Tomaselli Indigenous Peoples and their Right to Political Participation

International Law Standards and their Application in Latin America
1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-3-8452-6878-1
Verlag: Nomos
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, Band 30, 559 Seiten, Format (B × H): 153 mm x 227 mm

Reihe: Schriftenreihe der Europäischen Akademie Bozen, Bereich "Minderheiten und Autonomien" (EURAC)

UN bodies have increasingly emphasized the need to improve the political participation of indigenous peoples. This book proposes a composite right to political participation of indigenous peoples, identifies its recognition in international law, and explores its application in two – apparently divergent but substantially more similar than expected – case studies in Latin America: Bolivia and Chile. The core sources of international law, including the decisions of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, serve as the main sources for the recognition of this right. This analysis ultimately integrates the non-(strictly)-legally binding outcomes of international organizations, the writings of publicists, and the scholarly literature of other disciplines (political science, sociology, and anthropology).
For the two case studies, it covers a period of approximately ten years (2005-2015), and assesses the national legislation and their implementation, as well as the domestic jurisprudence.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Tomaselli, Alexandra

Fachgebiete

• Sozialwissenschaften Ethnologie | Volkskunde Volkskunde Indigene Völker
• Sozialwissenschaften Politikwissenschaft Politische Kultur Menschenrechte, Bürgerrechte
• Rechtswissenschaften Internationales Recht und Europarecht Internationales Recht Internationales Öffentliches Recht, Völkerrecht, Internationale Organisationen
• Rechtswissenschaften Internationales Recht und Europarecht Internationales Recht Internationale Menschen- und Minderheitenrechte, Kinderrechte

