Rebelo / Soares Advances in Ergonomics in Design

Proceedings of the AHFE 2019 International Conference on Ergonomics in Design, July 24-28, 2019, Washington D.C., USA
1. Auflage 2019
ISBN: 978-3-030-20227-9
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 955, 833 Seiten, eBook

Reihe: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

This book provides readers with a timely snapshot of ergonomics research and methods applied to the design, development and prototyping – as well as the evaluation, training and manufacturing – of products, systems and services. Combining theoretical contributions, case studies, and reports on technical interventions, it covers a wide range of topics in ergonomic design including: ecological design; cultural and ethical aspects in design; Interface design, user involvement and human–computer interaction in design; as well as design for accessibility and many others. The book particularly focuses on new technologies such as virtual reality, state-of-the-art methodologies in information design, and human–computer interfaces. Based on the AHFE 2019 International Conference on Ergonomics in Design, held on July 24-28, 2019, Washington D.C., USA, the book offers a timely guide for both researchers and design practitioners, including industrial designers, human–computer interactionand user experience researchers, production engineers and applied psychologists.

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Rebelo, Francisco

Soares, Marcelo M.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics 2019;6
2;Preface;8
3;Contents;11
4;Design Methods, User Interfaces and Interaction Design;19
5;The Role of Design in Technology Driven Ergonomics Product Development;20
5.1;Abstract;20
5.2;1 Introduction;20
5.3;2 Methodology;21
5.4;3 Findings;23
5.4.1;3.1 The Role of Design in Technology Driven New Product Development and Innovation;23
5.4.2;3.2 Methods and Tools to Support User Involvement at the Front End of Technology Driven NPD;24
5.4.3;3.3 The Methods and Tools for Innovative Idea Generation from Technology;25
5.5;4 Results;25
5.6;5 Discussion;26
5.7;6 Conclusions and Recommendations;28
5.8;References;28
6;Teenagers Postural Effects Through Videogames Therapeutic Approach;32
6.1;Abstract;32
6.2;1 Introduction;32
6.3;2 Methodology;34
6.4;3 Results and Discussion;35
6.5;4 Conclusion;38
6.6;References;38
7;Eye-Tracking Examination of the Anthropological Race, Gender and Verbal-Pictorial Relative Positions on Ergonomics of Visual Information Presentation;40
7.1;Abstract;40
7.2;1 Introduction;40
7.3;2 Method;41
7.3.1;2.1 Design of the Experiment and Procedure;41
7.3.2;2.2 Participants;43
7.4;3 Results;43
7.4.1;3.1 Preferences – Pairwise Comparisons;43
7.4.2;3.2 Eye-Tracking Results;46
7.5;4 Discussion and Conclusion;49
7.6;Acknowledgments;50
7.7;References;50
8;How to Read Red: Red in Western Culture (Part II);52
8.1;Abstract;52
8.2;1 Introduction;52
8.3;2 Correcting, Punishing, Prohibiting, Protecting;52
8.4;3 Distinguishing;53
8.5;4 The Color of Love;54
8.6;5 Politicizing;55
8.7;6 On the Boundary: Pink, Orange, Purple;58
8.8;Acknowledgments;62
8.9;References;62
9;Contribution of Visual Ergonomics to a Holistic View of the Symbols Applied in Touristic and Cultural Signage: The Portuguese Case;65
9.1;Abstract;65
9.2;1 Introduction;65
9.3;2 Traffic Signs;67
9.4;3 The Portuguese System;68
9.5;4 Visual Ergonomics;69
9.6;5 Holistic View of the Applied Symbols;70
9.7;6 Outcomes;72
9.8;References;73
10;Design, Objects and Memory: A Sustainability-Oriented Project Itinerary;74
10.1;Abstract;74
10.2;1 Introduction;74
10.3;2 Sustainability, Design and Affectivity;76
10.4;3 Methodology;77
10.5;4 Projects’ Itinerary and Its Applications;78
10.5.1;4.1 Results and Discussion About the Application of the Itineraries;79
10.5.2;4.2 Results and Discussion About the Application of the Questionnaires;80
10.6;5 Final Remarks;82
10.7;Acknowledgments;83
10.8;References;83
11;Effectiveness of Coach Marks or Instructional Overlay in Smartphone Apps Interfaces;85
11.1;Abstract;85
11.2;1 Introduction;85
11.3;2 Methodology;88
11.3.1;2.1 Study Design;88
11.3.2;2.2 Sample;89
11.3.3;2.3 Materials;89
11.3.4;2.4 Procedures;90
11.4;3 Results;91
11.5;4 Conclusions;92
11.6;Acknowledgements;93
11.7;References;94
12;Communication Design as Tool for Social Transformation: A Co-design Project with the Residents of the Rego Neighborhood, in Lisbon;96
12.1;Abstract;96
12.2;1 Introduction;96
12.3;2 Social Design and Participation;97
12.4;3 The Rego Neighborhood and the Work of IPAV in the Field;98
12.5;4 Communication Design in the Passa Sabi Festival Planning Process;100
12.6;5 Conclusion;105
12.7;Acknowledgments;106
12.8;References;106
13;The Brand Mark Competitors Map as Visual Research Tool. Using Graphic and Symbolic Data in the Brand Visual Identity Project;108
13.1;Abstract;108
13.2;1 Introduction;109
13.3;2 Methodology;109
13.4;3 The Competitors Map as a Visual Research Tool;110
13.5;4 A Brand Marks Analysis Sheet for the Competitors Map;111
13.6;5 Previous Results and Next Steps;117
13.7;References;118
