E-Book, Englisch, Band 31, 660 Seiten
Reihe: Tort and Insurance Law
E-Book, Englisch, Band 31, 660 Seiten
Reihe: Tort and Insurance Law
ISBN: 978-3-11-027021-1
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
The study - conducted in English and led by Ken Oliphant (Institute for European Tort Law, Vienna) and Gerhard Wagner (University of Bonn) - will consist of reports from Austria, Australia, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, Rumania, the United States of America and the United Kingdom. With regard to content the study will focus on the compensation of occupational diseases and accidents. Issues like discrimination, moral or sexual harassment and other damages claims of employees against their employer will be dealt with in the reports for countries where these issues are seen as a part of Employers' Liability (e.g. UK, USA), but not in detail. Major aspects of the reports will be a description of different existing compensation schemes, interactions between Employers' Liability and Workers' Compensation, a comparison of both systems and their respective efficiency.
Informationen zur Reihe:
Tort and Insurance Law
Bde. 1–26 bei Springer Science+Business Media ersch.
Liability law is rapidly changing in quite a number of countries. This is due to various factors, which are interrelated to a large extent: changing case law and legislation as well as increased and still increasing technical and medical knowledge. As a result, various occupational diseases can, for example, be attributed to working conditions or personal injury to specific products. From the very moment that causation can be proven, the question arises of whether or not liability can be established – with far-reaching economic consequences for all parties involved.
The rise of phenomena such as mass torts, multiple causation, joint and several liability or various heads of damages (like ecological damage and several diseases and affections) rapidly increases the interest in tort law. In the context of the interrelation between liability and insurance, attention must be paid to the question of whether certain liabilities are still coverable or not, and, if they are, to what amounts.
(The question of jurisdictions is of growing importance as is the question of whether a specific liability can be covered by insurance. In this context, one should bear in mind that the affordability of tort law also requires safe and sound insurers. The recent past has shown that there is a limit to their financial stability.)
Zielgruppe
Insurers, People working with or for Insurers, Lawyers, Practitioners, Researchers
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
- Rechtswissenschaften Sozialrecht SGB-VII, Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung
- Rechtswissenschaften Ausländisches Recht Mittel- und Osteuropa, Russland
- Rechtswissenschaften Ausländisches Recht Österreich
- Rechtswissenschaften Bürgerliches Recht Schuldrecht Haftpflichtrecht, Deliktsrecht, Produkthaftungsrecht
- Rechtswissenschaften Arbeitsrecht Arbeitsvertragsrecht und Personalwesen
- Rechtswissenschaften Ausländisches Recht Westeuropa, Südeuropa
- Rechtswissenschaften Recht, Rechtswissenschaft Allgemein Rechtsvergleichung
- Rechtswissenschaften Ausländisches Recht Asien (inkl. Türkei und Naher Osten)
- Rechtswissenschaften Ausländisches Recht Common Law (UK, USA, Australien u.a.)
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Preface;5
2;List of Contributors;27
3;Introduction;29
4;Employers’ Liability and Workers’ Compensation: Australia;41
4.1;I. Introduction;41
4.1.1;A. Basic system of compensation and liability;41
4.1.2;B. Interaction with other institutions;43
4.1.3;C. Empirical evidence;44
4.2;II. Workers’ Compensation;45
4.2.1;A. Scope of cover;45
4.2.1.1;1. When can workers’ compensation be claimed?;47
4.2.1.2;2. Spatial and temporal dimensions of course of employment;48
4.2.2;B. Compensation trigger;50
4.2.3;C. Scope of protection;54
4.2.4;D. Heads and levels of benefit;55
4.2.4.1;1. Medical care;55
4.2.4.2;2. Rehabilitation assistance;56
4.2.4.3;3. Lost earnings;57
4.2.4.4;4. Non-pecuniary losses;59
4.2.4.5;5. Dependents’ benefits;60
4.2.4.6;6. Comparison with damages in tort;62
4.2.4.7;7. Lump sum or periodical payments?;63
4.2.5;E. Funding systems;65
4.2.5.1;1. Types of system;65
4.2.5.2;2. Contribution to the workers’ compensation fund;67
4.2.5.3;3. Incentives;67
4.2.6;F. Administration and adjudication of claims;68
4.2.6.1;1. Organisational framework of workers’ compensation institutions;68
4.2.6.2;2. Who decides claims for benefits;68
4.2.6.3;3. Reviews and appeals: special tribunals or general civil justice system?;69
4.2.6.4;4. Speed of claims’ resolution and administrative costs;70
4.2.7;G. Rights of recourse of workers’ compensation institutions;72
4.2.7.1;1. Recourse against employer;72