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
2; Introduction;22
3;1 Indigenous Peoples in International Law;32
3.1;1.1 The (Non-)Definition of Indigenous Peoples;33
3.2;1.2 The international protection of indigenous rights;40
3.3;1.3 Indigenous peoples’ land dispossession and recent evolutionary jurisprudence;56
4;2 Self-determination and Indigenous Peoples;62
4.1;2.1 The debated concept of and right to self-determination;62
4.1.1;2.1.1 Brief overview of developments surrounding selfdetermination;64
4.1.2;2.1.2 United Nations and Self-Determination;68
4.1.3;2.1.3 The right to self-determination in the Covenants and the position of the Human Rights Committee;74
4.1.3.1;2.1.3.1 Article 1.1 and the link with the political rights;75
4.1.3.2;2.1.3.2 Article 1.2 and the right of peoples over natural wealth and resources;79
4.1.3.3;2.1.3.3 Article 1.3 and the full exercise of the right to self-determination;81
4.1.4;2.1.4 Legal conceptualizations of self?determination;82
4.1.5;2.1.5 Crucial aspects: Post-colonial self-determination; Selfdetermination as jus cogens; Singularity; and the People referred in Article 1;95
4.1.6;2.1.6 Recent developments in international law: The Responsibility to Protect and Remedial Secession;102
4.1.7;2.1.7 Latest quests for self-determination: Scotland, Catalonia, and New Caledonia;105
4.1.8;2.1.8 Concluding remarks;118
4.2;2.2 The right to self-determination of Indigenous Peoples;120
4.2.1;2.2.1. Introduction;120
4.2.2;2.2.2 The right to self-determination of indigenous peoples in the UN standards;123
4.2.2.1;2.2.2.1 References to the right of self-determination of indigenous peoples in the “Study of the Problem of Discrimination against Indigenous Populations”;124
4.2.2.2;2.2.2.2 The UN Human Rights Committee, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the right to self-determination of indigenous peoples;127
4.2.2.3;2.2.2.3 Self-determination of indigenous peoples in the Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples;136
4.2.2.4;2.2.2.4 The shaping of the right to self-determination of indigenous peoples from the Draft Declaration to the UNDRIP’s formula;145
4.2.2.5;2.2.2.5 The UNDRIP regime of self-determination and the right to autonomy of indigenous peoples;152
4.2.3;2.2.3 The right to self-determination of indigenous peoples in the two American and African regional human rights systems;155
4.2.4;2.2.4 The multifaceted right to self-determination of indigenous peoples;158
4.2.5;2.2.5 The implications of the use of the term “people”;170
4.2.6;2.2.6 Concluding remarks;173
5;3 One expression of the multi-faceted Right to Self-Determination of Indigenous Peoples: The Composite Right to Political Participation;176
5.1;3.1 “Political rights” in human rights law;176
5.1.1;3.1.1 Introduction;176
5.1.2;3.1.2 The “political rights”;177
5.1.3;3.1.3 Concluding remarks;183
5.2;3.2 The right to political participation of (national) minorities;186
5.2.1;3.2.1 Legal standards;186
5.2.1.1;3.2.1.1 Political rights of minorities in art.27 of the ICCPR;186
5.2.1.2;3.2.1.2 Ad hoc political rights of minorities;189
5.2.2;3.2.2 Theoretical debate;191
5.2.2.1;3.2.2.1 Participation within the State;192
5.2.2.2;3.2.2.2 Participation in the form of autonomy/selfgovernment;196
5.2.3;3.2.3 Concluding remarks;203
5.3;3.3 The Composite Right to Political Participation of Indigenous Peoples;204
5.3.1;3.3.1 Participation of indigenous peoples in domestic decision-making processes;207
5.3.1.1;3.3.1.1 Introduction;207
5.3.1.2;3.3.1.2 The ad hoc rights of indigenous peoples to participation in domestic decision-making processes;210
5.3.1.3;3.3.1.3 Ways to implement the right participation of indigenous peoples in domestic decision-making processes;214
5.3.1.4;3.3.1.4 The Yatama case before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and Indigenous peoples’ electoral rights;217
5.3.2;3.3.2 Consultation and Free, Prior and Informed Consent;219
5.3.2.1;3.3.2.1 The recognition of the rights to Consultation and Free, Prior and Informed Consent;219
5.3.2.2;3.3.2.2 The content and implications of the indigenous peoples’ rights to Consultation and Free, Prior and Informed Consent;227
5.3.2.2.1;3.3.2.2.1 The core elements of the right to consultation;228
5.3.2.2.2;3.3.2.2.2 Free, Prior and Informed Consent;233
5.3.2.2.3;3.3.2.2.3 Consultation and FPIC;234
5.3.2.3;3.3.2.3 Jurisprudence vis-à-vis the right to consultation and FPIC of Indigenous peoples;236
5.3.3;3.3.3 Indigenous peoples’ rights to autonomy/self-government and to preserve their traditional institutions;242