14;Boundary Dimension Design of Graphical Symbols Based on User Preference;120
14.1;Abstract;120
14.2;1 Introduction;120
14.3;2 Methods;121
14.3.1;2.1 Materials;121
14.3.2;2.2 Experimental Design;122
14.3.3;2.3 Experimental Environment and Equipment;122
14.3.4;2.4 Subjects;122
14.3.5;2.5 Experimental Procedure;123
14.4;3 Result;123
14.5;4 Discussion and Conclusion;124
14.6;Acknowledgments;125
14.7;References;125
15;An Ergonomic Assessment on the Detectability Design of the New Generation Currency (NGC) Coin Series and Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) Coin Series;127
15.1;Abstract;127
15.2;1 Introduction;127
15.2.1;1.1 Background of the Study;127
15.2.2;1.2 Problem Statement;128
15.2.3;1.3 Objectives of the Study;128
15.3;2 Method;128
15.3.1;2.1 Timed Detection Test;129
15.3.2;2.2 Questionnaire on Design Features;129
15.4;3 Results and Discussion;130
15.4.1;3.1 Questionnaire Results;130
15.4.2;3.2 Analysis of Differences;131
15.4.3;3.3 Effectiveness Breakdown of Denominations;134
15.4.3.1;3.3.1 Visual Test;134
15.4.3.2;3.3.2 Tactile Test;135
15.4.3.3;3.3.3 Visual & Tactile (V&T) Test;136
15.5;4 Conclusion;137
15.6;5 Recommendation;137
15.7;Acknowledgments;138
15.8;References;138
16;Research on Optimization of Information Coding for Car Dashboard Based on Eye Movement Analysis;139
16.1;Abstract;139
16.2;1 Introduction;139
16.3;2 Method;140
16.3.1;2.1 Experimental Design;140
16.3.2;2.2 Experimental Equipment;140
16.3.3;2.3 Experimental Subjects;141
16.3.4;2.4 Experimental Materials;141
16.3.5;2.5 Procedure;144
16.3.6;2.6 Data Processing;144
16.4;3 Experiment Analysis;144
16.4.1;3.1 Influence of Different Types of Dashboard Design on Reading Duration;144
16.4.1.1;3.1.1 Analysis of Task Duration;144
16.4.1.2;3.1.2 Difference Analysis of the Total Task Time;146
16.4.2;3.2 Eye Movement Data Analysis;148
16.4.2.1;3.2.1 Influence of Dashboard Layout on the Number of Fixation Points;148
16.4.2.2;3.2.2 The Impact of Different Areas of the Dashboard on Visual Search;149
16.5;4 Conclusions;151
16.6;Acknowledgements;151
16.7;References;151
17;Brand Identity in Motion. Structural Models of Brand Identity on TV Opening Credits;153
17.1;Abstract;153
17.2;1 Introduction;153
17.3;2 What Is Branding and How Can the TV Series Benefit from It?;154
17.4;3 How Can We Think About the Branding of a Television Series?;156
17.5;4 Why These?;156
17.6;5 Branding and/in Motion;156
17.7;6 Brand Identity on TV Opening Credits;157
17.8;7 Structural Models of TV Main Titles;158
17.9;Acknowledgments;162
17.10;References;162
18;Human Factors Engineering Research on Folding Umbrellas Design;164
18.1;Abstract;164
18.2;1 Introduction;164
18.3;2 The Development of Folding Umbrellas;164
18.3.1;2.1 The Development of Umbrellas;164
18.3.2;2.2 The Appearance of Folding Umbrellas;165
18.4;3 The Research Direction of Folding Umbrellas;165
18.4.1;3.1 Development Status of Folding Umbrellas;165
18.4.2;3.2 Human Factors Problems with Folding Umbrellas;166
18.4.3;3.3 Design Ideas of Folding Umbrellas;166
18.5;4 Analysis of Folding Umbrellas;167
18.5.1;4.1 Analysis of Handle;167
18.5.2;4.2 Shape of Folding Umbrella cover;168
18.5.3;4.3 Size of Folding Umbrellas;169
18.5.4;4.4 Psychological Factor Analysis;170
18.6;5 Conclusion;171
18.7;References;171
19;Effects of Screen Brightness on Visual Performance Under Different Environments;172
19.1;Abstract;172
19.2;1 Introduction;172
19.3;2 Experimental Design;173
19.3.1;2.1 Subjects and Environment;173
19.3.2;2.2 Experimental Devices and Instruments;173
19.3.3;2.3 Experimental Indexes;174
19.3.4;2.4 Experimental Variables;175
19.3.5;2.5 Experimental Materials;175
19.3.6;2.6 Experimental Procedure;175
19.4;3 Experimental Results and Analysis;175
19.4.1;3.1 Analysis of Parameters Under Different Ambient Illumination and Screen Brightness;175
19.4.2;3.2 Analysis of Each Parameter Under Different Brightness and Contrast;179
19.5;4 Conclusion;180
19.6;Acknowledgments;180
19.7;References;180
20;Study on the Effect of Key-to-Key Distance on Touch-Sensitive Key Operation;181
20.1;Abstract;181
20.2;1 Introduction;181
20.3;2 Method;183
20.3.1;2.1 Subjects;183
20.3.2;2.2 Task Design;183
20.3.3;2.3 Statistical Method;185
20.4;3 Result;185
20.4.1;3.1 Rounded Corner Touch-Sensitive Keys;185
20.4.2;3.2 Round Touch-Sensitive Keys;188
20.5;4 Discussion;191
20.6;5 Conclusion;192
20.7;Acknowledgments;192
20.8;References;192
21;Research on Standardization of Public Information Guidance Systems for Railway Stations;194
21.1;Abstract;194
21.2;1 Introduction;194
21.3;2 Survey Plan;195
21.3.1;2.1 Standardization of Information Elements;195
21.3.2;2.2 Standardization of Guidance Elements;195
21.3.3;2.3 Standardization Setting of Guidance Systems;196
21.4;3 Results and Discussion;196
21.4.1;3.1 Non-standardized Use of Information Element;196
21.4.2;3.2 Non-standardized Design of Guidance Element;197
21.4.3;3.3 Poor Systematized Setting of Guidance Elements;198
21.4.4;3.4 Disconnection Between Guidance System Planning and Architectural Design;201
21.5;4 Optimize Design;202
21.6;5 Conclusion;203
21.6.1;5.1 Improve Top-Level Design;203
