Glucocorticoids;85
7.6.3;6.3 Alterations in Adipose-Derived Hormones;85
7.6.4;6.4 Alterations in Chronic Inflammation;86
7.6.5;6.5 Alterations in Sirtuins;87
7.7;7 Summary;88
7.8;References;88
8;6 Mechanisms Linking Obesity to Cancer Risk;101
8.1;1 Definition and Measurement of Obesity;101
8.1.1;Assessment of Insulin Sensitivity and Resistance;103
8.2;2 The Epidemiology of Insulin Resistance, the Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF) System, Sex Steroid Hormones, Inflammation, and Cancer;104
8.2.1;2.1 Insulin/Hyperinsulinemia;104
8.2.2;2.2 IGF-1 and the IGF System;107
8.2.3;2.3 Hyperglycemia;109
8.2.4;2.4 Adipokines: Adiponectin;109
8.2.5;2.5 Inflammation, Obesity, and Cancer;111
8.2.6;2.6 C-Reactive Protein;112
8.2.7;2.7 Interleukin-6;113
8.2.8;2.8 Serum Amyloid A;114
8.2.9;2.9 Sex Steroid Hormones;114
8.2.9.1;2.9.1 Estrogens;115
8.2.9.2;2.9.2 Progesterone;117
8.2.9.3;2.9.3 Androgens;118
8.2.9.4;2.9.4 Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin;119
8.3;3 Proposed Mechanistic Pathway(s) Leading to Cancer;120
8.3.1;3.1 Insulin and the IGF System;120
8.3.2;3.2 Glucose;121
8.3.3;3.3 Adiponectin;122
8.3.4;3.4 Inflammation;123
8.3.5;3.5 Sex Steroid Hormones;124
8.3.5.1;3.5.1 Estrogens;124
8.3.5.2;3.5.2 Progesterone;124
8.3.5.3;3.5.3 Androgens;125
8.3.5.4;3.5.4 Sex Steroid Hormone-Binding Globulin;125
8.4;4 Summary;125
8.5;References;125
9;7 Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Physical Activityon Cancer;145
9.1;1 Introduction;145
9.2;2 Breast Cancer;147
9.2.1;2.1 Obesity and Sex Hormone Levels;147
9.2.2;2.2 Other Possible Mechanisms;149
9.2.2.1;2.2.1 Insulin, Insulin Resistance, and Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGF);149
9.2.2.2;2.2.2 Enhanced Defenses Against Reactive Oxygen Species;151
9.2.2.3;2.2.3 Immune Function;152
9.3;3 New Directions;153
9.4;4 Colon Cancer;154
9.4.1;4.1 Other Possible Mechanisms;154
9.4.1.1;4.1.1 Decreased Bowel Transit Time;154
9.4.1.2;4.1.2Prostaglandin E2 ;154
9.4.1.3;4.1.3 Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factors;155
9.4.1.4;4.1.4 Immune Function;156
9.5;5 New Directions;157
9.6;6 Conclusions;157
9.7;References;158
10;8 Physical Activity, Weight Control, and Cancer Prognosis;166
10.1;1 Introduction;166
10.2;2 Physical Activity and Cancer Recurrence and Mortality;167
10.3;3 Effects of Physical Activity on Persistent Effects of Cancer Treatment;170
10.3.1;3.1 Aerobic or Cardiorespiratory Fitness;170
10.3.2;3.2 Muscular Strength and Endurance;170
10.3.3;3.3 Flexibility;170
10.3.4;3.4 Lymphedema;171
10.3.5;3.5 Weight Change;171
10.3.6;3.6 Quality of Life;172
10.3.7;3.7 Fatigue;172
10.4;4 Obesity at Initial Diagnosis and Cancer Survival;173
10.5;5 Weight Gain and Cancer Survival;174
10.6;6 Effects of Obesity and Weight Gain on Persistent Effects of Cancer Treatment;175
10.7;7 Overall Summary;176
10.8;References;177
11;Index;184