Reddy / Syme Integrated Assessment of Scale Impacts of Watershed Intervention

Assessing Hydrogeological and Bio-physical Influences on Livelihoods
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-12-800846-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 454 Seiten

Integrated Assessment of Scale Impacts of Watershed Interventions is the outcome of a multi-disciplinary research team of social scientists, hydrologists (groundwater and surface water), modellers; and bio-physical scientists who have worked together over five years to develop an integrated model of the sustainability of biophysical, economic and social impacts of watersheds. Impacts of watershed interventions are assessed at upstream, mid-stream and downstream locations of two hydrological units that are characterised with differential bio-physical attributes. The editors propose that watershed interventions, when integrated with hydro-geology and bio-physical aspects, have greater influence on the resilience of the socio-ecological system. This book takes these aspects in to consideration and in the process provides insights in to watershed design and implementation. - Integrates hydrogeology, bio-physical, and socioeconomic aspects of watersheds in a hydrological context - Provides a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of watershed interventions - Assesses the role of watershed interventions in enhancing household resilience - Provides hydrological and socio-economic methodologies for design of sustainble watershed interventions including scale and institutional arrangements for implementing and sustaining watershed interventions

Dr. V. Ratna Reddy is the Director, Livelihoods and Natural Resource Management Institute, Hyderabad, India. He is an Economist specializing in Environmental economics and Natural Resource Management. He is a Research Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt foundation, Germany. He was a visiting fellow at the Institute of Development Studies, Sussex, UK and at the School of Geography, University of Leeds, UK. His current research interests include natural resources and environmental economics, livelihoods analysis and agricultural policy. He has more than hundred publications in International and Indian Journals. He has published Six books, including User Valuation of Renewable Natural Resources: The User Perspective (Nova Science publishers Inc, New York) and Managing Water Resources from Oxford University Press, New Delhi.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Reddy, V. Ratna

Syme, Geoffrey J.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Integrated Assessment of Scale Impacts of Watershed Intervention: Assessing Hydrogeological and Bio-physical Influences on Livelihoods;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;List of Contributors;14
6;Foreword;16
7;Acknowledgments;18
8;Part 1 Setting;22
8.1;Chapter 1 - Introduction;24
8.1.1;1.1 BACKGROUND;24
8.1.2;1.2 RAINFED AGRICULTURE AND WSD IN INDIA;26
8.1.3;1.3 WATERSHED POLICIES IN INDIA;28
8.1.4;1.4 WSD AND IMPORTANCE OF SCALE;29
8.1.5;1.5 NEED FOR AN INTEGRATED APPROACH;33
8.1.6;1.6 ABOUT THIS BOOK;36
8.1.7;REFERENCES;41
8.2;Chapter 2 - Analytical Framework, Study Design, and Methodology;44
8.2.1;2.1 INTRODUCTION;45
8.2.2;2.2 STRATEGIC CONCEPTUAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES;45
8.2.3;2.3 ASSESSING SCALE IMPACTS OF WSD: AN ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK;46
8.2.4;2.4 BIOPHYSICAL MODELING;47
8.2.5;2.5 ASSESSING SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS;52
8.2.6;2.6 MODEL OF INTEGRATION: THE BNS;60
8.2.7;2.7 EQUITY AND JUSTICE ISSUES;62
8.2.8;2.8 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT;62
8.2.9;2.9 APPROACH AND SAMPLING DESIGN;63
8.2.10;2.10 PROFILE OF SAMPLE SITES;70
8.2.11;REFERENCES;75
9;Part 2 Hydro-geological and Bio-physical Aspects of the Watersheds;76
9.1;Chapter 3 - Investigating Geophysical and Hydrogeological Variabilities and Their Impact on Water Resources in the Context ...;78
9.1.1;3.1 INTRODUCTION;79
9.1.2;3.2 STUDY AREAS;80
9.1.3;3.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS;84
9.1.4;3.4 RESULTS AND FINDINGS;86
9.1.5;3.5 DISCUSSION;97
9.1.6;3.6 ZONES SUITABLE FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE INTERVENTIONS;100
9.1.7;3.7 CONCLUSION;102
9.1.8;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;103
9.1.9;REFERENCES;103
9.2;Chapter 4 - Application of a Simple Integrated Surface Water and Groundwater Model to Assess Mesoscale Watershed Development;106
9.2.1;4.1 INTRODUCTION;106
9.2.2;4.2 MODEL DEVELOPMENT;109
9.2.3;4.3 SITE DESCRIPTION AND MODEL PARAMETERIZATION;110
9.2.4;4.4 RESULTS;114