21.6.2;5.2 Strengthening the Promotion and Implementation of National Standards;204
21.6.3;5.3 Carry Out Standardization Pilot Work;204
21.7;Acknowledgments;204
21.8;References;204
22;Methodology of Analysis of Brand Visual Identity of Food Products: Comprehension and Valuation of Graphic Signs;205
22.1;Abstract;205
22.2;1 Introduction;205
22.3;2 Methodology;207
22.3.1;2.1 Semantics, Syntactic and Pragmatics in the Analysis and Design Process;208
22.3.2;2.2 Graphic Elements of Visual Identity of Olive Oil and Cheese’ Brand;209
22.4;3 From Non-interventional Research and to Active Interventional Research;211
22.4.1;3.1 Study 1;213
22.4.2;3.2 Study 2;216
22.5;4 Discussion of the Results and the Conclusions;217
22.6;References;219
23;Design and User Involvement;221
24;Evaluation of the Concept of a Smart City Gamification from a User Centered Design Perspective;222
24.1;Abstract;222
24.2;1 Introduction;222
24.3;2 Methodology;224
24.3.1;2.1 Sample;224
24.3.2;2.2 Methodology;224
24.3.3;2.3 Procedures;229
24.4;3 Results and Discussion;229
24.5;4 Conclusions;233
24.6;Acknowledgments;233
24.7;References;233
25;Natural Human-Computer Interfaces’ Paradigm and Cognitive Ergonomics;235
25.1;Abstract;235
25.2;1 Introduction;235
25.3;2 Cognitive Ergonomics: A Reading;236
25.3.1;2.1 Participatory Design: A Contextual Approach;236
25.3.2;2.2 User-Centred Design: The Third Paradigm;237
25.3.3;2.3 Contextual Design;238
25.4;3 Natural Human-Computer Interfaces: The Fourth Paradigm;238
25.4.1;3.1 Natural Human-Centred System Design;239
25.4.2;3.2 Classifying the Natural Nature of Sensory Modalities;240
25.5;4 Conclusion;240
25.6;References;241
26;Grains of Memory: User Experience in the SandBox Interactive Installation;243
26.1;Abstract;243
26.2;1 Introduction;243
26.3;2 The Theoretical Context;244
26.4;3 Related Work;245
26.5;4 Research Methods;246
26.5.1;4.1 Participants;247
26.6;5 The Interactive Installation;247
26.6.1;5.1 SandBox Technical Rider;248
26.6.2;5.2 SandBox Interaction Experience;249
26.7;6 Results and Discussion;249
26.8;7 Conclusions;254
26.9;Acknowledgments;254
26.10;References;255
27;Measure of the Lived and Functional Effects of Gamification: An Experimental Study in a Professional Context;257
27.1;Abstract;257
27.2;1 Introduction;257
27.3;2 User Experience and Gamification;258
27.4;3 Problem and Method;259
27.4.1;3.1 Problematic;259
27.4.2;3.2 Methodology;260
27.5;4 Results;262
27.5.1;4.1 Results: Impacts on the Lived Experience;262
27.5.2;4.2 Results: Impacts on Functional Experience (Experiment);263
27.6;5 Discussion and Conclusion;266
27.7;References;267
28;Comparative Analysis of Body Measurement and Morphology Between Subjects with Different Body Mass Index;269
28.1;Abstract;269
28.2;1 Introduction;269
28.3;2 Method;270
28.3.1;2.1 Sample Selection;270
28.3.2;2.2 Data Acquisition;271
28.4;3 Results and Discussion;272
28.5;4 Considerations;276
28.6;Acknowledgments;276
28.7;References;276
29;A New Tool for Cognitive Workload Assessment in System Design Prototypes;278
29.1;Abstract;278
29.2;1 Introduction;278
29.3;2 Equipment/Hardware;279
29.3.1;2.1 OpenBCI EEG Setup;279
29.3.2;2.2 Pupil Eye-Tracker;280
29.3.3;2.3 EEG-Stimuli Sync Device;280
29.4;3 Equipment/Hardware;281
29.4.1;3.1 Graphical User Interfaces;281
29.4.2;3.2 Lab Streaming Layer;281
29.5;4 Tasks and Stimuli;282
29.5.1;4.1 Psychomotor Vigilance Task;282
29.5.2;4.2 N-Back;282
29.6;5 Data Acquisition;283
29.7;6 Signal Processing;284
29.7.1;6.1 Pre-processing;284
29.7.2;6.2 Metrics;287
29.8;7 Conclusions;288
29.9;Acknowledgments;288
29.10;References;288
30;Research on Human-Computer Interaction Design of Bed Rehabilitation Equipment for the Elderly;290
30.1;Abstract;290
30.2;1 Introduction;290
30.3;2 Research and Development of Human-Computer Interaction;291
30.3.1;2.1 Research on Human-Computer Interaction;291
30.3.2;2.2 Ergonomic Framework in Product Design;291
30.4;3 Users: The Main Factors Affecting the Use of Rehabilitation Equipment for the Elderly;292
30.4.1;3.1 Psychological Factors;292
30.4.2;3.2 Physiological Factors;293
30.4.3;3.3 Social Factors;293
30.5;4 Tools: Home Rehabilitation Equipment Status and Ergonomics Related Analysis;293
30.5.1;4.1 Psychological Factors;293
30.5.2;4.2 Ergonomics Related Size Analysis;294
30.5.3;4.3 Length of Rehabilitation Equipment on the Bed;294
30.5.4;4.4 Rehabilitation Equipment Handle Stretch Length;295
30.5.5;4.5 Foot and Pull Ring Size on Rehabilitation Equipment;295
30.5.6;4.6 Foot and Pull Ring Size on Rehabilitation Equipment;296
30.6;5 Task: Self-recovery Feedback Design for the Elderly in Bed;296
30.7;6 Design Practice;297
30.7.1;6.1 Design Positioning;297
30.7.2;6.2 Design Plan;297
30.7.3;6.3 APP Design;298
30.7.3.1;6.3.1 LOGO Design;298
30.7.3.2;6.3.2 Interface Design;298
30.8;7 Conclusions;299
30.9;Acknowledgments;300
30.10;References;300
31;Visual Storytelling - Creative Strategy of Visual Clues Promoted by Archetypal Images;302
31.1;Abstract;302
31.2;1 Introduction;302
31.3;2 Problem;303
31.4;3 Hypothesis;304
31.5;4 Objectives;304
31.6;5 Strategy;304
31.7;6 Results;308
31.8;7 Conclusion;309
31.9;Acknowledgments;310
31.10;References;310