4.2.7.2;2. Recourse against a co-worker;72
4.2.7.3;3. Recourse against third parties;73
4.2.8;H. Interaction with general social welfare provision and private insurance;74
4.2.8.1;1. Fund of first resort?;74
4.2.8.2;2. Deductibility of benefits;74
4.2.8.3;3. Recourse of social welfare agencies, social health insurance, private health insurers against workers’ compensation institutions;75
4.2.9;I. Interaction with employers' liability;76
4.2.9.1;1. Availability of damages in addition to workers’ compensation benefits;76
4.2.9.2;2. Deductibility of benefits provided by workers’ compensation in action against employer;77
4.2.9.3;3. Subrogation of workers’ compensation into the claim of worker against employer;78
4.3;III. Employers’ Liability;78
4.3.1;A. Classification;78
4.3.1.1;1. Contract or tort?;78
4.3.1.2;2. General law or a special category;79
4.3.2;B. Elements of liability;79
4.3.2.1;1. Liability of employers for their own acts or omissions;79
4.3.2.2;2. Liability of employers for the acts or omissions of their employees and others;79
4.3.2.3;3. Relevance of health and safety legislation in establishing liability;80
4.3.2.4;4. Overall a fault-based or strict liability system;81
4.3.2.5;5. Causation;81
4.3.2.6;6. Effect of victim’s contributory conduct;81
4.3.3;C. Scope of protection;82
4.3.4;D. Heads and levels of damages;83
4.3.4.1;1. Same level as in other cases of personal injury;83
4.3.4.2;2. Heads of recoverable damage;84
4.3.4.3;3. Costs of medical care;84
4.3.4.4;4. Costs of rehabilitation assistance;84
4.3.4.5;5. Lost earnings, loss of earning capacity, and loss of pension entitlements;85
4.3.4.6;6. Non-pecuniary loss;85
4.3.4.7;7. Dependents;86
4.3.4.8;8. Form of payment;86
4.3.5;E. Administration of claims;87
4.3.5.1;1. Courts or specialised tribunals;87
4.3.5.2;2. General civil procedure or special procedures?;87
4.3.5.3;3. Reviews and appeals;88
4.3.5.4;4. Speed of claims’ resolution and administrative costs;88
4.3.6;F. Rights of recourse;89
4.3.6.1;1. Against other employees or their liability insurer?;89
4.3.6.2;2. Against third parties;89
4.3.7;G. Interaction with social welfare systems and private insurance;90
4.3.7.1;1. Deductibility of benefits received from social welfare agencies;90
4.3.7.2;2. Recourse of social welfare agencies and private insurers against the employer;90
4.3.8;H. Insurance;91
4.3.8.1;1. Voluntary or mandatory?;91
4.3.8.2;2. General liability insurance or special policy;91
4.3.8.3;3. Basic principles of employers’ liability insurance;92
4.4;IV. Evaluation and Conclusions;93
4.4.1;A. Compensation;93
4.4.2;B. Prevention;94
4.4.3;C. Overall costs;95
4.4.4;D. Interaction between workers’ compensation and private law;95
4.4.5;E. Plans for reform;96
4.4.6;F. Overall quality of each system independently and in combination;98
5;Employers’ Liability and Workers’ Compensation: Austria;103
5.1;I. Introduction;103
5.1.1;A. Basic system of compensation and liability;103
5.1.1.1;1. Historical development;103
5.1.1.2;2. Basic system;105
5.1.1.3;3. Relation to private law remedies;106
5.1.2;B. Interaction with other institutions;107
5.1.3;C. Empirical evidence;108
5.2;II. Workers’ Compensation;108
5.2.1;A. Scope of cover;108
5.2.1.1;1. Protected sphere of life;109
5.2.1.2;2. Attribution;110
5.2.2;B. Compensation trigger;112
5.2.3;C. Scope of protection;113
5.2.3.1;1. Personal injury;113
5.2.3.2;2. Sexual harassment;113
5.2.3.3;3. Dignitary injuries;114
5.2.3.4;4. Property damage and pure economic loss;114
5.2.4;D. Heads and levels of benefit;115
5.2.4.1;1. Benefits in kind;115
5.2.4.2;2. Cash benefits;116
5.2.5;E. Funding systems;121
5.2.5.1;1. Funding through contributions;121
5.2.5.2;2. Financial equalisation (Finanzausgleich);123
5.2.6;F. Administration and adjudication of claims;123
5.2.7;G. Rights of recourse of workers' compensation institutions;127
5.2.7.1;1. General;127
5.2.7.2;2. Recourse against the employer;129
5.2.7.3;3. Recourse against a colleague?;130
5.2.7.4;4. Recourse against third parties;131
5.2.8;H. Interaction with general social welfare provision and private insurance;131
5.2.8.1;1. Relationship between health and accident insurance;131
5.2.8.2;2. Relationship between Social Insurance and Minimum Insurance;133
5.2.9;I. Interaction with employers’ liability;133
5.3;III. Employers’ Liability;134
5.3.1;A. Classification;134
5.3.1.1;1. General tortious fault-based and the employer’s liability privilege;134
5.3.1.2;2. Work accidents caused by vehicles for which there is enhanced liability;138
5.3.2;B. Elements of liability;138
5.3.2.1;1. Fault-based liability;138
5.3.2.2;2. Strict liability;140
5.3.2.3;3. Liability for risks without fault;141
5.3.3;C. Scope of protection;143
5.3.4;D. Heads and levels of damages;143
5.3.4.1;1. Personal injuries;143
5.3.4.2;2. Material damages;144
5.3.5;E. Administration of claims;144