9.2.5;4.5 DISCUSSION;117
9.2.6;4.6 CONCLUSIONS;117
9.2.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;118
9.2.8;REFERENCES;118
9.3;Chapter 5 - Modeling the Impact of Watershed Development on Water Resources in India;120
9.3.1;5.1 INTRODUCTION;121
9.3.2;5.2 EFFECTIVE AND SUSTAINABLE WSD: HYDROLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS;123
9.3.3;5.3 STUDY SITES IN WEST BENGAL;124
9.3.4;5.4 DATA COLLECTION;125
9.3.5;5.5 MODELING HYDROLOGICAL RESPONSE;135
9.3.6;5.6 APPLICATION TO ANDHRA PRADESH;148
9.3.7;5.7 MODIFICATION OF THE ORIGINAL MODEL;153
9.3.8;5.8 CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION MODEL ON THE LAKSHMIPURAM CATCHMENT;158
9.3.9;5.9 APPLYING THE MODEL ON AN UNGAUGED STUDY SITE IN ANDHRA PRADESH;164
9.3.10;5.10 DISCUSSION;165
9.3.11;5.11 CONCLUSION;167
9.3.12;REFERENCES;168
9.4;Chapter 6 - Sustainable Watershed Development Design Methodology;170
9.4.1;6.1 INTRODUCTION;170
9.4.2;6.2 METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH;171
9.4.3;6.3 CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOPHYSICAL RESOURCES OF THE STUDY SITES;173
9.4.4;6.4 DESCRIPTION OF HUNS;195
9.4.5;6.5 LAND AND WATER MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS THROUGH WATERSHED PROGRAMS;197
9.4.6;6.6 ASSESSMENT OF WATERSHED INTERVENTIONS ON HYDROLOGY OF WATERSHEDS;200
9.4.7;6.7 CONCLUSIONS;211
10;Part 3 Socio-economic and Livelihood Impacts of Watersheds;212
10.1;Chapter 7 - Assessing Livelihood Impacts of Watersheds at Scale: An Integrated Approach;214
10.1.1;7.1 INTRODUCTION;214
10.1.2;7.2 APPROACH AND METHODS;216
10.1.3;7.3 SAMPLE SELECTION AND PROFILE OF THE STUDY SITES;218
10.1.4;7.4 IMPACT OF WSD—THE SRL APPROACH;221
10.1.5;7.5 IMPACT OF WSD ON RESILIENCE;253
10.1.6;7.6 FACTORS INFLUENCING RESILIENCE;258
10.1.7;7.7 CONCLUSIONS;270
10.1.8;REFERENCES;272
10.2;Chapter 8 - Evaluating the Determinants of Perceived Drought Resilience: An Empirical Analysis of Farmers’ Survival Capabil ...;274
10.2.1;8.1 INTRODUCTION;274
10.2.2;8.2 METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS;279
10.2.3;8.3 TESTING FOR THE IMPACT OF WATERSHED INTERVENTIONS ON DROUGHT RESILIENCE;299
10.2.4;8.4 CONCLUSION;304
10.2.5;REFERENCES;305
10.3;Chapter 9 - Modeling Livelihood Indicators and Household Resilience using Bayesian Networks;308
10.3.1;9.1 INTRODUCTION;308
10.3.2;9.2 BNS;310
10.3.3;9.3 CAPITAL STRENGTH AND RESILIENCE BNS;316
10.3.4;9.4 ANALYZING SOCIAL CAPITAL USING THE BN SUBMODEL;329
10.3.5;9.5 SYNTHESIS;336
10.3.6;REFERENCES;336
10.4;Chapter 10 - Justice and Equity in Watershed Development in Andhra Pradesh;338
10.4.1;10.1 INTRODUCTION;339
10.4.2;10.2 A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE CONCEPT OF JUSTICE IN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN AUSTRALIA AND INDIA: THE ROLE OF PARTIC ...;339
10.4.3;10.3 COLLECTIVE ACTION AND PROPERTY RIGHTS FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK BASED ON THE EXPERIENCE OF WSD IN SEM ...;353
10.4.4;10.4 COMMUNITY VIEWS ON COLLECTIVE ACTION AND THE EQUITY OF THE WSD PROCESS;365
10.4.5;10.5 CONCLUSION;368
10.4.6;REFERENCES;369
11;Part 4 Integrating Science into Policy and Practice;374
11.1;Chapter 11 - High Stakes—Engagement with a Purpose;376
11.1.1;11.1 INTRODUCTION;376
11.1.2;11.2 ACTUAL PROCESS ADOPTED IN THE PROJECT;379
11.1.3;11.3 OUTCOMES OF THE PROCESS ADOPTED AND LESSONS LEARNED;384
11.1.4;11.4 MODEL FOR EFFECTIVE STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT—NEED FOR AND ISSUES INVOLVED IN CLOSER ENGAGEMENT WITH STAKEHOLDERS;385
11.1.5;REFERENCES;388
11.1.6;APPENDIX 1: DETAILS OF STAKEHOLDER COMMUNICATION PLAN;389
11.1.7;APPENDIX 1: DETAILS OF STAKEHOLDER COMMUNICATION PLAN;376
11.1.8;APPENDIX 2: STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT DETAILS;392
11.1.9;APPENDIX 3: DETAILS OF WORKSHOP ORGANIZED BY THE PROJECT TEAM IN COLLABORATION WITH DRD;392
11.1.10;PARTICIPANTS’ FEEDBACK ON THE WORKSHOP;393
11.1.11;APPENDIX 4: PROJECT TEAM’S PERCEPTIONS ABOUT STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT;395
11.2;Chapter 12 - Exploring Implications of Climate, Land Use, and Policy Intervention Scenarios on Water Resources, Livelihoods ...;400
11.2.1;12.1 INTRODUCTION;400
11.2.2;12.2 ANALYSIS TOOLS;401
11.2.3;12.3 BIOPHYSICAL SCENARIOS;405
11.2.4;12.4 SOCIAL SCENARIO;422
11.2.5;12.5 SYNTHESIS;426
11.2.6;REFERENCES;428
11.3;Chapter 13 - Summary and Conclusion;430
11.3.1;13.1 BACKGROUND;430
11.3.2;13.2 HYDROGEOLOGY AND BIOPHYSICAL ASPECTS;432
11.3.3;13.3 SOCIOECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS;435
11.3.4;13.4 THE APPROACH TO INTEGRATION;437
11.3.5;13.5 PUTTING SCIENCE TO PRACTICE;438
11.3.6;13.6 THE WAY FORWARD;439
12;Index;442

Leseproben

Chapter 1 Introduction