32;Review of the Research on Car Seating Comfort;311
32.1;Abstract;311
32.2;1 Introduction;311
32.3;2 Theories;312
32.4;3 Influencing Factors of Car Seating Comfort;314
32.5;4 Evaluation Methods;314
32.5.1;4.1 Subjective Evaluation;314
32.5.2;4.2 Objective Behavior Evaluation;315
32.5.3;4.3 Physiological Parameter Evaluation;317
32.6;5 Conclusions;318
32.7;Acknowledgments;318
32.8;References;319
33;Ergonomics Assessment Criteria as a Way to Improve the Quality and Safety of People’s Transport in Underground Coal Mines;320
33.1;Abstract;320
33.2;1 Introduction;320
33.3;2 Evaluation of Suspended Monorails Currently Used and Proposed Solutions in Terms of Compliance with Ergonomics Requirements;322
33.3.1;2.1 Survey with the Operators of Suspended Monorails – Results;322
33.3.2;2.2 Survey with the Passengers of Suspended Monorails - Results;324
33.3.3;2.3 Computer Aided Ergonomic Evaluation of the Passengers Transport Cab Used in Mining Suspended Monorails;326
33.4;3 Virtual Prototyping of the Operator’s Cabin as an Anthropotechnical System;328
33.4.1;3.1 Development of MBS Computational Model;328
33.4.2;3.2 Assessment of the Suspension System of the Operator’s Cabin Using MBS and FEM Calculations;329
33.5;4 Conclusions;331
33.6;Acknowledgments;331
33.7;References;331
34;Development of an Ergonomically Designed Backpacks for Junior High School Students;333
34.1;Abstract;333
34.2;1 Introduction;334
34.3;2 Conceptual Model;334
34.4;3 Methodology;335
34.5;4 Results and Discussion;335
34.6;5 Recommendation;337
34.7;6 Conclusion;339
34.8;References;339
35;A Study on the Correlation of Head and Face Data of Chinese Adults;340
35.1;Abstract;340
35.2;1 Introduction;340
35.3;2 Research Background;341
35.4;3 Sampling Methods;341
35.4.1;3.1 Age Distribution;341
35.4.2;3.2 Geographical Distribution;342
35.4.3;3.3 Occupational Distribution;342
35.5;4 Measurement Methods;342
35.5.1;4.1 Definitions of Measurement Items;342
35.5.2;4.2 Measurement Equipments;343
35.6;5 Data Analysis;343
35.6.1;5.1 Inter-project Correlation Analysis;343
35.6.2;5.2 Analysis of Influencing Factors on Head and Face;345
35.6.3;5.3 Linear Regression Equation;347
35.7;6 Conclusions;347
35.8;Acknowledgments;348
35.9;References;348
36;Directions Towards Sustainability Through Higher Education;349
36.1;Abstract;349
36.2;1 Introduction;349
36.3;2 Impediments to Achieving Sustainability;350
36.3.1;2.1 A Challenging Concept;350
36.3.2;2.2 Restrictions of Technological Solutions;350
36.3.3;2.3 Restrictions of a Consumer Based Approach;351
36.3.4;2.4 Restrictions to Reliability of Information for Decision-Making;351
36.3.5;2.5 Cognitive Processes;352
36.4;3 Higher Education: A Resource for Sustainability;353
36.5;4 The Tasks for Higher Education;354
36.5.1;4.1 Promoting Diversity;354
36.5.2;4.2 Understanding the Concept of Sustainability;354
36.5.3;4.3 Redesigning Courses;354
36.6;5 Concepts for Curriculum Design;355
36.6.1;5.1 Social Cognitive Theory;355
36.6.2;5.2 Boyer Model of Scholarship;356
36.6.3;5.3 Global Perspective;356
36.6.4;5.4 Sustainability Science;357
36.7;6 Conclusion;358
36.8;References;359
37;Information, Design and Visualization;362
38;Water Museums and Digital Media: Two Case Studies on Digital Media in Water Museums;363
38.1;Abstract;363
38.2;1 Introduction;363
38.3;2 Museum’s Today;364
38.4;3 Experience, Emotion and Digital Media;365
38.5;4 Water Museums;366
38.5.1;4.1 WAMU-NET: The Global Water Museum Network;367
38.5.2;4.2 Two Case Studies;367
38.6;5 Discussion;370
38.7;6 Final Considerations;371
38.8;Acknowledgments;371
38.9;References;371
39;A Human-Computer Interaction Framework for Interface Analysis and Design;373
39.1;Abstract;373
39.2;1 Introduction;373
39.3;2 Classification: A Requirement;374
39.4;3 Classical HCI Models: The Human Dominance Paradigm;374
39.5;4 Towards a Neutral Positioning HCI Model;377
39.5.1;4.1 Simple and Complex HCIs;379
39.5.2;4.2 Complex HCI versus Sequence of Autonomous HCIs;380
39.6;5 Conclusion;382
39.7;References;382
40;Collaboration: Critical Roles of Academia-Business Partnerships and Challenges the Workforce Must Face;384
40.1;Abstract;384
40.2;1 Introduction;384
40.3;2 Understanding Collaboration;385
40.4;3 The Roles of Education and Industry in Globally Competitive Economic Societies;387
40.4.1;3.1 Challenges Faced by the Workforce;387
40.4.1.1;3.1.1 Adaptation to the Work Environment;387
40.4.1.2;3.1.2 Getting the Right Skills;388
40.4.1.3;3.1.3 How and When Are the Required Skills Acquired;389
40.5;4 Paths and Levels of Business-University Collaboration;390
40.5.1;4.1 Promoting and Stimulating Industry-University Collaboration;392
40.5.2;4.2 Successful Industry-University Collaboration Examples;393
40.5.3;4.3 Other Collaboration Perspectives;394
40.6;5 Conclusion and Proposed Practices;395
40.7;References;396
41;The ‘Place’ that Shows the Title of a TV Series: What to Name It and How It Has Evolved;397
41.1;Abstract;397
41.2;1 The ‘Place’ that Shows the Title: What to Name It;397
41.3;2 The ‘Place’ that Shows the Title: How It Has Evolved;400
41.4;3 Final Remarks;405
41.5;Acknowledgments;405
41.6;References;406