5.3.6;F. Rights of recourse;145
5.3.7;G. Interaction with social welfare systems and private insurance;145
5.3.8;H. Insurance;145
5.4;IV. Evaluation and Conclusions;146
5.4.1;A. Compensation;146
5.4.2;B. Prevention;146
5.4.3;C. Overall costs;147
5.4.4;D. Interaction between workers’ compensation and private law;147
5.4.5;E. Plans for reform;149
5.4.6;F. Overall quality of each system independently and in combination;150
6;Employers’ Liability and Workers’ Compensation: Denmark;151
6.1;I. Introduction;151
6.1.1;A. Basic system of compensation and liability;151
6.1.2;B. Interaction with other institutions;152
6.1.3;C. Empirical evidence;152
6.2;II. Workers’ Compensation;152
6.2.1;A. Scope of cover;152
6.2.2;B. Compensation trigger;155
6.2.3;C. Scope of protection;157
6.2.4;D. Heads and levels of benefit;158
6.2.5;E. Funding systems;160
6.2.6;F. Administration and adjudication of claims;160
6.2.7;G. Rights of recourse of workers’ compensation institutions;161
6.2.8;H. Interaction with general social welfare provision and private insurance;162
6.2.9;I. Interaction with employers’ liability;163
6.3;III. Employers’ Liability;164
6.3.1;A. Classification;164
6.3.2;B. Elements of liability;165
6.3.3;C. Scope of protection;167
6.3.4;D. Heads and levels of damages;168
6.3.5;E. Administration of claims;170
6.3.6;F. Rights of recourse;171
6.3.7;G. Interaction with social welfare systems and private insurance;172
6.3.8;H. Insurance;173
6.4;IV. Evaluation and Conclusions;174
6.4.1;A. Compensation;174
6.4.2;B. Prevention;174
6.4.3;C. Overall costs;175
6.4.4;D. Interaction between workers’ compensation and private law;175
6.4.5;E. Plans for reform;175
6.4.6;F. Overall quality of each system independently and in combination;175
7;Employers’ Liability and Workers’ Compensation: England and Wales;177
7.1;I. Introduction;177
7.1.1;A. The basic system of compensation and liability;177
7.1.1.1;1. Tort;178
7.1.1.2;2. Workers’ compensation;180
7.1.1.3;3. Why preferential compensation for workers?;181
7.1.2;B. Interaction with other institutions;183
7.1.3;C. Empirical evidence;183
7.2;II. Workers’ Compensation;184
7.2.1;A. Scope of cover;184
7.2.1.1;1. Workers covered;184
7.2.1.2;2. Spatial, temporal and other limitations;185
7.2.1.3;3. Effect of the victim’s contributory negligence;192
7.2.2;B. Compensation trigger;193
7.2.2.1;1. Accidents;194
7.2.2.2;2. Disease;196
7.2.3;C. Scope of protection;199
7.2.3.1;1. Personal injury;199
7.2.3.2;2. Other than personal injury;201
7.2.4;D. Heads and levels of benefit;201
7.2.4.1;1. Assessment;203
7.2.4.2;2. Rate of payment;205
7.2.4.3;3. Comparison of the industrial injuries pension with damages in tort;206
7.2.5;E. Funding systems;207
7.2.6;F. Administration and adjudication of claims;208
7.2.6.1;1. Claims and appeals;208
7.2.6.2;2. Tribunals not courts;209
7.2.6.3;3. Administrative cost;209
7.2.7;G. Right of recourse of workers’ compensation institutions;210
7.2.7.1;1. Rights of recourse against the employer;210
7.2.7.2;2. Rights of recourse against a co-worker or third party;211
7.2.8;H. Interaction with general social welfare provision and private insurance;211
7.2.8.1;1. The sources of funding;211
7.2.8.2;2. Deductibility of benefits;212
7.2.9;I. Interaction with employers’ liability;213
7.3;III. Employers’ Liability;214
7.3.1;A. Classification;214
7.3.2;B. Elements of liability;214
7.3.2.1;1. Vicarious liability;215
7.3.2.2;2. Breach of common law duty;217
7.3.2.3;3. Breach of statutory duty;218
7.3.2.4;4. Effect of the victim’s contributory conduct;219
7.3.3;C. Scope of protection;220
7.3.3.1;1. Accidents and disease;220
7.3.3.2;2. Personal injury;221
7.3.3.3;3. Other than personal injury;222
7.3.4;D. Heads and levels of damages;224
7.3.5;E. Administration of claims;225
7.3.5.1;1. Number and cost of claims;226
7.3.5.2;2. Insurers and the administration of the tort system;227
7.3.5.3;3. The speed of settlement;229
7.3.5.4;4. The administrative cost of tort;229
7.3.6;F. Rights of recourse;230
7.3.6.1;1. Rights of recourse against other employees;230
7.3.6.2;2. Rights of recourse against third parties;231
7.3.7;G. Interaction with social welfare systems and private insurance;231
7.3.7.1;1. Recourse of social security agency against the employer;231
7.3.7.2;2. Reducing damages to take account of the benefits paid;233
7.3.7.3;3. Recovering the cost of National Health Service treatment;233
7.3.8;H. Insurance;234
7.3.8.1;1. The scope of compulsory insurance;234
7.3.8.2;2. Policy limits and insurance triggers;235
7.3.8.3;3. Apportionment;236
7.4;IV. Evaluation and Conclusions;237
7.4.1;A. Compensation;237
7.4.1.1;1. Scope of each scheme;237
7.4.1.2;2. Amount and purpose of compensation;237
7.4.1.3;3. Fault and no-fault;239
7.4.2;B. Prevention;239
7.4.3;C. Overall costs;240
7.4.4;D. Interaction between workers'compensation and private law;241
7.4.5;E. Plans for reform;241
