Niaounakis Biopolymers: Applications and Trends

1. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-0-323-35433-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 604 Seiten

Reihe: Plastics Design Library

Biopolymers: Applications and Trends provides an up-to-date summary of the varying market applications of biopolymers characterized by biodegradability and sustainability. It includes tables with the commercial names and properties of each biopolymer family, along with biopolymers for each marketing segment, not only presenting all the major market players, but also highlighting trends and new developments in products. The book includes a thorough breakdown of the vast range of application areas, including medical and pharmaceutical, packaging, construction, automotive, and many more, giving engineers critical materials information in an area which has traditionally been more limited than conventional polymers. In addition, the book uses recent patent information to convey the latest applications and techniques in the area, thus further illustrating the rapid pace of development and need for intellectual property for companies working on new and innovative products. - Provides an up-to-date summary of the varying market applications of biopolymers characterized by biodegradability and sustainability - Includes tables with the commercial names and properties of each biopolymer family, along with biopolymers for each marketing segment - Presents a thorough breakdown of the vast range of application areas, including medical and pharmaceutical, packaging, construction, automotive, and many more - Uses recent patent information to convey the latest applications and techniques in the area, thus further illustrating the rapid pace of development and need for intellectual property

European Patent Office, Rijswijk, Netherlands

Autoren/Hrsg.

