Robeson Polymer Blends

A Comprehensive Review
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-3-446-43650-3
Verlag: Carl Hanser
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 459 Seiten

It has been well-recognized that polymer blends offer a key option in solving emerging application requirements. The ability to combine existing polymers into new compositions with commercializable properties offers the advantage of reduced research and development expense compared to the development of new monomers and polymers to yield a similar property profile. An additional advantage is the much lower capital expense involved with scale-up and commercialization. Another specific advantage of polymer blends versus new monomer/polymer compositions is that blends often offer property profile combinations not easily obtained with new polymeric structures. In the rapidly emerging technology landscape, polymer blend technology can quickly respond to developing needs.


This book offers a comprehensive overview of this important field, in particular a unique and extensive literature research on all aspects of this technology. It can be utilized as a reference text as well as a textbook for a graduate level course on polymer blends.


Contents:

Fundamentals of Polymer Blends
Compatibilization Methods for Polymer Blends
Types of Polymer Blends
Characterization of Polymer Blends
Properties of Polymer Blends
Commercial Applications of Polymer Blends
Future Perspectives in Polymer Blends

Autoren/Hrsg.

Robeson, Lloyd M.

Fachgebiete

• Technische Wissenschaften Maschinenbau | Werkstoffkunde Technische Mechanik | Werkstoffkunde Materialwissenschaft: Polymerwerkstoffe
• Technische Wissenschaften Maschinenbau | Werkstoffkunde Technische Mechanik | Werkstoffkunde Werkstoffkunde, Materialwissenschaft: Forschungsmethoden
• Technische Wissenschaften Verfahrenstechnik | Chemieingenieurwesen | Biotechnologie Technologie der Kunststoffe und Polymere