7.4.6;F. Overall quality of each system independently and in combination;242
8;Employers’ Liability and Workers’ Compensation: France;243
8.1;I. Introduction;243
8.1.1;A. Basic system of compensation and liability;243
8.1.2;B. Interaction with other institutions;244
8.1.3;C. Empirical evidence;244
8.2;II. Workers’ Compensation;246
8.2.1;A. Scope of cover;246
8.2.1.1;1. Workers covered;246
8.2.1.2;2. Spatial, temporal and other limitations;247
8.2.1.3;3. Effects of the victim’s contributory conduct;252
8.2.2;B. Compensation trigger;253
8.2.2.1;1. Accidents;253
8.2.2.2;2. Diseases;254
8.2.3;C. Scope of protection;257
8.2.3.1;1. Personal injury;257
8.2.3.2;2. Pure economic loss;258
8.2.3.3;3. Property damage;260
8.2.3.4;4. Sexual harassment - dignitary injuries;260
8.2.4;D. Heads and levels of benefit;261
8.2.4.1;1. Medical care and rehabilitation assistance;261
8.2.4.2;2. Lost earnings;263
8.2.4.3;3. Dependents’ benefits;263
8.2.4.4;4. Comparison with damages in tort;263
8.2.4.5;5. Lump sum or periodical payments?;264
8.2.5;E. Funding systems;264
8.2.6;F. Administration and adjudication of claims;266
8.2.6.1;1. Accident;266
8.2.6.2;2. Disease;267
8.2.6.3;3. Litigation;267
8.2.6.4;4. Speed of claims’ resolution and administrative costs;268
8.2.7;G. Rights of recourse of workers’ compensation institutions;268
8.2.7.1;1. Recourse of workers’ compensation institutions against employers;269
8.2.7.2;2. Recourse of workers’ compensation institutions against co-employees;270
8.2.7.3;3. Recourse of workers’ compensation institutions against third parties;270
8.2.8;H. Interaction with general social welfare provision and private insurance;270
8.2.8.1;1. Fund of first resort;270
8.2.8.2;2. Deductibility of benefits;271
8.2.8.3;3. Recourse of social welfare agencies, social health insurance, private health insurers, etc, against workers’ compensation institutions?;272
8.2.9;I. Interaction with employers’ liability;272
8.2.9.1;1. Availability of damages in addition to workers’ compensation benefits?;272
8.2.9.2;2. Deductibility of benefits provided by workers’ compensation institutions from claim against employer (collateral source rule);273
8.2.9.3;3. Subrogation of workers’ compensation institutions into the claim of workers against employer;274
8.3;III. Employers’ Liability;274
8.3.1;A. Classification;274
8.3.1.1;1. Inexcusable negligence (art L 452-1 Social Security Code, CSS);275
8.3.1.2;2. Wilful misconduct (art L 452-5 CSS);276
8.3.1.3;3. Liability of a third party (art L 454-1 CSS);277
8.3.1.4;4. Traffic accident;278
8.3.1.5;5. Criminal offence;278
8.3.2;B. Elements of liability;281
8.3.2.1;1. Liability of employers for their own acts or omissions;281
8.3.2.2;2. Liability of employers for the acts or omissions of their employees and others (the scope of vicarious liability; the effect of any ‘common employment’ exclusionary rule);284
8.3.2.3;3. Relevance of health and safety legislation in establishing liability;285
8.3.2.4;4. Overall a fault-based or strict liability?;286
8.3.2.5;5. Causation;286
8.3.2.6;6. Effect of the victim’s contributory conduct;287
8.3.3;C. Scope of protection;288
8.3.3.1;1. Inexcusable negligence on the part of the employer;288
8.3.3.2;2. General civil liability;289
8.3.4;D. Heads and levels of damages;291
8.3.4.1;1. Inexcusable negligence of the employer;291
8.3.4.2;2. General civil liability;291
8.3.5;E. Administration of claims;294
8.3.5.1;1. Inexcusable negligence;294
8.3.5.2;2. Civil liability;295
8.3.6;F. Rights of recourse;295
8.3.6.1;1. In case of employers’ liability;295
8.3.6.2;2. In case of a third party’s liability;297
8.3.7;G. Interaction with social welfare systems and private insurance;297
8.3.8;H. Insurance;299
8.4;IV. Evaluation and Conclusions;299
8.4.1;A. Compensation;299
8.4.2;B. Prevention;300
8.4.3;C. Overall costs;301
8.4.4;D. Interaction between workers’ compensation and private law;302
8.4.5;E. Plans for reform;303
8.4.6;F. Overall quality of each system independently and in combination;304
9;Employers’ Liability and Workers’ Compensation: Germany;305
9.1;I. Introduction;305
9.1.1;A. Basic system of compensation and liability;305
9.1.1.1;1. History and expansions;305
9.1.1.2;2. Insurance and liability;306
9.1.2;B. Interaction with other institutions;306
9.1.3;C. Empirical evidence;306
9.2;II. Workers’ Compensation;307
9.2.1;A. Scope of cover;307
9.2.2;B. Compensation trigger;308
9.2.2.1;1. Accidents;308
9.2.2.2;2. Diseases;308
9.2.3;C. Scope of protection;309
9.2.3.1;1. Occupational accident;309
9.2.3.2;2. Occupational disease;310
9.2.3.3;3. Insured ‘categories of damage’;310
9.2.4;D. Heads and levels of benefit;310
9.2.5;E. Funding systems;314
9.2.6;F. Administration and adjudication of claims;315
9.2.7;G. Rights of recourse of workers’ compensation institutions;316
9.2.8;H. Interaction with general social welfare provision and private insurance;317