42;Communication Design and Medical Procedures: Inform Citizens to Act in Emergency Situations;408
42.1;Abstract;408
42.2;1 Introduction;408
42.3;2 Design Project: Development of Communication Media to Inform Citizens to Act in Emergencies;409
42.3.1;2.1 Definition of Requirements;409
42.3.2;2.2 Definition of Materials;410
42.3.3;2.3 Design and Prototyping;410
42.3.4;2.4 Evaluation;415
42.4;3 Conclusion;416
42.5;Acknowledgments;417
42.6;References;417
43;Color and Interaction in Journalistic Infographics: The Case of Online Portuguese Media;418
43.1;Abstract;418
43.2;1 Introduction;418
43.3;2 Methodology;419
43.4;3 Case Study;420
43.5;4 Critical Assessment of Results;424
43.6;5 Conclusion;425
43.7;Acknowledgments;426
43.8;References;426
44;Information Design in Presentation, Interpretation and Dissemination of Natural and Cultural Heritage;427
44.1;Abstract;427
44.2;1 Introduction;427
44.3;2 Heritage Presentation, Interpretation and Promotion;428
44.4;3 Information Design in Heritage Information Developing;431
44.4.1;3.1 Examples of Information Design in Interpretation, Presentation and Dissemination of Heritage;432
44.5;4 Results;434
44.6;5 Final Remarks;435
44.7;References;435
45;Virtual Reality;438
46;Evaluation of Behavioral Compliance with Safety Warnings at Different Levels of Cognitive Load in Warehouses;439
46.1;Abstract;439
46.2;1 Introduction;439
46.3;2 Method;440
46.3.1;2.1 Participants;440
46.3.2;2.2 Apparatus;441
46.3.3;2.3 Virtual Environment;441
46.3.4;2.4 The Warnings;441
46.3.5;2.5 Procedure;441
46.4;3 Results;444
46.5;4 Discussion and Conclusions;446
46.6;Acknowledgements;446
46.7;References;446
47;Locomotion-in-Place and Teleport: Which Is the Best Technique to Be Used in Human Behavior Research Using Virtual Reality?;448
47.1;Abstract;448
47.2;1 Introduction;448
47.3;2 Methodology;449
47.3.1;2.1 Experiment;450
47.3.2;2.2 Virtual Environment;451
47.3.3;2.3 Experiment Design;452
47.3.4;2.4 Procedures;452
47.3.5;2.5 Questionnaires;453
47.4;3 Results and Discussion;453
47.4.1;3.1 Cognitive Maps;453
47.4.2;3.2 Collisions;455
47.4.3;3.3 Survey Results on Presence and Usability;455
47.5;4 Conclusions and Future Work;456
47.6;Acknowledgments;457
47.7;References;457
48;Openness Feeling on Height Direction in High Ceiling Room and Bending Pattern of Leading Passage;458
48.1;Abstract;458
48.2;1 Introduction;458
48.3;2 Methods;459
48.3.1;2.1 Experimental Condition;459
48.3.2;2.2 Experimental Procedure;460
48.4;3 Results;461
48.5;4 Discussion;462
48.6;5 Conclusions;462
48.7;Acknowledgments;462
48.8;References;463
49;Exploratory Study to Investigate the Influence of a Third Person on an Individual Emergency Wayfinding Decision;464
49.1;Abstract;464
49.2;1 Introduction;464
49.3;2 Method;466
49.3.1;2.1 Study Design;466
49.3.2;2.2 Participants;467
49.3.3;2.3 Experimental Settings;467
49.3.4;2.4 Virtual Environment (VE);468
49.3.5;2.5 Experimental Task;469
49.3.6;2.6 Procedure;469
49.4;3 Results and Discussion;470
49.5;4 Conclusion;472
49.6;Acknowledgments;473
49.7;References;473
50;How Deep Is a Virtual Reality Experience? Virtual Environments, Emotions and Physiological Measures;474
50.1;Abstract;474
50.2;1 Introduction;474
50.3;2 Methodology;475
50.3.1;2.1 Sample;475
50.3.2;2.2 Immersive Virtual Environments;476
50.3.3;2.3 Measures and Analysis;477
50.3.4;2.4 Objectives;478
50.3.5;2.5 Procedures;478
50.3.6;2.6 Evaluation Questionnaire;479
50.3.7;2.7 Hardware;479
50.4;3 Results;479
50.5;4 Conclusion;481
50.6;References;482
51;Emotion Through Narrative: Validation for User Engagement in Game Context;484
51.1;Abstract;484
51.2;1 Introduction;484
51.2.1;1.1 Goals;485
51.3;2 Methodology;486
51.3.1;2.1 Participants;486
51.3.2;2.2 The Visual Narrative;486
51.3.3;2.3 Measures;489
51.3.4;2.4 Procedures;489
51.3.5;2.5 Results and Discussion;489
51.4;3 Conclusion;493
51.5;Acknowledgements;493
51.6;References;493
52;Product and System Design;495
53;The Importance of Ergonomics in the Development of Sustainable Materials Applied to Footwear Design;496
53.1;Abstract;496
53.2;1 Introduction;496
53.3;2 Methodology;497
53.3.1;2.1 Focus Group Analysis;498
53.3.2;2.2 Design-Development of the Project;500
53.3.3;2.3 Dynamics of Applied Methodology;500
53.4;3 Conclusions;503
53.5;References;503
54;Effect of Body Weight of Wheelchair Care Recipient on Physical Activity Intensity of Assistant Person;505
54.1;Abstract;505
54.2;1 Introduction;505
54.3;2 Purpose;506
54.4;3 Method;506
54.4.1;3.1 Measurement Equipment and Scale of Activity Amount;506
54.4.2;3.2 Measurement Procedure;508
54.4.3;3.3 Experimental Conditions;508
54.5;4 Acquired Data;508
54.6;5 Discussion;509
54.6.1;5.1 Comparison of METs Values According to the Exhaled Breath Analyzer and Activity Meter;509
54.6.2;5.2 Fluctuation of Mets Value Calculated from the Exhaled Breath Analyzer;511
54.7;6 Conclusion and Future Prospects;511
54.8;References;512
55;Research on Body Pressure Distribution of Mattress for Different Genders;513
55.1;Abstract;513
55.2;1 Introduction;513
55.3;2 Experiment;514
55.3.1;2.1 Subjects;514
55.3.2;2.2 Experimental Equipment;515
55.3.3;2.3 Procedures;516
55.3.4;2.4 Data Analysis;517