V. Ratna Reddy*,  and Geoffrey J. Syme§     *Livelihoods and Natural Resource Management Institute, Hyderabad, India     §Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia Abstract
This chapter sets the context of the book in general. It outlines the background and objectives of the book against the backdrop of existing literature reviews. It provides the policy context of watershed development and its transformation over the years from a soil and water conservation technology to a broader rural development intervention in the rainfed areas. The chapter provides insight into the interactions between the hydrogeological and biophysical aspects of a watershed and the resulting influence on the quality and quantity of watershed impacts on the local communities. It also explores the potential of watershed development in the context of increasing climate variability as a mitigation or adaptation strategy for improved resilience of the farming communities. The discussion highlights the importance of understanding these complex interactions specifically in the context of scale and their importance in achieving sustainable soil and water management and economic and livelihoods outcomes. Keywords
Biophysical; hydrogeology; impacts; resilience; scale; watershed development Chapter Outline 1.1 Background 3 1.2 Rainfed Agriculture and WSD in India 5 1.3 Watershed Policies in India 7 1.4 WSD and Importance of Scale 8 1.5 Need for an Integrated Approach 12 1.6 About this Book 15 1.1. Background
Rainfed agriculture accounts for more than 75% of the cropped area in the world. One-third of the developing world’s population lives in the less-favored rainfed regions [1]. In India, rainfed agriculture accounts for 60% of the cropped area, and is the food basket for the poor, with a millet-dominant crop pattern. About 70% of India’s population is dependent on rainfed agriculture. Therefore it holds promise for future food security because of the saturation of productivity in the green revolution regions. Rainfed regions house the largest proportion of poor people in India. Further, these regions are expected to be the worst affected in the context of climate variability (e.g., natural disasters like frequent droughts, floods, etc.) and, as a result, productivity. In this context, watershed technology is seen as one of the best alternatives for improving land productivity in terms of reducing soil degradation, runoff, improved in situ soil moisture, access to irrigation, and so on, which in turn improves the resilience of the system. The resilience of the farming community in the context of watershed development (WSD) and livelihood strategies at the household level is closely linked to hydrogeological and biophysical attributes of the ecosystem. However, these aspects have not been integral to watershed assessments. In the recent years, the WSD program in India has transformed from a soil and water conservation initiative to a comprehensive rural development and livelihoods program; although soil and water conservation remains the core. Recent changes in the scale of watersheds from micro (500 ha) to meso (5000–10000 ha) under the Integrated Watershed Management Program (IWMP) facilitates the integration of hydrogeological and biophysical aspects. Comprehensive impact assessments at the meso level can be demanding in terms of data and methods of assessment. The larger scale of watershed should assist in capturing the externalities relating to groundwater and surface water flows in comparison with the micro approach. Mesoscale evaluation accounts for the impact of positive and negative externalities across the streams while assessing watershed impacts. Impact measurements of developmental initiatives are more often used to correct the type and nature of interventions and implementation modalities. Often the objective is to improve allocative efficiency of resources and improve the value for money. This assumes specific programs, such as WSD in India, are important since they receive huge budgetary allocations (Rs.25,000 crores per year, i.e., $4.545 million per year). Measuring the watershed impacts becomes more complex as watershed interventions consider how hydrogeological and biophysical aspects affect livelihoods. Integration of hydrogeological and biophysical aspects into watershed interventions makes resilience an important attribute, especially in the context of climate change impacts. Integrated assessments of watersheds from a resilience perspective are either rare or absent, and there are several reasons for this. Until now, watershed impact assessment studies focused on the socioeconomic and natural resource impacts [2,3]. Such