9.2.9;I. Interaction with employers’ liability;317
9.3;III. Employers’ Liability;320
9.3.1;A. Classification;321
9.3.2;B. Elements of liability;321
9.3.3;C. Scope of protection;323
9.3.4;D. Heads and levels of damages;325
9.3.4.1;1. Personal injuries;325
9.3.4.2;2. Material damages;327
9.3.4.3;3. Liability agreements;327
9.3.5;E. Administration of claims;327
9.3.6;F. Rights of recourse;328
9.3.6.1;1. Against other employees who caused the harm;328
9.3.6.2;2. Against third parties (eg equipment/component manufacturers, suppliers of raw materials, etc);328
9.3.7;G. Interaction with social welfare systems and private insurance;329
9.3.7.1;1. Problems concerning the extended exemption from liability;329
9.3.7.2;2. Are benefits received from social welfare agencies deducted from claims against the employer?;329
9.3.7.3;3. Recourse of social welfare agencies and private insurers against the employer;330
9.3.8;H. Insurance;330
9.4;IV. Evaluation and Conclusions;331
9.4.1;A. Compensation;331
9.4.2;B. Prevention;332
9.4.3;C. Overall costs;333
9.4.4;D. Interaction between workers’ compensation and private law;333
9.4.5;E. Plans for reform;334
9.4.6;F. Overall quality of each system independently and in combination;334
9.4.6.1;1. Statutory accident insurance;334
9.4.6.2;2. Employers’ liability;336
10;Employers’ Liability and Workers’ Compensation: Italy;337
10.1;I. Introduction;337
10.1.1;A. Basic system of compensation and liability;337
10.1.2;B. Interaction with other institutions;339
10.1.3;C. Empirical evidence;339
10.2;II. Workers’ Compensation;341
10.2.1;A. Scope of cover;341
10.2.2;B. Compensation trigger;344
10.2.3;C. Scope of protection;345
10.2.4;D. Heads and levels of benefit;346
10.2.4.1;1. Medical care and rehabilitation assistance;346
10.2.4.2;2. Non-pecuniary losses;347
10.2.4.3;3. Dependent’s benefits and benefits to their relatives;350
10.2.4.4;4. Comparison with damages in tort;350
10.2.4.5;5. Lump sums or periodical payments?;351
10.2.5;E. Funding systems;352
10.2.6;F. Administration and adjudication of claims;353
10.2.7;G. Rights of recourse of workers’ compensation institutions;355
10.2.8;H. Interaction with general social welfare provision and private insurance;356
10.2.9;I. Interaction with employers’ liability;356
10.3;III. Employers’ Liability;357
10.3.1;A. Classification;357
10.3.2;B. Elements of liability;358
10.3.3;C. Scope of protection;362
10.3.4;D. Heads and levels of damages;363
10.3.5;E. Administration of claims;366
10.3.6;F. Rights of recourse;366
10.3.7;G. Interaction with social welfare systems and private insurance;367
10.3.8;H. Insurance;368
10.4;IV. Evaluation and Conclusions;368
10.4.1;A. Compensation;368
10.4.2;B. Prevention;368
10.4.3;C. Overall costs;369
10.4.4;D. Interaction between workers’ compensation and private law;370
10.4.5;E. Plans for reform;370
10.4.6;F. Overall quality of each system independently and in combination;371
11;Employers’ Liability and Workers’ Compensation: Japan;373
11.1;I. Introduction;373
11.1.1;A. Basic system of compensation and liability;373
11.1.2;B. Interaction with other institutions;374
11.1.3;C. Empirical evidence;374
11.2;II. Workers’ Compensation;375
11.2.1;A. Scope of cover;375
11.2.2;B. Compensation trigger;375
11.2.3;C. Scope of protection;376
11.2.4;D. Heads and levels of benefit;376
11.2.4.1;1. Medical compensation;376
11.2.4.2;2. Compensation for absence from work;377
11.2.4.3;3. Compensation for disabilities;377
11.2.4.4;4. Compensation for bereaved family;378
11.2.4.5;5. Non-pecuniary losses;378
11.2.4.6;6. Medical examination benefits;378
11.2.5;E. Funding systems;379
11.2.6;F. Administration and adjudication of claims;379
11.2.7;G. Right of recourse of workers’ compensation institutions;380
11.2.8;H. Interaction with general social welfare provision and private insurance;380
11.2.8.1;1. Interaction with general social welfare provision;380
11.2.8.2;2. Interaction with private insurance;382
11.2.9;I. Interaction with employers’ liability;382
11.3;III. Employers’ Liability;383
11.3.1;A. Classification;383
11.3.2;B. Elements of liability;384
11.3.3;C. Scope of protection;385
11.3.4;D. Heads and levels of damages;385
11.3.5;E. Administration of claims;386
11.3.6;F. Rights of recourse;386
11.3.6.1;1. Against another employee;386
11.3.6.2;2. Against third parties;387
11.3.7;G. Interaction with social welfare systems and private insurance;387
11.3.8;H. Insurance;388
11.4;IV. Evaluation and Conclusions;388
11.4.1;A. Compensation;388
11.4.2;B. Prevention;389
11.4.3;C. Overall costs;389
11.4.4;D. Interaction between workers’ compensation and private law;390
11.4.5;E. Plans for reform;390
11.4.6;F. Overall quality of each system independently and in combination;390
12;Employers’ Liability and Workers’ Compensation: The Netherlands;391
12.1;I. Introduction;391
