Vega / Hofstetter Bark Beetles

Biology and Ecology of Native and Invasive Species
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-12-417173-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 640 Seiten

Bark Beetles: Biology and Ecology of Native and Invasive Species provides a thorough discussion of these economically important pests of coniferous and broadleaf trees and their importance in agriculture. Itÿ is the first book in the market solely dedicated to this important group of insects, and contains 15 chapters on natural history and ecology, morphology, taxonomy and phylogenetics, evolution and diversity, population dynamics, resistance, symbiotic associations, natural enemies, climate change, management strategies,ÿ economics, and politics, with some chapters exclusively devoted to some of the most economically important bark beetle genera, including Dendroctonus, Ips, Tomicus, Hypothenemus, and Scolytus. This text is ideal for entomology and forestry courses, and is aimed at scientists, faculty members, forest managers, practitioners of biological control of insect pests, mycologists interested in bark beetle-fungal associations, and students in the disciplines of entomology, ecology, and forestry. - Provides the only synthesis of the literature on bark beetles - Features chapters exclusively devoted to some of the most economically important bark beetle genera, such as Dendroctonus, Ips, Tomicus, Hypothenemus, and Scolytus - Includes copious color illustrations and photographs that further enhance the content

Autoren/Hrsg.

Vega, Fernando E.

Hofstetter, Richard W.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover ;1
2;Bark Beetles: Biology and Ecology of Native and Invasive Species;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Dedication;6
5;Contents;10
6;Contributors;16
7;Preface;18
8;About the Editors;20
9;Chapter 1: Natural History and Ecology of Bark Beetles;22
9.1;1. Introduction;22
9.2;2. Diversity of lifestyles and ecological relationships;22
9.2.1;2.1. General Life Cycle;23
9.2.2;2.2. Variations to the Generalized Life Cycle;23
9.2.2.1;2.2.1. Feeding Substrate;23
9.2.2.2;2.2.2. Gender Roles;24
9.2.2.3;2.2.3. Symbiotic Associations;24
9.2.3;2.3. Variation in Ecological Impacts of Bark Beetles: from Decomposers to Landscape Engineers, and from Saprophages to Ma...;26
9.2.4;2.4. Major Groups;26
9.3;3. Interactions with host plants;26
9.3.1;3.1. Host location and Selection;26
9.3.2;3.2. Host Defenses;27
9.3.3;3.3. Host Substrate Quality;29
9.3.4;3.4. Roles of Symbionts in Host Plant Utilization;30
9.3.5;3.5. Resource Partitioning;31
9.4;4. Communication;32
9.4.1;4.1. Functions and Roles;32
9.4.2;4.2. Chemicals;34
9.4.3;4.3. Acoustics;34
9.4.4;4.4. Intraspecific Variation;34
9.5;5. Tritrophic interactions;36
9.5.1;5.1. Major Predators, Parasitoids, Pathogens and their Life Histories;36
9.5.1.1;5.1.1. General Relationships with Bark Beetles;37
9.5.1.2;5.1.2. Monoterpene Toxicity;37
9.5.1.3;5.1.3. Limited Resources for Associates of Bark Beetles in a Confined Environment;38
9.5.1.4;5.1.4. Shifting Prey: an Adaptation to Long Life Cycles or to Fluctuating Prey?;38
9.5.1.5;5.1.5. Habitat Characteristics and Natural Enemies;38