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;8
2;Contents;10
3;1 Introduction;14
3.1;1.1 General Overview;14
3.2;1.2 Historical Review;16
3.3;1.3 Overviewof the Book;18
3.4;1.4 Definitions;19
3.5;References;20
4;2 Fundamentals of Polymer Blends;24
4.1;2.1 Thermodynamic Relationships;24
4.1.1;2.1.1 Combinatorial Entropy ofMixing;27
4.1.2;2.1.2 Enthalpy ofMixing;29
4.1.3;2.1.3 Flory-Huggins Theory;30
4.1.4;2.1.4 Equation of State Theories;32
4.2;2.2 Phase Behavior;37
4.2.1;2.2.1 Miscible versus Immiscible Blends;37
4.2.2;2.2.2 Spinodal Decomposition and Nucleation and Growth;40
4.3;2.3 Solubility Parameter Concepts;43
4.4;2.4 Specific Interactions;48
4.4.1;2.4.1 Hydrogen Bonding Interactions;48
4.4.2;2.4.2 Dipole-Dipole Interactions;53
4.4.3;2.4.3 Ion-Dipole and Ion-Ion Interactions;54
4.4.4;2.4.4 Additional Specific Interactions;55
4.5;2.5 Mean Field Theory and Intramolecular Repulsion Concepts;55
4.6;2.6 Association Model;61
4.7;2.7 Interfacial Aspects;62
4.8;2.8 AdditionalMethods of Predicting Polymer Phase Behavior;67
4.9;References;69
5;3 CompatibilizationMethods;78
5.1;3.1 Introduction of Specific Interacting Groups;79
5.2;3.2 In-Situ Polymerization Compatibilization;80
5.3;3.3 Ternary Polymer Addition (Nonreactive);83
5.4;3.4 Reactive Compatibilization;86
5.4.1;3.4.1 Reactive Extrusion Compatibilization (Single Pass Extrusion);94
5.5;3.5 Interpenetrating Polymer Networks;97
5.6;3.6 Crosslinking between Phases;100
5.7;3.7 Block Copolymer Addition;101
5.8;3.8 Polymer-Polymer Reactions;105
5.9;3.9 AdditionalMethods of Compatibilization;109
5.10;References;111
6;4 Types of Polymer Blends;122
6.1;4.1 Methods of Blend Preparation/Processing;122
6.2;4.2 Elastomer Blends;125
6.3;4.3 Elastomer (Low T)g-HighModulus (High Tg) Impact Modified Polymer Blends;131
6.4;4.4 Polymer Blends Containing Crystalline Polymers;137
6.4.1;4.4.1 Crystalline Polymer-Amorphous Polymer Blends;137
6.4.2;4.4.2 Crystalline-CrystallinePolymer Blends;143
6.4.3;4.4.3 Isomorphic Polymer Blends;148
6.5;4.5 Polyolefin Blends;150
6.6;4.6 Engineering Polymer Blends;154
6.6.1;4.6.1 Poly(PhenyleneOxide) Based Blends;154
6.6.2;4.6.2 Aromatic Polycarbonate Based Blends;157
6.6.3;4.6.3 Polyarylate Based Blends;160
6.6.4;4.6.4 Poly(Aryl Ether Ketone) Based Blends;161
6.6.5;4.6.5 Aromatic PolysulfoneBased Blends;163
6.6.6;4.6.6 Polyamide Based Blends;163
6.6.7;4.6.7 Polyimide Based Polymer Blends;164
6.6.8;4.6.8 Poly(Phenylene Sulfide) Based Blends;166
6.6.9;4.6.9 Miscellaneous Engineering Polymer Blends;166
6.7;4.7 Emulsion Blends;167
6.8;4.8 Liquid Crystalline Polymer Blends and Molecular Composites;172
6.8.1;4.8.1 Liquid Crystalline Polymer Blends;172
6.8.2;4.8.2 Molecular Composites;177
6.9;4.9 Polymer Blends Containing Block Copolymers;179
6.10;4.10 Blends Based on Polystyrene and Styrene Copolymers;185
6.11;4.11 Blends Based on PMMA and (Meth)Acrylate Copolymers;192
6.12;4.12 Blends Based on PVC;195
6.13;4.13 Blends Involving Thermosetting Polymers;200
6.14;4.14 Water SolublePolymer Blends/PolyelectrolyteComplexes;204
6.15;4.15 Biodegradable and Natural Polymer Based Blends;211
6.15.1;4.15.1 Biodegradable Polymer Blends;211
6.15.2;4.15.2 Natural Polymer Blends;213
6.16;4.16 Miscellaneous Blends;215
6.16.1;4.16.1 Recycled Polymer Blends;215
6.16.2;4.16.2 Conductive Polymer Blends;217
6.16.3;4.16.3 Ternary Polymer Blends;220
6.16.4;4.16.4 Miscellaneous Polymer Blends;222
6.17;4.17 Polymer Blend Composites;223
6.18;References;226
7;5 Characterization of Polymer Blends;266
7.1;5.1 Glass Transition;266
7.2;5.2 DynamicMechanical Characterization;270
7.3;5.3 CalorimetricMethods;275
7.4;5.4 Dielectric Characterization;279
7.5;5.5 Morphology/Microscopy;284
7.5.1;5.5.1 OpticalMicroscopy;284
7.5.2;5.5.2 Transmission ElectronMicroscopy (TEM);286
7.5.3;5.5.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM);289
7.5.4;5.5.4 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM);291
7.5.5;5.5.5 Scanning TunnelingMicroscopy;293
7.5.6;5.5.6 X-RayMicroscopy;293
7.6;5.6 Scattering Methods: Light,X-Ray,Neutron;293
7.6.1;5.6.1 Light Scattering;295
7.6.2;5.6.2 X-Ray Scattering;297
7.6.3;5.6.3 Neutron Scattering;299
7.6.4;5.6.4 Neutron Reflectivity;302
7.6.5;5.6.5 Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy;302
7.6.6;5.6.6 Other ScatteringMethods;302
7.7;5.7 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance;303
7.8;5.8 Spectroscopic Methods;309
7.8.1;5.8.1 Infrared Spectroscopy;309
7.8.2;5.8.2 UV-Visible Spectroscopy;314
7.8.3;5.8.3 Raman Spectroscopy;314
7.8.4;5.8.4 Fluorescence Spectroscopy:Non-Radiative Energy Transfer and Excimer Fluorescence;315
7.8.5;5.8.5 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy;318
7.9;5.9 Vapor Sorption and Solvent Probe Techniques;320
7.10;5.10 Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy;323
7.11;5.11 Characterization of Interfacial Properties;325
7.12;5.12 Miscellaneous Characterization Techniques;328
7.13;References;330
8;6 Properties of Polymer Blends;346
8.1;6.1 Mechanical Properties;346
8.2;6.2 Thermal Properties;364
8.2.1;6.2.1 Crystallinity;364
8.2.2;6.2.2 Thermal Stability;371
8.3;6.3 Transport Properties;371
8.3.1;6.3.1 Diffusion and Permeability of Gases;371
8.3.2;6.3.2 Transport inMiscible Blends;372
8.3.3;6.3.3 Transport in Phase Separated Blends;373
8.3.4;6.3.4 Thermal Conductivity;377
8.4;6.4 Electrical Properties;377
8.5;6.5 Rheology and Processing of Polymer Blends;380
8.5.1;6.5.1 Rheology of Phase Separated Blends;383
8.6;References;387
9;7 Commercial Applications of Polymer Blends;398
9.1;7.1 Commercial Elastomer Blends;398
9.2;7.2 Commercial Polyolefin Blends;401
9.3;7.3 Commercial Engineering Polymer Blends;403
9.4;7.4 Impact Modified Blends;410
9.5;7.5 PVC Commercial Blends;412
9.6;7.6 Commercial Polymer Blends Comprising Styrenic Polymers;413
9.7;7.7 Commercial Polymer Blends Based on Acrylate Containing Polymers;414
9.8;7.8 Commercial Applications of Emulsion Blends;414
9.9;7.9 Miscellaneous Commercial Blends;416
9.10;7.10 Miscellaneous Patent Examples Suggesting Commercial Potential;419
9.11;References;420
10;8 Emerging Technology Involving Polymer Blends;428
10.1;8.1 Nanotechnology;428
10.1.1;8.1.1 Polymer/Polymer/Nanoparticle Composites;429
10.2;8.2 Electronics/Optoelectronics;430
10.2.1;8.2.1 Photovoltaic Applications;431
10.2.2;8.2.2 Light Emitting Diode Applications;433
10.2.3;8.2.3 Electrochromic Applications;434
10.2.4;8.2.4 Additional Electronics Applications;435
10.3;8.3 Electrically Conductive Polymers and Blends;436
10.4;8.4 Application of Supercritical Fluids in Polymer Blends;438
10.5;8.5 LithiumBattery Applications;439
10.6;8.6 Fuel Cell Materials Opportunities;441
10.7;8.7 Biomaterials/Biotechnology;443
10.8;8.8 Miscellaneous Applications of Polymer BlendTechnology in Emerging Technologies;446
10.9;References;446
11;Appendix;452
11.1;Appendix 1;452
11.1.1;Abbreviations;452
11.2;Appendix 2;457
11.2.1;Acronyms;457
11.3;Appendix 3;458
12;Index;464

Leseproben

Fundamentals of Polymer Blends
Compatibilization Methods for Polymer Blends
Types of Polymer Blends
Characterization of Polymer Blends
Properties of Polymer Blends
Commercial Applications of Polymer Blends
Future Perspectives in Polymer Blends