12.1.1;A. Basic system of compensation and liability;391
12.1.2;B. Interaction with other institutions;391
12.1.3;C. Empirical evidence;393
12.2;II. Workers’ Compensation;393
12.3;III. Employers’ Liability;395
12.3.1;A. Classification;395
12.3.2;B. Elements of liability;397
12.3.3;C. Scope of protection;401
12.3.4;D. Heads and levels of damages;402
12.3.5;E. Administration of claims;403
12.3.6;F. Rights of recourse;403
12.3.7;G. Interaction with social welfare systems and private insurance;404
12.3.8;H. Insurance;404
12.4;IV. Evaluation and Conclusions;405
12.4.1;A. Compensation;405
12.4.2;B. Prevention;406
12.4.3;C. Overall costs;406
12.4.4;D. Interaction between workers’ compensation and private law;407
12.4.5;E. Plans for reform;407
12.4.6;F. Overall quality of each system independently and in combination;408
13;Employers’ Liability and Workers’ Compensation: Poland;409
13.1;I. Introduction;409
13.1.1;A. Basic system of compensation and liability;409
13.1.2;B. Interaction with other institutions;410
13.1.3;C. Empirical evidence;410
13.2;II. Workers’ Compensation;410
13.2.1;A. Scope of cover;410
13.2.1.1;1. Workers covered;410
13.2.1.2;2. Spatial, temporal and other limitations;411
13.2.1.3;3. Effect of the victim’s contributory conduct;411
13.2.2;B. Compensation trigger;413
13.2.2.1;1. Accidents;413
13.2.2.2;2. Disease (occupational diseases);419
13.2.3;C. Scope of protection;421
13.2.3.1;1. Personal injury;421
13.2.3.2;2. Sexual harassment;421
13.2.3.3;3. Property damage;421
13.2.3.4;4. Pure economic loss;421
13.2.4;D. Heads and levels of benefit;421
13.2.4.1;1. Medical care;421
13.2.4.2;2. Rehabilitation assistance;423
13.2.4.3;3. Lost earnings, loss of earning capacity and loss of pension entitlements;423
13.2.4.4;4. Non-pecuniary losses;423
13.2.4.5;5. Dependant’s benefits;423
13.2.4.6;6. Comparison with damages in tort;424
13.2.4.7;7. Lump sum or periodical payments;424
13.2.5;E. Funding systems;424
13.2.5.1;1. Type of system;424
13.2.5.2;2. Incentives;426
13.2.6;F. Administration and adjudication of claims;426
13.2.6.1;1. Organisational framework of workers’ compensation institutions;426
13.2.6.2;2. Reviews and appeals: Special tribunals or general civil justice system?;426
13.2.6.3;3. Speed of claims’ resolution and administrative costs;427
13.2.7;G. Rights of recourse of workers’ compensation institutions;427
13.2.8;H. Interaction with general social welfare provision and private insurance;427
13.2.9;I. Interaction with employers’ liability;427
13.3;III. Employers’ Liability;428
13.3.1;A. Classification;428
13.3.1.1;1. Contract or tort?;428
13.3.1.2;2. General law or special category?;428
13.3.2;B. Elements of liability;428
13.3.2.1;1. Liability of employers for their own acts and omissions;428
13.3.2.2;2. Liability of employers for the acts or omissions of their employees and others;429
13.3.2.3;3. Overall a fault-based or strict liability?;429
13.3.2.4;4. Causation;429
13.3.2.5;5. Effect of the victim’s contributory conduct;429
13.3.3;C. Scope of protection;429
13.3.3.1;1. Personal injury;429
13.3.3.2;2. Sexual harassment;430
13.3.3.3;3. Dignitary injuries;431
13.3.3.4;4. Property damage;431
13.3.3.5;5. Pure economic loss;432
13.3.4;D. Heads and levels of damages;432
13.3.4.1;1. Main heads of recoverable damages;432
13.3.4.2;2. Costs of medical care;432
13.3.4.3;3. Costs of rehabilitation assistance;433
13.3.4.4;4. Lost earnings, loss of earning capacity and loss of pension entitlements;433
13.3.4.5;5. Dependents’ benefits;433
13.3.4.6;6. Non-pecuniary losses;433
13.3.4.7;7. Form of payment;433
13.3.5;E. Administration of claims;434
13.3.5.1;1. Courts or specialised tribunals?;434
13.3.5.2;2. General civil procedure or special procedures;434
13.3.5.3;3. Reviews and appeals;434
13.3.5.4;4. Speed of claims’ resolution and administrative cost;434
13.3.6;F. Rights of recourse;435
13.3.6.1;1. Against employees;435
13.3.6.2;2. Against third parties;435
13.3.7;G. Interaction with social welfare systems and private insurance;435
13.3.8;H. Insurance;435
13.3.8.1;1. Voluntary or mandatory?;435
13.3.8.2;2. General liability insurance or special policy?;435
13.3.8.3;3. Basic principles of employers’ liability insurance;436
13.4;IV. Evaluation and Conclusions;436
13.4.1;A. Compensation;436
13.4.2;B. Prevention;436
13.4.3;C. Overall costs;437
13.4.4;D. Interaction between workers’ compensation and private law;437
13.4.5;E. Plans for reform;437
13.4.6;F. Overall quality of each system independently and in combination;437
14;Employers’ Liability and Workers’ Compensation: Romania;439
14.1;I. Introduction;439
14.1.1;A. Basic system of compensation and liability;439
14.1.2;B. Interaction with other institutions;440
14.1.3;C. Empirical evidence;441
14.2;II. Workers’ Compensation;442
14.2.1;A. Scope of cover;442
14.2.1.1;1. Spatial limits;443
14.2.1.2;2. Temporal limitations;444