9.5.2;5.2. Relative Importance of Natural Enemies to Bark Beetle Ecology;39
9.5.2.1;5.2.1. Impact of Natural Enemies on Bark Beetles;39
9.5.2.2;5.2.2. Bark Beetle Behavior and Impact Mitigation of Natural Enemies;40
9.5.2.3;5.2.3. Applications;40
9.5.3;5.3. Competitors;40
9.5.4;5.4. Tritrophic Signaling;40
9.6;6. Population dynamics;40
9.6.1;6.1. Diversity in Bark Beetle Population Dynamics;40
9.6.2;6.2. Factors Affecting Survival, Development, and Reproduction: Sources of Positive and Negative Feedback behind Bimodality;41
9.6.3;6.3. Transitions from Endemic to Eruptive Dynamics;44
9.7;7. Roles in ecological processes and socioeconomic impacts;46
9.7.1;7.1. Ecological Processes;46
9.7.2;7.2. Socioeconomic Impacts;46
9.7.3;7.3. Invasive Species;47
9.8;8. Conclusions;48
9.9;Acknowledgments;49
9.10;References;49
10;Chapter 2: Morphology, Taxonomy, and Phylogenetics of Bark Beetles;62
10.1;1. Introduction;62
10.1.1;1.1. Historical Development and Current Status of the Field;62
10.1.2;1.2. Development of Taxonomy;62
10.1.2.1;1.2.1. Taxonomists;62
10.1.2.2;1.2.2. Accumulation of Described Species;63
10.1.3;1.3. Development of Classification;65
10.1.3.1;1.3.1. Traditional;65
10.1.3.2;1.3.2. Evolutionary, Pre-analysis;65
10.1.3.3;1.3.3. Phylogenetic-Pre-DNA Sequence;65
10.1.3.4;1.3.4. Phylogenetic-Molecular and Morphological;66
10.1.3.5;1.3.5. Scolytidae or Scolytinae?;66
10.2;2. Current approaches and status of the field;66
10.2.1;2.1. Morphological Approaches;66
10.2.1.1;2.1.1. Morphological Approaches: Improvements in Imaging;67
10.2.1.2;2.1.2. Current Electronic Image Depositories;67
10.2.2;2.2. Molecular Approaches: DNA Sequences in Phylogenetic Analyses;67
10.2.2.1;2.2.1. Limitations of Marker-based Phylogenetics;69
10.2.2.2;2.2.2. The Biggest Picture: Phylogenomic Data;69
10.2.3;2.3. Species Delimitation, Population Genetics, and Phylogeography;71
10.2.3.1;2.3.1. The Most Detailed Resolution: Genotyping-by-Sequencing;73
10.2.3.2;2.3.2. DNA Barcoding for Species Identification;73
10.2.4;2.4. Pheromones and Ecology Corroborate Species Limits;74
10.2.5;2.5. Fossil Bark Beetles;74
10.2.6;2.6. Timing of Bark Beetle Origin and Evolution;77
10.2.7;2.7. Methods in Bark Beetle Identification;78
10.2.7.1;2.7.1. Traditional Dichotomous Keys;78
10.2.7.2;2.7.2. Computer-based Identification Keys;78
10.2.7.3;2.7.3. Digital Catalogs;78
10.3;3. Bark beetle morphology;78
10.3.1;3.1. Morphological Characteristics and Variation;78
10.3.1.1;3.1.1. Head;79
10.3.1.2;3.1.2. Eyes;79
10.3.1.3;3.1.3. Antennae;80
10.3.1.4;3.1.4. Thorax;82
10.3.1.5;3.1.5. Legs;82
10.3.1.6;3.1.6. Elytra;82
10.3.1.7;3.1.7. Mycangia and their Role in Classification;84
10.3.1.8;3.1.8. Character Variation;85
10.3.2;3.2. Images of Morphology;85
10.3.2.1;3.2.1. Bothrosternini;85
10.3.2.2;3.2.2. Corthylini;85
10.3.2.3;3.2.3. Cryphalini;85
10.3.2.4;3.2.4. Scolytini;85
10.3.2.5;3.2.5. Xyleborini;86
10.4;4. Current scolytine and platypodine classification;86
10.4.1;4.1. Where do Bark Beetles Belong?;86
10.4.2;4.2. Internal Phylogenetic Relationships;89
10.4.3;4.3. A Checklist of all Currently Recognized Genera;89
10.5;5. Conclusion: unresolved issues;91