55.4;3 Results;518
55.4.1;3.1 Mean Pressure;518
55.4.2;3.2 Mean Peak Pressure;520
55.4.3;3.3 Mean Contact Area;521
55.4.4;3.4 Subjective Score;522
55.5;4 Discussion and Conclusion;523
55.6;Acknowledgements;523
55.7;References;524
56;Universal Design for Enhancing Accessibility of the Visually Impaired in Touristic Environments;525
56.1;Abstract;525
56.2;1 Introduction;525
56.3;2 Methods;526
56.3.1;2.1 Subjects;529
56.3.2;2.2 Experimental Design;529
56.4;3 Results;531
56.5;4 Conclusion;532
56.6;References;532
57;Toothbrush Innovation Design Based on Man-Machine Engineering Research;533
57.1;Abstract;533
57.2;1 Introduction;533
57.3;2 Ergonomics Analysis;534
57.3.1;2.1 Human-Machine Configuration Analysis;534
57.3.2;2.2 Man Machine Material Analysis;535
57.3.3;2.3 Man-Machine Operation Analysis;535
57.4;3 Innovative Design Based on Ergonomic Analysis;536
57.4.1;3.1 Design Thinking;536
57.4.2;3.2 Innovative Design Based on Ergonomic Analysis;536
57.5;4 Conclusion;540
57.6;Acknowledgments;541
57.7;References;541
58;Study on the Influence of BMI Difference on Pressure Distribution of Mattress;542
58.1;Abstract;542
58.2;1 Introduction;542
58.3;2 Method;543
58.3.1;2.1 Experimental Design;543
58.3.2;2.2 Subject;543
58.3.3;2.3 Apparatus;544
58.3.4;2.4 Task and Procedure;545
58.3.5;2.5 Data Analysis;545
58.4;3 Results;546
58.4.1;3.1 Differences;546
58.4.2;3.2 Correlation;546
58.4.3;3.3 Change Trend;547
58.5;4 Conclusion;548
58.6;Acknowledgments;548
58.7;References;548
59;A JACK-Based Ergonomic Analysis and Design of the Cockpit of Agricultural Material Handling Vehicle;549
59.1;Abstract;549
59.2;1 Introduction;549
59.3;2 An Ergonomic Analysis and Optimization Method of the Cockpit of Material Handling Vehicle;550
59.4;3 Ergonomic Simulation of Cockpit of Material Handling Vehicle;551
59.4.1;3.1 Establishment of Cockpit Simulation Model;551
59.4.2;3.2 Establishment of Driver Human Model;552
59.4.3;3.3 Driving Posture Arrangement;553
59.4.4;3.4 Ergonomic Simulation and Analysis of Cockpit of Material Handling Vehicle;554
59.5;4 Optimal Cockpit Design;558
59.6;5 Conclusion;560
59.7;Acknowledgements;561
59.8;References;561
60;Research on Comfort of Mattresses with Different Hardness Based on Body Pressure Distribution;562
60.1;Abstract;562
60.2;1 Introduction;562
60.3;2 Method;563
60.3.1;2.1 Experimental Design;563
60.3.2;2.2 Subject;563
60.3.3;2.3 Apparatus;564
60.3.4;2.4 Task and Procedure;565
60.3.5;2.5 Data Analysis;565
60.4;3 Results;567
60.4.1;3.1 Hardness Rating;567
60.4.2;3.2 Pressure;568
60.5;4 Conclusion;570
60.6;Acknowledgments;570
60.7;References;571
61;Cultural Aspects in Design and City Planning;572
62;Built Environment Preservation: A Process of Ergonomic Design;573
62.1;Abstract;573
62.2;1 Introduction;573
62.3;2 Fire Outbreaks in Portugal: A Brief Timeline;574
62.4;3 The Fire at Oleiros in 2017;575
62.5;4 Methodological Steps;576
62.6;5 Villages, Houses, Typologies and Materials;578
62.7;6 Results and Conclusion;579
62.8;References;580
63;Lighting Design at Workplaces: What Should Be the Concerns for an Architect?;581
63.1;Abstract;581
63.2;1 Introduction;581
63.3;2 Literature Review;582
63.3.1;2.1 Biophilia;582
63.3.2;2.2 Non-visual System;582
63.3.3;2.3 Natural Versus Artificial Light;583
63.3.4;2.4 Illuminance;583
63.3.5;2.5 Workplace;584
63.3.6;2.6 Lisbon;584
63.4;3 Case Studies;584
63.4.1;3.1 Camilo Castelo Branco Street, 4th Floor, Lisbon;584
63.4.2;3.2 24th July Avenue, 3rd Floor, East and West Buildings, Lisbon;587
63.5;4 Comparison Between the Case Studies;590
63.6;5 Conclusions;591
63.7;6 Discussion;591
63.8;References;592
64;Design for the Model of Shared Office Space Based on the Logic of Behavior: A Case Study of Chinese Users;594
64.1;Abstract;594
64.2;1 Introduction;594
64.3;2 Analysis of User Behaviors;595
64.3.1;2.1 Research on User Type;595
64.3.2;2.2 Chinese User Behavior Orientation;596
64.3.3;2.3 User Motivation;596
64.3.4;2.4 Task Flow Determination;597
64.4;3 Shared Office Space Design Model;599
64.4.1;3.1 Environmental Psychology and Scene Theory;599
64.4.2;3.2 Shared Office Space Design Model;600
64.5;4 Shared Office Space Facility Layout;601
64.5.1;4.1 Space Equipment Determination and Optimization Design;601
64.5.2;4.2 Equipment Space Layout Planning;601
64.6;5 Jack Evaluation;603
64.6.1;5.1 Establishment of Virtual Person and Device Model;603
64.6.2;5.2 Simulation and Comprehensive Evaluation;606
64.7;6 Conclusion;606
64.8;References;606
65;The Italic Style: Understanding the Shape Through History;607
65.1;Abstract;607
65.2;1 Introduction;607
65.3;2 Historical Writing Systems and Styles;608
65.4;3 The Italic Style, Understanding the Shape Through History;609
65.5;4 Conclusion;616
65.6;Acknowledgments;617
65.7;References;617
66;Graphic Design and Cinema: Portuguese Movie Posters from the Nouvelle Vague Period;619
66.1;Abstract;619
66.2;1 Introduction;619
66.3;2 Nouvelle Vague Cinema;620
66.3.1;2.1 Portuguese Nouvelle Vague Cinema;620
66.4;3 The Poster: Paths and Technologies;621
66.4.1;3.1 The Poster in Portugal;621
66.4.2;3.2 The Movie Poster;622
66.4.3;3.3 The Nouvelle Vague Movie Poster;624