assessments are also used to estimate the benefit–cost ratios of the program [3]. With the introduction of a livelihood component along with a participatory approach to implementation during the late 1990s, impact studies have started to use the sustainable livelihoods (SL) framework to assess impacts [4,5]. The SL framework is a more comprehensive approach that looks beyond the income and employment aspects of poverty, assessing the impacts using the five capitals financial: natural, social, human, and physical dimensions of poverty. These dimensions of poverty are more long term in nature. Despite the fact that the prime objective of WSD is soil and water conservation and thus improved productivity and environmental sustainability of the system, not much attention has been paid to assessing the societal resilience aspects of WSD. In most cases, watershed impact studies do not have the backing of valid baseline information. This limits the appropriate interpretation of the perceived impacts, as the data generated from the households suffer from memory lapse when “before and after” methods are used. In addition, getting a perfectly matching sample becomes a limitation when “with and without” methods are used. Hence, adopting a “double difference” method where both approaches are combined is expected to provide the best proxy in the absence of baseline [4] information. Of late, methods like propensity matching have been used to overcome the baseline deficiencies. Impact assessments are also influenced by the timing of the study. While impacts are clearly captured in the immediate post-implementation phase, attribution of impacts can get blurred by potential exogenous influences as the gap between implementation and assessment increases. In this context, using resilience as a robust impact indicator would help to address the current limitations of impact assessment to a significant extent. In a way, resilience is directly linked to watershed interventions; if there are more water resources available, then production should also be more reliable. Resilience is also more long term in nature and hence addresses the sustainability aspects of WSD. When resilience is linked to the five capitals, it becomes a robust and comprehensive concept in understanding the IWMP impacts in the absence of baseline information. This book outlines an integrated approach derived to provide insights into appropriate designs of watershed interventions in the hydrogeological and biophysical context. The hypothesis is that specific watershed interventions are required that suit the technical attributes of the location rather than a blanket approach of uniform interventions. While advanced hydrogeological and biophysical models are used to assess the water and land use impacts, a sustainable rural livelihood framework is implemented to assess the community-level impact. Finally, a Bayesian network (BN) is used to integrate the dimensions. This network approach is also used to develop scenarios of climate and land use changes, while providing a generalizable evaluation tool for policy analysis, including the scale at which watershed interventions should be delivered. 1.2. Rainfed Agriculture and WSD in India
While the policy bias, resulting in intensive agricultural practices, has paid off in terms of meeting the country’s food demands in the short run, it has proved to be unsustainable, economically as well as environmentally, in the long run. This, coupled with the limited scope for expanding irrigation (through traditional methods of damming the rivers), has prompted the policy shift toward rainfed agriculture. Although recent policies failed to address the problems of irrigated agriculture through improving the allocative efficiency of crucial inputs like water, concerted efforts have been made toward improving the conditions of rainfed farming. Development of such regions, in terms of enhancing the crop yield, holds the key for future food security. Also, these regions are increasingly confronted with environmental problems such as wind and soil erosion; it is feared that the intensity of resource degradation is reaching irreversible levels in some of these regions. Thus, promotion of appropriate technologies and development strategies in these regions would result in multiple benefits: (1) ensuring food security, (2) enhancing the viability of farming, and (3) restoring the ecological balance. Approximately 15% of India’s 329 million hectares of geographical area is already degraded [6]. Rainfed regions account for more than 50% of the cultivable land and support 40% of India’s population. For the government of India, WSD is one of the primary vehicles of...