10.5.1;5.1. Scolytinae are Definitely a Subfamily of Weevils, but What about Platypodinae?;91
10.5.2;5.2. How many Species are There?;101
10.5.3;5.3. Unsettled Terminology;101
10.6;References;102
11;Chapter 3: Evolution and Diversity of Bark and Ambrosia Beetles;106
11.1;1. Introduction;106
11.1.1;1.1. Topics and Taxonomic Coverage;106
11.1.2;1.2. Why We include Platypodinae;108
11.2;2. What are bark and ambrosia beetles?;108
11.2.1;2.1. Phylogenetics;108
11.2.2;2.2. General Morphology;109
11.2.3;2.3. Sexual Dimorphism;112
11.3;3. Evolutionary ecology of feeding;113
11.3.1;3.1. Phloeophagy (Breeding in Inner Bark);115
11.3.1.1;3.1.1. Phloeophagous with Some Consumption of Wood;115
11.3.1.2;3.1.2. Feeding on Phloem Nutritionally Improved by Fungi;116
11.3.2;3.2. Xylomycetophagy (Ambrosia Beetles);118
11.3.3;3.3. Xylophagy (Breeding in Wood);120
11.3.3.1;3.3.1. Breeding in Wood Nutritionally Improved by Fungi;120
11.3.4;3.4. Herbiphagy;120
11.3.5;3.5. Myelophagy (Pith Breeders);122
11.3.6;3.6. Spermatophagy (Seed Breeders);122
11.3.6.1;3.6.1. Pagiocerus;122
11.3.6.2;3.6.2. Coccotrypes;122
11.3.6.3;3.6.3. Other Seed Breeders;122
11.3.6.4;3.6.4. Economically Significant Seed Breeders;123
11.3.6.5;3.6.5. Cone Breeders;123
11.3.7;3.7. Mycophagy (Fungus Feeders);123
11.3.8;3.8. Breeding in Monocots;123
11.3.9;3.9. Breeding in Live Hosts;124
11.3.9.1;3.9.1. Killing Entire Trees;124
11.3.9.2;3.9.2. Killing Plant Parts, Seedlings, and Seeds;126
11.3.9.3;3.9.3. Breeding in Live Plant Parts without Causing much Damage;127
11.4;4. Evolutionary ecology of reproductive behavior;128
11.4.1;4.1. Mating Behavior;128
11.4.1.1;4.1.1. Fighting;128
11.4.1.2;4.1.2. Courtship;129
11.4.1.3;4.1.3. Copulation;129
11.4.1.4;4.1.4. Repeated Mating: the Key to Evolution of Prolonged Male Residency?;130
11.4.2;4.2. Mating Systems;130
11.4.2.1;4.2.1. Monogyny;131
11.4.2.2;4.2.2. Reversions to Female-initiated Mating Systems;131
11.4.2.3;4.2.3. Bigyny;132
11.4.2.4;4.2.4. Harem Polygyny;132
11.4.2.5;4.2.5. Colonial Polygyny;134
11.4.2.6;4.2.6. Inbreeding Polygyny;134
11.4.2.7;4.2.7. Partial Inbreeding;136
11.4.2.8;4.2.8. Parthenogenetic Reproduction;137
11.4.3;4.3. Gallery System Form;138
11.4.3.1;4.3.1. Spatial Orientation;139
11.4.3.2;4.3.2. Placement of Eggs;139
11.5;5. Social evolution;140
11.5.1;5.1. Social Behaviors and Ecology of Bark and Ambrosia Beetles: an Overview;140
11.5.2;5.2. Basic Concepts of Social Evolution Theory;141
11.5.3;5.3. Subsociality and Parental Care in Bark and Ambrosia Beetles;141
11.5.3.1;5.3.1. Removing or Packing Frass;143
11.5.3.2;5.3.2. Burrow Blocking or Plugging;143
11.5.3.3;5.3.3. Ventilation Holes;144
11.5.3.4;5.3.4. Fungus Tending as Maternal Care;144
11.5.3.5;5.3.5. Paternal Care;145
11.5.3.6;5.3.6. Males in Inbreeders;145
11.5.4;5.4. Delayed Dispersal and Alloparental Care;146
11.5.4.1;5.4.1. Delayed Dispersal;146
11.5.5;5.5. Larval Cooperation;148
11.5.6;5.6. The Evolution of Reproductive Altruism;149
11.6;6. Intracellular bacteria and bark beetle evolution;151
11.7;7. Conclusion;152
11.7.1;7.1. Mating System Evolution;152
11.7.2;7.2. Sexual Selection;152
11.7.3;7.3. Inbreeding;153
11.7.4;7.4. Social Evolution;153
11.8;Appendix;153
11.9;Acknowledgments;163
11.10;References;49