14.2.2;B. Compensation trigger;444
14.2.3;C. Scope of protection;446
14.2.3.1;1. Personal injury;446
14.2.3.2;2. Sexual harassment and injury to one’s dignity;447
14.2.3.3;3. Property damage and pure economic loss;448
14.2.4;D. Heads and levels of benefit;449
14.2.4.1;1. Medical care;449
14.2.4.2;2. Rehabilitation assistance;450
14.2.4.3;3. Lost earnings, loss of earning capacity and loss of pension entitlements;451
14.2.4.4;4. Expenses refund;452
14.2.4.5;5. Non-pecuniary losses;453
14.2.4.6;6. Dependants’ benefit;453
14.2.4.7;7. Comparison with damages in tort;454
14.2.4.8;8. Form of payment;454
14.2.5;E. Funding systems;454
14.2.5.1;1. Type of system;454
14.2.5.2;2. Contributions to the workers’ compensation fund;455
14.2.5.3;3. Risk-rating of contribution;455
14.2.6;F. Administration and adjudication of claims;456
14.2.6.1;1. Organisational framework of workers compensation institutions;456
14.2.6.2;2. Who decides over claims for benefits?;457
14.2.6.3;3. Reviews and appeals: special tribunals or general civil justice system?;458
14.2.6.4;4. Speed of claims resolution and administrative costs;459
14.2.7;G. Rights of recourse of workers’ compensation institutions;459
14.2.7.1;1. Recourse against the employer;459
14.2.7.2;2. Recourse against a co-worker or against third parties;460
14.2.8;H. Interaction with general social welfare provisions and private insurance;460
14.2.9;I. Interaction with employers’ liability;461
14.3;III. Employers’ Liability;461
14.3.1;A. Classification;461
14.3.2;B. Elements of liability;462
14.3.2.1;1. Liability of employers for their own acts or omissions;462
14.3.2.2;2. Liability of employers for the acts or omissions of their employees and others;463
14.3.2.3;3. Relevance of health and safety legislation in establishing liability;464
14.3.2.4;4. Overall a fault-based or strict liability system?;464
14.3.2.5;5. Causation;465
14.3.2.6;6. Effect of the victim’s contributory conduct;466
14.3.3;C. Scope of protection;466
14.3.3.1;1. Personal injury;467
14.3.3.2;2. Sexual harassment and injuries to dignity;467
14.3.3.3;3. Property damage and pure economic loss;468
14.3.4;D. Heads and levels of damages;468
14.3.5;E. Administration of claims;470
14.3.6;F. Rights of recourse;470
14.3.7;G. Interaction with the social welfare system and private insurance;471
14.3.8;H. Insurance;471
14.4;IV. Evaluation and Conclusions;472
14.4.1;A. Compensation;472
14.4.2;B. Prevention;473
14.4.3;C. Overall costs;474
14.4.4;D. Interaction between workers’ compensation and private law;474
14.4.5;E. Plans for reform;474
14.4.6;F. Overall quality of each system independently and in combination;475
15;Employers’ Liability and Workers’ Compensation: United States.;477
15.1;I. Introduction;477
15.1.1;A. Basic system of compensation and liability;477
15.1.2;B. Interaction with other institutions;478
15.1.3;C. Empirical evidence;478
15.2;II. Worker’s Compensation;479
15.2.1;A. Scope of cover;479
15.2.2;B. Compensation trigger;481
15.2.2.1;1. The ‘accident’ requirement;481
15.2.2.2;2. Arising out of and in the course of employment;482
15.2.2.3;3. Occupational Disease;484
15.2.3;C. Scope of protection;486
15.2.3.1;1. Sexual Harassment;487
15.2.3.2;2. Dignitary Injuries;489
15.2.3.3;3. Property Damage;489
15.2.3.4;4. Pure Economic Loss;490
15.2.4;D. Heads and levels of benefit;490
15.2.4.1;1. Medical Care;490
15.2.4.2;2. Rehabilitation;493
15.2.4.3;3. Lost Earnings;495
15.2.4.4;4. Non-Pecuniary Losses;499
15.2.4.5;5. Dependents’ Benefits;499
15.2.4.6;6. Comparison with Tort;501
15.2.4.7;7. Lump Sum Payments;502
15.2.5;E. Funding systems;503
15.2.6;F. Administration and adjudication of claims;505
15.2.7;G. Rights of recourse of workers’ compensation institutions;507
15.2.8;H. Interaction with general social welfare provision and private insurance;508
15.2.9;I. Interaction with employers’ liability;510
15.3;III. Employers’ Liability;510
15.3.1;A. Classification;510
15.3.2;B. Elements of liability;511
15.3.3;C. Scope of protection;513
15.3.4;D. Heads and levels of damages;514
15.3.5;E. Administration of claims;514
15.3.6;F. Rights of recourse;515
15.3.7;G. Interaction with social welfare systems and private insurance;515
15.3.8;H. Insurance;516
15.4;IV. Evaluation and Conclusions;516
15.4.1;A. Compensation;517
15.4.2;B. Prevention;518
15.4.3;C. Overall costs;519
15.4.4;D. Interaction between workers’ compensation and private law;520
15.4.5;E. Plans for reform;521
15.4.6;F. Overall quality of each system independently and in combination;521
16;The European Coordination of Employers’ Liability and Workers’ Compensation;525
16.1;I. Introduction;525
16.2;II. Empirical Evidence;526
16.3;III. Workers’ Compensation;527
16.3.1;A. Limitation to national territory;527
16.3.2;B. European coordination of social security systems;528
16.3.3;C. Sources of law;529
16.3.4;D. Scope of cover;531