66.4.4;3.4 The Portuguese Nouvelle Vague Poster;624
66.4.5;3.4 The Portuguese Nouvelle Vague Poster;624
66.5;4 The New Cinema Poster in Portugal: Analysis and Characteristics;625
66.6;5 Conclusion;629
66.7;Acknowledgments;630
66.8;References;630
67;At Hand, the Brain of Men;631
67.1;Abstract;631
67.2;1 Introduction;631
67.3;2 The Hand, from Yesterday;632
67.4;3 The Brain of Today;634
67.5;4 The Man, Tomorrow;635
67.6;Acknowledgments;636
67.7;References;636
68;Exploring Design Requirements of Outdoor Fitness Equipment for Young People;638
68.1;Abstract;638
68.2;1 Introduction;638
68.3;2 Outdoor Physical Activity and Outdoor Fitness Equipment;639
68.4;3 Methodology;640
68.5;4 Results;641
68.5.1;4.1 Activity Levels of Participants;642
68.5.2;4.2 Young People’s Needs Regarding Outdoor Physical Activity;642
68.5.2.1;4.2.1 Personal Needs;642
68.5.2.2;4.2.2 Social Setting Needs;643
68.5.2.3;4.2.3 Practical Needs;644
68.6;5 Discussion;645
68.7;Acknowledgments;647
68.8;References;647
69;Design Ergonomics for Human Beings and Wild Animals in Densely Populated Cities: A Design Case in Hong Kong Country Parks;650
69.1;Abstract;650
69.2;1 Introduction;650
69.3;2 Method;651
69.3.1;2.1 Field Visits;651
69.3.2;2.2 Interviews;652
69.4;3 Findings;653
69.4.1;3.1 Current Issues;653
69.4.2;3.2 Interviews;653
69.4.3;3.3 Proposed Design Solution;655
69.5;4 Conclusions;656
69.6;Acknowledgments;656
69.7;References;656
70;Research on Guiding Sign Ergonomic Setting Based on Visual Sensitivity in Long and Narrow Passageway;658
70.1;Abstract;658
70.2;1 Introduction;658
70.3;2 Experiment;659
70.3.1;2.1 Experimental Material;659
70.3.2;2.2 Experimental Environment;660
70.3.3;2.3 Participants;660
70.3.4;2.4 Procedures;661
70.3.5;2.5 Data Analysis;662
70.4;3 Results;662
70.4.1;3.1 The Result of the Impact of Height on Angle Value;662
70.4.2;3.2 The Result of the Impact of Distance on Angle Value;663
70.4.3;3.3 The Suitable View Angle of the Guiding Sign;663
70.5;4 Discussion and Conclusion;664
70.6;Acknowledgments;665
70.7;References;665
71;The Application of Ergonomics of the Built Environment in Architectural Projects as a Benefit for the Hearing Impaired;666
71.1;Abstract;666
71.2;1 Introduction;666
71.3;2 Universal Design and Accessibility;667
71.4;3 Assessment Methods in Design of the Built Environment;669
71.5;4 A Deaf Space Methodology;670
71.6;5 Conclusion;671
71.7;References;671
72;Design Applications;673
73;A Synthesis of Sociotechnical Principles for System Design;674
73.1;Abstract;674
73.2;1 Introduction;675
73.2.1;1.1 Background and Context;675
73.3;2 Rationale for the Design of STS Principles;676
73.4;3 Method;680
73.5;4 Synthesised Principles for Sociotechnical Systems Design;681
73.6;5 Conclusion;682
73.7;Acknowledgements;683
73.8;References;683
74;Cut Me Off: An Exploratory Study About How the User Perceives the Information of Clothes Textile Labels;686
74.1;Abstract;686
74.2;1 Introduction;686
74.3;2 Methodology;688
74.4;3 Results and Discussion;689
74.5;4 Conclusion;690
74.6;References;691
75;Ergonomic Research in Civil Aircraft External Service Design;692
75.1;Abstract;692
75.2;1 Review;692
75.3;2 General Layout and Ergonomic Design of External Service;692
75.4;3 Accessibility Design;693
75.4.1;3.1 Height Design of Service Interface;694
75.4.2;3.2 Operation Task Accessibility Design;695
75.4.3;3.3 Visual Accessibility Design;696
75.4.4;3.4 Operation Convenience Design;697
75.5;4 Error Prevention Design;698
75.6;5 Operation Safety Evaluation and Design;698
75.7;6 Summarize;699
75.8;References;700
76;Design for Children - Ergonomics in a Ceramic Tile’s Project;701
76.1;Abstract;701
76.2;1 Introduction;701
76.3;2 The Study;702
76.3.1;2.1 Method and Aim;702
76.3.2;2.2 Results;703
76.4;3 Conclusions;707
76.5;Acknowledgments;707
76.6;References;707
77;Graphic-Semantic Expressions Map: A New Tool on Design Teaching;709
77.1;Abstract;709
77.2;1 Introduction;709
77.3;2 Problem;710
77.4;3 Design Process;710
77.5;4 Graphic-Semantic Expression Map;711
77.5.1;4.1 How It Works;712
77.6;5 Conclusions;718
77.7;References;719
78;Research on Ergonomic Design and Evaluation of Office Backrest Curve;720
78.1;Abstract;720
78.2;1 Introduction;720
78.3;2 Questionnaire;722
78.3.1;2.1 Subjects;722
78.3.2;2.2 Question Setting;722
78.3.3;2.3 The Result of the Investigation;722
78.3.3.1;2.3.1 Discomfort Analysis;722
78.3.3.2;2.3.2 Causes of Discomfort in Headrest Design;724
78.4;3 Experiment;725
78.4.1;3.1 Participants;725
78.4.2;3.2 Equipment;725
78.4.3;3.3 Spinal Measurement;725
78.4.4;3.4 Office Chair Backrest Measurement;726
78.4.5;3.5 Data Analysis;727
78.4.5.1;3.5.1 Fitting of Human Spine Curve and Office Chair Back;727
78.5;4 Conclusion and Discussion;728
78.6;Acknowledgments;729
78.7;References;729
79;Assessment of Portuguese Firefighters’ Needs: Preliminary Results of a Pilot Study;730
79.1;Abstract;730
79.2;1 Introduction;730
79.2.1;1.1 Portuguese Firefighters’ PPE Study;731
79.3;2 Materials and Methods;731
79.3.1;2.1 Data Collection;732
79.3.2;2.2 Data Analysis;732
79.4;3 Results;732
79.4.1;3.1 Demographic Information;732
79.4.2;3.2 Turnout Gear Selection;733
