Pancino / Silvestri / Fowke Models of Protection Against HIV/SIV

Avoiding AIDS in Humans and Monkeys
1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-0-12-387716-1
Verlag: Elsevier Reference Monographs
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 360 Seiten

A successful vaccine for the prevention and/or immunotherapy against HIV/AIDS is one of the prominent challenges of the 21st century. To date, all human vaccine trials against this virus/disease have resulted in failure, or at best have shown very low efficacy. The scientific community dealing with HIV/AIDS has unanimously proposed a focus on basic science, with the intention of identifying correlates of protection that can serve as guides in developing and evaluating vaccine preparation. However, Nature seems to have already found several ways of dealing with infections by HIV and related primate lentiviruses, either by resisting infection or, once infected, avoiding immune damage and immunodeficiency. Models of Protection Against HIV/SIV will allow for an in-depth reflection on the perspectives for vaccine and therapy research derived from important recent studies. It will be authored by some of the most well known specialists in the field of HIV resistance/protection: including F. Barré-Sinoussi (2008 Nobel Prize for Medicine winner), B. Walker, S. Rowland-Jones, A. Telenti, M. Lederman and F. Plummer. This book is structured in a unique way, looking at three models of resistance/protection separately and then comparing the models against one another to provide its readership with a detailed examination of the research that is most predominant in the search for a vaccine. This structure presents the information in an easy-to-understand format and gives the book a cross-discipline appeal -- an important reference for those in the scientific community, medical care, public health and academia alike.
Provides extensive descriptions and comparisons on the different models of protection agains HIV/AIDSComprehensive writing and illustrationsContributors are among the most eminent specialists in the field

Autoren/Hrsg.