16.3.5;E. General rules for determining the legislation applicable;532
16.3.5.1;1. General application of the law of the country of employment;532
16.3.5.2;2. Special provisions for determining the legislation applicable;533
16.3.5.3;3. Pursuit of activities in two or more Member States;534
16.3.5.4;4. Freedom of choice;535
16.3.6;F. Special provisions for determining the legislation applicable in cases of accidents at work and occupational diseases;536
16.3.7;G. Administration and adjudication of claims;537
16.3.8;H. Rights of recourse of workers’ compensation institutions and interaction with employers’ liability;538
16.4;IV. Employers’ Liability;541
16.4.1;A. Classification;541
16.4.2;B. The Law applicable to contractual duties;545
16.4.2.1;1. Source of law;545
16.4.2.2;2. Scope of protection;545
16.4.2.3;3. General rules for determining the legislation applicable;546
16.4.2.4;4. Special provisions for individual employment contracts;548
16.4.3;C. The Law applicable to extra-contractual duties;550
16.4.3.1;1. Source of law;550
16.4.3.2;2. Scope of protection;550
16.4.3.3;3. General rule;550
16.4.3.4;4. Escape clause;551
16.4.4;D. Adjudication of claims;552
16.4.4.1;1. Source of law;552
16.4.4.2;2. Scope;552
16.4.4.3;3. Rules for international jurisdiction in relation to contracts of employment;553
16.4.5;E. Rights of recourse and interaction between employers’ liability and workers’ compensation;555
16.5;V. Alternatives, Evaluation and Conclusions;555
17;The Changing Landscape of Work Injury Claims: Challenges for Employers’ Liability and Workers’ Compensation;559
17.1;I. Introduction;559
17.1.1;A. The Changing Landscape of Work Injury Claims;559
17.1.2;B. The social construction of injury claims;561
17.1.3;C. The compensation and liability framework;563
17.1.3.1;1. Workers’ compensation;563
17.1.3.2;2. Employers’liability;564
17.1.4;D. Plan;566
17.2;II. Recognition issues (‘naming problems’);566
17.2.1;A. Issues for Workers’ Compensation;566
17.2.1.1;1. An accident preference;566
17.2.1.2;2. Disease;569
17.2.1.3;3. Mental illness;573
17.2.1.4;4. Harassment and discrimination;576
17.2.2;B. Issues for employers’ liability;577
17.2.2.1;1. An accident preference;577
17.2.2.2;2. Disease;579
17.2.2.3;3. Mental illness;579
17.2.2.4;4. Harassment and discrimination;580
17.3;III. Attribution issues (‘blaming problems’);582
17.3.1;A. Issues for employers’ liability;582
17.3.1.1;1. A violation of the required standard of care;583
17.3.1.2;2. Causation;585
17.3.1.3;3. Time limits (prescription);586
17.3.1.4;4. Insurance;588
17.3.1.5;5. The risk of insolvency;589
17.3.2;B. Issues for workers’ compensation;590
17.4;IV. Challenges for Employers’ Liability and Workers’ Compensation;592
17.4.1;A. Introduction;592
17.4.2;B. Challenges for Workers’ Compensation;593
17.4.3;C. Challenges for Employers’ Liability;593
17.4.4;D. Coordination of the two systems;596
17.5;V. Conclusion;598
18;New Perspectives on Employers’Liability - Basic Policy Issues;601
18.1;I. Introduction;601
18.2;II. Systems of Workers’ Compensation: Basic Features;603
18.2.1;A. Compensation regardless of fault of employer and contributory fault of employee;603
18.2.2;B. Insurance or collectivisation of claims;604
18.2.3;C. Scope of protection;604
18.2.4;D. Limited compensation, simplified assessment;605
18.2.5;E. Resolution of disputes out of court;607
18.2.6;F. Immunity of employers from damages suits;607
18.3;III. Employers’ Liability: Basic Features;608
18.3.1;A. Bases of liability;608
18.3.2;B. Central features of private liability regimes;609
18.3.3;C. Thresholds for establishing civil liability;609
18.4;IV. The Revival of Employers’ Liability;610
18.4.1;A. Against the industrial preference;610
18.4.2;B. The promise of social security;612
18.4.3;C. The failure of social security;613
18.4.4;D. Conclusion;616
18.5;V. Functional Analysis;616
18.5.1;A. Compensation;617
18.5.1.1;1. Needs-based interpretation of the compensation goal;617
18.5.1.2;2. Corrective justice interpretation of the compensation goal;618
18.5.2;B. Deterrence;619
18.5.2.1;1. Strict liability vs fault-based liability;619
18.5.2.2;2. Insuring against liability;620
18.5.2.3;3. Conclusion;622
18.5.3;C. Administrative Costs;623
18.5.4;D. Conclusion;626
18.6;VI. Challenges for Workers’ Compensation Systems;626
18.6.1;A. The common root of current challenges;626
18.6.2;B. Inroads into the immunity principle;627
18.6.2.1;1. The expansion of aggravated fault;627
18.6.2.2;2. The substantive issues: Full income replacement and damages for non-pecuniary losses?;628
18.6.2.3;3. The administrative issue: upgrading workers’ compensation benefits vs private suits against employers;631
18.6.3;C. Claims against third parties;633
18.6.3.1;1. The US experience;633
18.6.3.2;2. Explanation;634
18.6.3.3;3. Evaluation;636
18.7;VII. Final Remarks;637
19;Index;639
20;Publications;649