5.3.3.1;3.3.3.1 International provisions recognizing the right to autonomy/self-government of Indigenous peoples and to preserve and/or establish their traditional institutions;243
5.3.3.2;3.3.3.2 The debate on the right to autonomy of indigenous peoples;244
5.3.3.3;3.3.3.3 Forms of indigenous autonomies;247
5.3.3.4;3.3.3.4 Final considerations on indigenous peoples and autonomy;253
5.3.4;3.3.4 Final considerations on the recognition of the composite right of political participation of indigenous peoples;255
5.4;3.4 Concluding remarks;256
6;4 The peculiar Latin American context: Regional protection of indigenous rights and Indigenous movements;262
6.1;4.1 The protection of Indigenous peoples in the Latin American Constitutions;264
6.1.1;4.1.1 Introduction;264
6.1.2;4.1.2 An excursus on indigenous peoples’ recognition in the Latin American constitutions and recent developments;268
6.2;4.2 The role of the Inter-American human rights bodies in protecting indigenous rights;278
6.3;4.3 The increasing negotiating power of indigenous movements in Latin America;285
6.4;4.3 Concluding remarks;293
7;5 The Bolivian case;296
7.1;5.1 Introduction to the Bolivian context;297
7.1.1;5.1.1 Socio-economic data;297
7.1.2;5.1.2 Marginalization of indigenous peoples, the 1990 reforms, and the new Constitution;300
7.2;5.2. The legal framework vis-à-vis indigenous peoples in Bolivia;312
7.2.1;5.2.1 International human rights law applicable to indigenous peoples in Bolivia;312
7.2.2;5.2.2 Domestic protection of indigenous peoples’ rights;319
7.3;5.3 Indigenous peoples’ participation in decision-making processes;323
7.3.1;5.3.1 Indigenous peoples’ representation at national and local level;324
7.3.2;5.3.2 Consultation and FPIC of indigenous peoples in Bolivia;333
7.3.2.1;5.3.2.1 Legislative framework;333
7.3.2.2;5.3.2.2 Decision No.2003/2010-R of the Constitutional Court;339
7.3.2.3;5.3.2.3 Implementation of indigenous peoples’ right to consultation and the controversial case of TIPNIS;340
7.4;5.4 Participation through autonomy/self-government arrangements and the preservation of indigenous institutions;353
7.4.1;5.4.1. The indigenous autonomy proposed by indigenous peoples in Bolivia;353
7.4.2;5.4.2 Looking for a Bolivian history of autonomy;354
7.4.3;5.4.3 The complex Bolivian (autonomous) administrative and territorial system;355
7.4.4;5.4.4 The AIOCs;360
7.4.4.1;5.4.4.1 Overall introduction to the AIOC and its legal framework;360
7.4.4.2;5.4.4.2 The existing AIOCs: Process of creation and rules;361
7.4.4.3;5.4.4.3 The regulation of new/future AIOCs;364
7.4.4.4;5.4.4.4 Common conversion procedure and other norms;366
7.4.4.5;5.4.4.5 The current status of the AIOCs;367
7.4.4.6;5.4.4.6 Final remarks on the AIOCs;373
7.5;5.5 Concluding remarks on the Bolivian case;378
8;6 The Chilean case;386
8.1;6.1 The Chilean context;387
8.1.1;6.1.1 Data on indigenous peoples in Chile;387
8.1.2;6.1.2 The “other” history of Chile, indigenous peoples’ land dispossession and recent social unrest;393
8.1.2.1;6.1.2.1 Introduction;394
8.1.2.2;6.1.2.2 Indigenous peoples’ historical land dispossession;398
8.1.2.3;6.1.2.3 The developments after the restoration of democracy;405
8.1.2.4;6.1.2.4 The 2011 students’ mobilization, the 2014 elections and the hope for a change of Chilean institutions;417
8.2;6.2. The legal protection of indigenous peoples in Chile;423
8.2.1;6.2.1 International human rights law applicable to indigenous peoples in Chile;423
8.2.2;6.2.2 Domestic protection of indigenous peoples’ rights;437
8.2.2.1;6.2.2.1 The lack of constitutional recognition;437
8.2.2.2;6.2.2.2 The Indigenous Law and other norms;444
8.3;6.3 Indigenous peoples’ participation in decision-making processes;449
8.3.1;6.3.1 Indigenous peoples’ representation at national and local level;450
8.3.1.1;6.3.1.1 The restrictive Chilean electoral system and the obstacles to indigenous peoples’ participation;451
8.3.1.2;6.3.1.2 Initiatives to include indigenous peoples in decision-making processes;457
8.3.1.3;6.3.1.3 The Mapuche Wallmapuwen party;464
8.3.2;6.3.2 Consultation and FPIC of indigenous peoples in Chile;467
8.3.2.1;6.3.2.1 Legislative framework;467
8.3.2.2;6.3.2.2 Application of the indigenous peoples’ right to consultation in Chile;472
8.3.2.3;6.3.2.3 The recent Amparo proceedings vis-à-vis the right to consultation;481
8.4;6.4 Participation through autonomy/self-government arrangements and the preservation of indigenous institutions – indigenous autonomy claims in Chile;489
8.5;6.5 Concluding remarks on the Chilean case;495
9; Conclusions;508
10; Selected Bibliography;522