Niaounakis, Michael

Leseproben

1.8. Polyamides
Polyamides are polymers with amide groups (R–CO–NH–R') as integral parts of the main polymer chain. Polyamides are basically formed from polycondensation of (1) diamines and dicarboxylic acids, (2) ?-amino carboxylic acids as bifunctional monomers, and (3) a-amino carboxylic acids as bifunctional monomers [84]. Biopolyamides include both bio-based polyamides and biodegradable fossil fuel-based polyamides. The commercially available biopolyamides are shown in Table 1.13. 1.8.1. Polycondensation of Diamines and Dicarboxylic Acids
Polyamides of this category are formed from polycondensation of diamines and dicarboxylic acids. The dicarboxylic acid can be derived from renewable resources such as castor oil. The diamines are mainly derived from fossil fuel [84]. Commercial biopolyamides produced by the polycondensation of diamines and dicarboxylic acids include polyamide 410 (PA 410), polyamide 610 (PA 610), polyamide 1010 (PA 1010), polyamide 1012 (PA 1012), and polyphthalamides (Scheme 1.34).
Scheme 1.34 Bio-based aliphatic polyamides prepared by the polycondensation of diamines and dicarboxylic acids. PA 410 X = 4, Y = 10; PA 610 x = 6, y = 8; PA 1010 x = 10, y = 8; PA 1012 x = 1, y = 10. Table 1.13 Commercially Available Biopolyamides PA 11 Rilsan® PA11 Arkema (FR) Electrical cables, automotive, pneumatic, and hydraulic hose PA 11 Rilsan® Clear G830 Rnew Arkema (FR) Molding applications, ideally suited for optics as high-end eyewear frames Co–PA Platamid® Rnew Arkema (FR) Hot melt adhesive PA 11 copolymer (poly(ether-b-amide)) Pebax® Rnew Arkema (FR) Sport and leisure articles; industrial equipments PA 1010 Grilamid 1S
Grilamid 2S EMS-Grivory (DE) Reinforced Grilamid 1S: manufacture of stiff covers;
Nonreinforced, amorphous grades:injection molding processes for overmolding metal sheets PA 1010 Vestamid® Terra DS Evonik Industries AG (DE);
FKuR Kunststoff GmbH (DE), distributor worldwide Injection molding, fibers, powder, extrusion, and films PA 1010 Zytel® RS LC1000 series (20–100 wt% renewable content): • Zytel® RS LC1000 BK385 • Zytel® RS LC1200 BK385 • Zytel® RS LC1600 BK385 • Zytel® RS LC1600 BK385 Du Pont (USA) Multiple extrusion applications; e.g., diesel fuel line and truck air brake tubes; suitable for biodiesel and gasoline applications PA 1010 Hiprolon® 200 series Suzhou Hipro Polymers (CN) Gear, electronics housing parts, rigid technical tubing, technical film, powder coating PA 1012 Hiprolon® 400 series Suzhou Hipro Polymers (CN) Automotive tubing systems, oil and gas pipe, technical decorative films PA 1012 Vestamid® Terra DD Evonik Industries AG (DE);
FKuR Kunststoff GmbH (DE), distributor worldwide Injection molding, fibers, powder, extrusion, and films PA 410 EcoPaXX™ DSM (NL) Automotive and electrical applications: engine cover, cooling circuit components, sensors PA 610 Vestamid® Terra HS Evonik Industries AG (DE);
FKuR Kunststoff GmbH (DE), distributor worldwide Injection molding, fibers, powder, extrusion, and films Table Continued PA 610 Grilamid® 2S EMS-Grivory (DE) Injection molding, extrusuin (tubes for automotive industry) PA (amorphous) Grilamid® TR: • Grilamid® TR 55 • Grilamid® TR 90 UV EMS-Grivory (DE) Molded article especially for outdoor applications PA 610 Ultramid® S balance BASF (DE) Overmolding metal and electronic components, plug-in connectors, pipes, and reservoirs in cooling circuits PA 610 Zytel® RS LC2000 series: (20–100 wt% renewable content): • Zytel® RS LC2600 • Zytel® RS LC2800 Zytel® RS LC3000 series: (20–63 wt% renewable content): • Zytel® RS LS3030 NC010 • Zytel® RS LC3060 NC010 • Zytel® RS LC3090 NC010 Zytel® RS LC4000 series: (20–60 wt% renewable content): • Zytel® RS LC4601 • Zytel® RS LC4602 Du Pont (USA) Zytel® RS LC2000 series: brake tubes, handheld devices; suitable for fuel applications;
Zytel® RS LC3000 series: fuel connectors, extruded products, and radiator end tanks • Zytel® RS LS3030 NC010: injection applications; • Zytel® RS LC3060 NC010: injection and extrusion applications; Zytel® RS LC3090 NC010: extrusion applications;
Zytel® RS LC4000 series: fuel line applications PA 610 Hiprolon® 70 series Suzhou Hipro Polymers (CN) Monofilament, industrial parts with high heat resistance and extrusion tubing product PA 610 Kalix® PPHA 2000 series Solvay Specialty Polymers Mobile healthcare (mHealth) electronic devices (frames and covers for healthcare displays, terminals, and modules along with chassis, housings, and bezels) PA 610 Akromid® S Akro-Plastic (DE) Fans in refrigeration appliances, heaters and heat pumps, and for electronics cooling (computing centers switchgear-cabinet and inverter cooling) PA 612 Hiprolon® 90 series Suzhou Hipro Polymers (CN) Monofilament and other industrial parts with different compounding process Long-chain PA Hiprolon® 11 Suzhou Hipro Polymers (CN) Auto fuel lines, air brake tubing, cable sheathing Long-chain PA Hiprolon® 211 Suzhou Hipro Polymers (CN) Auto fuel lines, air brake tubing, cable sheathing Table Continued PPA Rilsan® HT Arkema (FR) Flexible tubing, injection molding PPA Grivory HT3 EMS-Grivory (DE) Electronic connector applications (e.g., plug connectors) PPA Vestamid® HT plus Evonik Industries AG (DE) Material for housings of pumps and filter systems or for use in vehicles in the vicinity of the engine, as in the charge air duct PA 1010, polyamide 1010, produced from 1,10-decamethylene diamine (castor oil derivative) and sebasic acid (both derived from castor oil); PA 11, polyamide 11, produced from 11-aminodecanoic acid (derived from castor oil); PA 1012, polyamide 1012, produced from 1,10-decamethylene diamine and 1,12-dodecanedioic acid (both derived from plant oil, e.g., palm kernel oil); PA 410, polyamide 410, produced from tetramethylene diamine and sebacic acid (derived from castor oil); PA 610, polyamide 610, produced from hexamethylenediamine and sebaci acid (derived from castor oil); PPA, polyphthalamide, produced from decamethylene diamine, terephthalic acid, and amino acid. 1.8.2. Polycondensation of ?-Amino Carboxylic Acids or Lactams
An example of a biopolyamide produced by the ROP of e-caprolactam is polyamide 11 (PA 11) (see Scheme 1.35). 1.8.3. Poly(a-amino acids)
Synthetic polymers of a-amino acids contain peptide bonds in the main chain and can be composed of the same structural units (a-amino acids) as the poly(amino acids) of natural origin, such as polypeptides and proteins. In this regard they may be considered as being protein analogues. Two amino acid homopolymers comprising a single type of amino acid are known in nature [85]: poly(?-glutamic acid) (?-PGA) and e-poly(L-lysine (e-PL). Poly(a-amino acids) are mainly used to create high-purity materials needed for biomedical applications. To date, commercial applications of protein polymers, such as poly(D-lysine) and poly(L-lysine), are limited to the use as adhesives/substrates for cell culture. Copolymers of a-amino acids (such as serine) with other biodegradable polymers (such as PLA) are synthesized as drug delivery systems (1998,...