79.4.3;3.3 Turnout Gear Protection Level;733
79.4.4;3.4 Turnout Coat Fit Issues;734
79.4.5;3.5 Turnout Pants Fit Issues;736
79.5;4 Discussion;737
79.5.1;4.1 Turnout Ensemble Sizing;737
79.5.2;4.2 Turnout Ensemble Fit;737
79.5.3;4.3 Gear Fabrics;738
79.5.4;4.4 Turnout Gear Maintenance;738
79.5.5;4.5 Personal Hygiene;739
79.5.6;4.6 Study Limitations;739
79.6;5 Final Considerations;740
79.7;Acknowledgments;740
79.8;References;740
80;“Possible But Improbable Spaces”: From Interior Design Experience to Jewellery Creation;742
80.1;Abstract;742
80.2;1 Genesis of the Project;742
80.3;2 Project Methodology;749
80.4;3 Conclusive Synthesis;749
80.5;References;750
81;Service Mapping: Case Study of University Waste Management System;751
81.1;Abstract;751
81.2;1 Introduction;751
81.3;2 Methodology;752
81.3.1;2.1 Product-Service-System (PSS);752
81.3.2;2.2 Ergonomics in PSS;752
81.4;3 Mapping;753
81.4.1;3.1 Current System;753
81.4.2;3.2 Problems Identified;754
81.5;4 Co-created Action Plan;757
81.5.1;4.1 System’s Reconfiguration;757
81.5.2;4.2 Building Trust;757
81.5.3;4.3 Feasibility;758
81.6;5 Discussion;759
81.7;6 Conclusion;760
81.8;References;760
82;Current Theoretical Developments and Applications of Fitts’ Law: A Literature Review;762
82.1;Abstract;762
82.2;1 Introduction;762
82.3;2 Methods;763
82.4;3 Results and Discussion;763
82.4.1;3.1 The Discussion of Fitts’ Law;763
82.4.2;3.2 The Extensions of Fitts’ Law;764
82.4.3;3.3 The Applications of Fitts’ Law;765
82.5;4 Conclusion;766
82.6;References;767
83;On Girls Bra Design for the Demand of User;770
83.1;Abstract;770
83.2;1 Introduction;770
83.3;2 Research Status of Girls Bra;771
83.4;3 Research Method;771
83.4.1;3.1 Extraction of Influencing Factors;771
83.4.2;3.2 Questionnaire Design;773
83.4.3;3.3 Basic Information of Research Subjects;773
83.5;4 Discussion and Analysis;773
83.5.1;4.1 Reliability and Validity of Questionnaires;773
83.5.2;4.2 Weight Ratio Analysis of Bra Demand Factor for Girls;773
83.5.3;4.3 Research Results and Analysis of Weights of Factors;774
83.6;5 Conclusion;776
83.7;References;777
84;Effects of Playing Surface on Physiological Responses and Performance Variables of Hockey Players;778
84.1;Abstract;778
84.2;1 Introduction;778
84.3;2 Aims and Objectives of the Study;779
84.3.1;2.1 Hypotheses of the Study;779
84.3.2;2.2 Method and Procedure;779
84.3.3;2.3 Results and Discussion;780
84.4;3 Conclusion;782
84.5;References;782
85;Role of Postural Control Exercises and Pelvic Floor Strengthening Exercises on Chronic Low Back Pain of Women with Sitting Jobs;784
85.1;Abstract;784
85.2;1 Introduction;784
85.2.1;1.1 Need of the Study;785
85.2.2;1.2 Aim of the Study;785
85.2.3;1.3 Objective of the Study;786
85.2.4;1.4 Hypothesis;786
85.3;2 Review of Literature;786
85.4;3 Methodology;786
85.4.1;3.1 Procedure;787
85.4.2;3.2 Dependent Variables;787
85.4.3;3.3 Independent Variable;787
85.5;4 Results;787
85.6;5 Discussion;789
85.7;6 Conclusion;790
85.8;References;790
86;The Role of Organizational Factors in Development and Progression of Wrist Disorders: Psychosocial Aspects;792
86.1;Abstract;792
86.2;1 Introduction;792
86.3;2 Methodology;795
86.3.1;2.1 Identification of Workplaces and Subjects;795
86.3.2;2.2 Survey on Different Psychosocial Factors and Principal Component Analysis (PCA);795
86.4;3 Results;796
86.4.1;3.1 Demographic Data;796
86.4.2;3.2 Work Sectors and Activities;796
86.4.3;3.3 PCA;797
86.5;4 Discussion;800
86.6;5 Conclusion;801
86.7;References;802
87;Developing a Framework that Can Assist Designers to Identify and Incorporate Notable Cultural Elements into Products Designed for Tourists;803
87.1;Abstract;803
87.2;1 Introduction;803
87.3;2 Methodology;805
87.3.1;2.1 Phase 1: Extracting Cultural Elements from Tourists;805
87.3.2;2.2 Phase 2: Categorizing the Cultural Elements Using Card Sort;806
87.3.3;2.3 Participants Demographics;806
87.4;3 Results and Discussions;807
87.5;4 Conclusions;812
87.6;References;813
88;Design Interventions of an Exergame for Fall Problem in Indian Older Adults;814
88.1;Abstract;814
88.2;1 Introduction;814
88.3;2 Methodology;816
88.3.1;2.1 Participants and Selection Criteria of the Study;816
88.3.2;2.2 Experiment and Interview Process;816
88.3.3;2.3 Exergame Design Process;816
88.4;3 Findings, Design Modifications and Recommendations;818
88.4.1;3.1 Findings from the Pilot Studies;818
88.4.2;3.2 Design Modification;821
88.4.3;3.3 Design Recommendations;822
88.5;4 Discussion;822
88.6;Acknowledgements;823
88.7;References;823
89;A Re-look into the Information in Multimedia Design and Animation Theme Presentation;825
89.1;Abstract;825
89.2;1 Introduction;825
89.3;2 The Objective;826
89.4;3 Experiments: Theme Based;826
89.5;4 Setting up the Experiment: Planning and Conducting Survey;826
89.6;5 The Context of Interactivity;826
89.7;6 Sample Size;827
89.8;7 Identification of Students’ Segment and Respondent Profiling;827
89.9;8 Administration of the Test for the Focus Group;828
89.10;9 Summary of Responses of Focus Group Study;828
89.11;10 Some Observations on the Methodology and Its Limitation;829
89.12;11 Conclusion;830
89.13;References;830
90;Author Index;831