Pancino, Gianfranco

Silvestri, Guido

Fowke, Keith

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Models of Protection Against HIV/SIV: Avoiding AIDS in humans and monkeys;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;Contributors;12
6;Foreword;14
6.1;MODELS OF PROTECTION AGAINST HIV/SIV;14
7;Section I - Simian Models of Non-Pathogenic SIV Infection;16
7.1;Chapter 1 - Natural SIV Infection: Virological Aspects;18
7.1.1;INTRODUCTION;18
7.1.2;PRIMATE LENTIVIRAL INFECTIONS IN THE WILD;19
7.1.3;NATURAL HISTORY OF PRIMATE LENTIVIRUSES;20
7.1.4;ORIGIN OF HIV-1 AND HIV-2;23
7.1.5;STRUCTURAL AND GENETIC FEATURES OF PRIMATE LENTIVIRUSES;26
7.1.6;BARRIERS TO CROSS-SPECIES TRANSMISSION: VIRUS DEPENDENCY FACTORS;27
7.1.7;BARRIERS TO CROSS-SPECIES TRANSMISSION: HOST RESTRICTION FACTORS;28
7.1.8;EVASION AND ANTAGONISM OF ANTIRETROVIRAL FACTORS;31
7.1.9;DEVELOPMENT OF HIV-1;35
7.1.10;POSSIBLE RELEVANCE OF VPU AND LACK OF NEF-MEDIATED DOWN-MODULATION OF TCR–CD3 FOR VIRAL PATHOGENESIS;38
7.1.11;WHY DID LENTIVIRUSES THAT DO NOT SUPPRESS T CELL ACTIVATION EMERGE AT ALL?;43
7.1.12;VIRAL CORECEPTOR TROPISM AND PATHOGENESIS;45
7.1.13;LATEST ADVANCES;46
7.1.14;SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVES;47
7.1.15;REFERENCES;49
7.2;Chapter 2 - Natural SIV Infection: Immunological Aspects;62
7.2.1;SIV NATURAL HOSTS;62
7.2.2;SEROPREVALENCE OF SIV IN NATURAL HOSTS AND MODES OF TRANSMISSION;63
7.2.3;OUTCOME OF SIV INFECTION IN HETEROLOGOUS SPECIES;65
7.2.4;NATURAL HISTORY OF SIV INFECTION IN NATURAL HOSTS;66
7.2.5;HOST CELL TARGETS AND VIRAL LOAD;68
7.2.6;IMMUNE RESPONSES;71
7.2.7;HYPOTHESES OF NON-PATHOGENICITY;81
7.2.8;CONCLUSION;83
7.2.9;REFERENCES;83
7.3;Chapter 3 - Implications for Therapy;96
7.3.1;INTRODUCTION;97
7.3.2;NATURAL HOSTS OF SIVS: SPECIES-SPECIFIC VIRUSES, PRIMATE LENTIVIRUS EVOLUTION, CROSS-SPECIES TRANSMISSIONS IN THE WILD AND ...;98
7.3.3;ANIMAL MODELS;103
7.3.4;NATURAL HISTORY OF SIV INFECTION IN NATURAL HOSTS AND KEY PARAMETERS THAT HAVE POTENTIAL PREDICTIVE VALUE TO ASSESS EFFECTI ...;105
7.3.5;TREATMENT;115
7.3.6;CONCLUSIONS;129
7.3.7;REFERENCES;130
8;Section II - HIV-1-Exposed Seronegative Individuals;148
8.1;Chapter 4 - Are Some People Protected Against HIV Infection?;150
8.1.1;GENESIS OF THE FIELD;150
8.1.2;DIVERSITY OF COHORTS;151
8.1.3;HOST GENETICS;152
8.1.4;COALESCING THE FIELD;154
8.1.5;CHALLENGES TO BE MET;154
8.1.6;THE WAY FORWARD;155
8.1.7;REFERENCES;155
8.2;Chapter 5 - The Genital Mucosa, the Front Lines in the Defense Against HIV;160
8.2.1;INTRODUCTION;161
8.2.2;SEXUAL EXPOSURE TO HIV INFECTIONS IN THE GENITAL MUCOSA;162
8.2.3;INFLUENCE OF IMMUNE FACTORS IN GENITAL SECRETIONS ON HIV TRANSMISSION;163
8.2.4;ENDOGENOUS HOST MICROFLORA AFFECT INFLAMMATION AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO HIV;167
8.2.5;THE GENITAL EPITHELIUM PROTECTS AGAINST VIRAL INVASION BY MULTIPLE MECHANISMS;168
8.2.6;THE ROLE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE IN MUCOSAL IMMUNE DEFENSE;170
8.2.7;THE IMMUNE RESPONSE IN HESN INDIVIDUALS;172
8.2.8;ADAPTIVE CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSES IN HESN INDIVIDUALS;174
8.2.9;SYNTHESIS OF A MODEL OF PROTECTION IN HESN INDIVIDUALS: THE IQ HYPOTHESIS;175
8.2.10;CONCLUDING REMARKS;176
8.2.11;REFERENCES;177
8.3;Chapter 6 - Host Genetics and Resistance to HIV-1 Infection;184
8.3.1;INTRODUCTION;185
8.3.2;GENETIC FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PROTECTION IN HIV-EXPOSED SERONEGATIVE INDIVIDUALS;186
8.3.3;GENETIC FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH RESISTANCE OR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO HIV-1 INFECTION IN THE PUMWANI SEX WORKER COHORT;194
8.3.4;CONCLUSION;208
8.3.5;REFERENCES;209
8.4;Chapter 7 - The Immune System and Resisting HIV Infection;226
8.4.1;INTRODUCTION;226
8.4.2;CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY;226
8.4.3;INNATE IMMUNITY IN HESN INDIVIDUALS;232
8.4.4;IMMUNE QUIESCENCE OR IMMUNE ACTIVATION?;233
8.4.5;CONCLUSION;235
8.4.6;REFERENCES;238
9;Section III - HIV-1 Controllers;246
9.1;Chapter 8 - Definition, Natural History and Heterogeneity of HIV Controllers;248
9.1.1;HISTORY, IDENTIFICATION AND DEFINITION OF HIV CONTROLLERS;248
9.1.2;EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HIV CONTROLLERS;252
9.1.3;MECHANISMS OF CONTROL AND OPEN QUESTIONS;257
9.1.4;REFERENCES;261
9.2;Chapter 9 - Residual Viremia and Viral Reservoirs in Elite Controllers;268
9.2.1;INTRODUCTION;268
9.2.2;VIRAL FACTORS OF ELITE CONTROL;269
9.2.3;EVIDENCE OF DEFECTIVE VIRUS;273
9.2.4;EVIDENCE OF REPLICATION-COMPETENT VIRUS;275
9.2.5;ELITE CONTROLLERS HAVE A LOW FREQUENCY OF LATENTLY INFECTED CD4+ T CELLS;276
9.2.6;ELITE CONTROLLERS HAVE PLASMA LEVELS OF VIREMIA THAT ARE SIMILAR TO PATIENTS ON HAART;276
9.2.7;EVIDENCE OF VIRAL EVOLUTION IN ELITE CONTROLLERS;277
9.2.8;ATTENUATED PLASMA VIRUS; CAUSE OR EFFECT OF ELITE CONTROL?;278
9.2.9;CLUES FROM TRANSMISSION PAIRS;281
9.2.10;CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS;282
9.2.11;CONCLUSIONS;283
9.2.12;REFERENCES;283
9.3;Chapter 10 - Immune Responses Associated to Viral Control;288
9.3.1;INTRODUCTION;288
9.3.2;CD8 T CELL IMMUNE RESPONSES;290
9.3.3;CD4 T CELL IMMUNE RESPONSES;294
9.3.4;HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES;296
9.3.5;NATURAL KILLER CELLS;297
9.3.6;CONCLUSIONS;298
9.3.7;REFERENCES;300
9.4;Chapter 11 - Immune Mechanisms of Viral Control in HIV-2 Infection;308
9.4.1;INTRODUCTION;308
9.4.2;NATURAL HISTORY AND CLINICAL FEATURES OF HIV-2 INFECTION;310
9.4.3;IMMUNE ACTIVATION AND HIV-2 PATHOGENESIS;312
9.4.4;VIROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HIV-2 PATHOGENESIS;313
9.4.5;HOST GENETICS AND CLINICAL OUTCOME IN HIV-2 INFECTION;315
9.4.6;IMMUNE CONTROL IN HIV-2 INFECTION;315
9.4.7;CHARACTERISTICS OF HIV-SPECIFIC CD8+ T-CELLS ASSOCIATED WITH VIRAL CONTROL;317
9.4.8;CONCLUSIONS;321
9.4.9;REFERENCES;322
10;Section IV - Genetic Basis of Protection Against HIV;332
10.1;Chapter 12 - Genetic Associations with Resistance to HIV-1 Infection, Viral Control and Protection Against Disease;334
10.1.1;INTRODUCTION;334
10.1.2;GENETICS OF RESISTANCE AGAINST HIV INFECTION;335
10.1.3;HUMAN GENETIC VARIATION AND HIV CONTROL;335
10.1.4;HOST GENETICS IN HIV VACCINE TRIALS;340
10.1.5;PRIMATE GENOME COMPARISON;341
10.1.6;CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS;343
10.1.7;CONCLUSIONS;344
10.1.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;345
10.1.9;REFERENCES;345
11;Conclusions;350
12;Index;354