Plomion Land Plants - Trees

1. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-0-12-401723-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 74, 368 Seiten

Reihe: Advances in Botanical Research

Advances in Botanical Research publishes in-depth and up-to-date reviews on a wide range of topics in plant sciences. Currently in its 74th volume, the series features several reviews by recognized experts on all aspects of plant genetics, biochemistry, cell biology, molecular biology, physiology, and ecology. This volume features reviews on the advances in knowledge for the main traits important in fruit trees and forest trees, the advances in tools and resources for genetics and genomics in these species, and the knowledge developed in three rather separated communities of researchers: forest, fruit trees, and grapevines. - Provides an update of the knowledge related to plant biology for the main traits for forest and fruit trees - Provides an update about the tools available for the study of this category of plants - Gives a general view of research results obtained in two separate research communities, fruit trees and forest trees

Autoren/Hrsg.

Plomion, Christophe

Leseproben

3. Genetics and Genomics of Tree Growth and Architectural Traits: A Field in Fast Evolution
Heritability studies have been progressively relayed by quantitative trait loci (QTLs) analyses that have allowed the identification of many genomic regions involved in the control of architectural traits. Using simple growth traits, QTLs have been identified controlling the tree shape as, for instance, on Populus (Bradshaw & Stettler, 1995; Wu, 1998), Eucalyptus (Verhaegen et al., 1997) and apple tree (Segura et al., 2007; Segura, Durel, & Costes, 2009), with several studies dedicated to QTL identification for columnar phenotypes (Kenis & Keulemans, 2007; Tian, Wang, Zhang, James, & Dai, 2005) and dwarfing traits induced by rootstock (see Foster et al. 2015 and references within). Some transgenic experiments in poplar have also reported that particular genes could affect the crown architecture (as reviewed by Dubouzet, Strabala, and Wagner (2013)). The accessibility to genomics resources has increased rapidly during the last decade thanks to next generation sequencing (NGS) and high-throughput genotyping technologies. In fruit trees, several reference genomes have been published in the past 5 years, for 3 main species in the Rosaceae family, apple (Velasco et al., 2010), peach (The IPGI et al., 2013) and pear (Chagné et al., 2014), but also on tropical or subtropical fruit species such as Theobroma cacao (Argout et al., 2011) or Citrus sinensis (Xu et al., 2013). Other reference genomes are under construction and should be able soon, in particular for olive or avocado tree. In forest trees, few reference genomes are available in Populus (Tuskan et al., 2006), and more recently loblolly pine (Zimin et al., 2014) and Eucalyptus grandis (Myburg et al., 2014). In all species, such resource allows a fine description of both the genome structure (genome features, number and nature of genes) and the associated nucleotidic variability (SNP, insertions/deletions) within genes and between genes, along each chromosome. Moreover, the annotation of thousands of genes in fruit and forest trees allowed their analysis under different environmental conditions, developmental stages and for different levels of plant organization (tissues, organs…) (Table 1). Several gene families potentially involved in tree growth and tree shape variability have been identified. For instance, exhaustive inventories have been performed for genes related to auxin pathways (ARF, AUX/IAA and TIR) in the ‘Golden Delicious’ genome (Devoghalaere et al., 2012) or for the genes of the GRAS family in Prunus mume (Lu, Wang, Xu, Sun, & Zhang, 2015). The expression profiles of many major genes for tree growth have also been described. As an example, expression profiles of secondary cell wall-related genes implicated in cellulose and xylan biosynthesis have been studied in shoot tips, young and mature leaves, floral buds, roots and wood forming tissues of Eucalyptus grandis (Myburg et al., 2014). Gene atlas dedicated to forest trees are also available allowing transcriptional and proteomic profiling in several contexts. The molecular plasticity of shoot apices of eucalyptus was studied in response to water deficit using NGS which provided extensive transcriptome coverage (Villar et al., 2011). In oak, a pyrosequencing strategy to study the bud dormancy induction and release generated 6471 contigs of differentially expressed genes (Ueno et al., 2013) and allowed the detection of several expressional candidate genes. Candidate gene approaches have also been conducted in maritime pine to reveal expression variation of cuticular-related genes in needles submitted to drought stress, one of the major environmental stresses influencing tree growth (Le Provost et al., 2013). Finally available gene sequences were also useful to identify the nature of protein showing changes in abundance. Bedon et al. (2012) reported the proteomic plasticity of two clones of eucalyptus in different water regimes. Similar examples of gene or miRNA atlas can be found in fruit trees, for their response to water stress (Bassett et al., 2014; Eldem et al., 2012) or during winter dormancy (Falavigna et al., 2014). Table 1 List of Quantitative Trait Loci Related to Tree Architecture Identified in Either Fruit or Forest Trees Whole Tree Tree height Apple Fiesta × Discovery F1 3, 5, 8 Liebhard et al. (2003) Starkrimson × Granny S. F1 14 Segura et al. (2009) Trunk basal diameter Id. Id. 1, 7 Id. Id. Apricot Harostar × Rouge de Mauve F1 1 Socquet-Juglard et al. (2013) Tree height and circumference Eucalyptus Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis full-sibs 5, 6, 8, 10 Bartholomé et al. (2013) Tree height Oak Quercus robur, full-sib family 3, 5, 6, 10 Scotti-Saintagne et al. (2004) Id. White spruce 2 full-sibs Picea glauca I, III Pelgas et al. (2011) Id. Pine Pinus pinaster F2 seedlings 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12 Plomion et al. (1996) Branching Number of laterals Apple Starkrimson × Granny S. F1 4, 13 Segura et al. (2009) Apricot Harostar × Rouge de Mauve F1 6 Socquet-Juglard et al. (2013) Number of latent buds Apple Starkrimson × Granny S. F1 17 Segura et al. (2009) % Branching nodes Id. 4, 13, 17 Id. Sylleptic branching Id. 1, 9, 13, 16 Id. Table Continued Id. Poplar Populus trichocarpa × Populus deltoïdes F1 hybrids 1, 2 Bradshaw and Stettler (1995) Columnar growth habit Apple F1s from Malus × domestica Borkh 10 Tian et al. (2005) and Moriya et al. (2012) Shoot Growth Stem growth and form Eucalyptus E. urophylla × E. grandis full-sibs 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 11 Verhaegen et al. (1997) Internode length Apple Starkrimson × Granny S. F1 3, 6, 7, 10, 14, 15, 16 Segura et al. (2007, 2009) Wijcik × NY75441-58 F1 Conner et al. (1998) Spur Fuji × Telamon F1 10 Tian et al. (2005) F1 progenies Moriya et al. (2012) Telamon × Braeburn F1 3, 14 Kenis and Keulemans (2007) Phenology Bud burst (vegetative and floral) Apple Golden D. × Anna F1 9 Van Dyck et al. (2010) Sharpe's early × Anna F1 Id. Starkrimson × Granny S. F1 2, 3, 5, 6 Celton et al. (2011) Id. 6, 8 Segura et al. (2007) Wijcik × NY75441-58 F1 8 Conner et al....