12;Chapter 4: Population Dynamics of Bark Beetles;178
12.1;1. Introduction;178
12.2;2. Concepts in population dynamics;178
12.2.1;2.1. Population Growth;178
12.2.2;2.2. Feedbacks and Exogenous Effects;179
12.2.3;2.3. Stability;179
12.3;3. Host use and pest ecology of bark beetles;180
12.3.1;3.1. Seed-feeding Species;180
12.3.2;3.2. Tree Infesting Species;180
12.3.3;3.3. Other Guilds;181
12.4;4. Ecology of tree-infesting bark beetles;182
12.4.1;4.1. Life History Strategies;182
12.4.2;4.2. Host Plant Resistance to Bark Beetles;182
12.4.3;4.3. Life History Traits Affecting Aggression;183
12.4.3.1;4.3.1. Capacity of Adults to Aggregate;183
12.4.3.2;4.3.2. Tolerance of Host Defense;184
12.4.3.3;4.3.3. Capacity to Overwhelm Tree Defense;185
12.4.3.4;4.3.4. High Aggression involves Multiple Traits;185
12.5;5. Fixed, stable points, transient dynamics, and bark beetle aggression;186
12.5.1;5.1. Life History Traits, Abundance, and Bark Beetle Aggression;187
12.5.2;5.2. Population Systems Regulated at One Equilibrium;187
12.5.2.1;5.2.1. Non-aggressive Species;188
12.5.2.2;5.2.2. Opportunistically Aggressive Species;188
12.5.3;5.3. Aggressive Species Exist at Low and High Abundance (Alternate Attractors);189
12.6;6. Conclusions;191
12.7;References;192
13;Chapter 5: Conifer Defense and Resistance to Bark Beetles;198
13.1;1. Introduction;198
13.1.1;1.1. Bark Beetles, Symbionts, and Tree Defenses;198
13.1.2;1.2. The Bark Beetle Life Cycle, Tree Colonization, and Mass Attack;200
13.1.3;1.3. Conifers and their Defenses;200
13.2;2. Anatomical and chemical components of conifer defenses;202
13.2.1;2.1. Anatomical Layout of Conifer Defenses;202
13.2.1.1;2.1.1. General Anatomy of Conifer Stems;202
13.2.1.2;2.1.2. Periderm-the Outer Defense Layer;203
13.2.1.3;2.1.3. Cortex-Defense in Young Tissues;204
13.2.1.4;2.1.4. Secondary Phloem-the Primary Site of Stem Defenses;204
13.2.1.4.1;2.1.4.1. Polyphenolic Parenchyma (PP) Cells;204
13.2.1.4.2;2.1.4.2. Lignified Sclerenchyma Cells and Cells with Calcium Oxalate Crystals;205
13.2.1.4.3;2.1.4.3. Resin-producing Structures;205
13.2.1.4.4;2.1.4.4. Radial Rays;205
13.2.1.5;2.1.5. The Vascular Cambium-a Defenseless Cell Factory;206
13.2.1.6;2.1.6. Sapwood-Tracheids, Rays, and Resin Ducts;206
13.2.1.7;2.1.7. Pines vs. Non-pines-Two Fundamentally Different Defense Strategies;207
13.2.2;2.2. Chemical Traits of Conifer Defenses;207
13.2.2.1;2.2.1. Terpenes;207
13.2.2.2;2.2.2. Phenolics;209
13.3;3. Preformed and induced conifer defenses;210
13.3.1;3.1. Preformed Defenses;211
13.3.1.1;3.1.1. Mechanical Defenses;211
13.3.1.2;3.1.2. Preformed Resin;211
13.3.1.3;3.1.3. Polyphenolic Parenchyma (PP) Cells;212
13.3.2;3.2. Induced Defenses;213
13.3.2.1;3.2.1. Induced Resinosis;213
13.3.2.1.1;3.2.1.1. Traumatic Resin Ducts;213
13.3.2.1.2;3.2.1.2. Activation of Existing Axial Resin Ducts;214
13.3.2.1.3;3.2.1.3. Induction of Radial Stem Ducts;214
13.3.2.1.4;3.2.1.4. Cortical Resin Ducts;215
13.3.2.2;3.2.2. Polyphenolic Parenchyma (PP) Cells;215
13.3.2.3;3.2.3. Wound Periderm Formation-Repair Mechanisms;216
13.3.2.4;3.2.4. Acquired Resistance-Long-term Defense Induction;216
13.3.2.5;3.2.5. Defense Priming-Defend Now, Pay Later?;217
13.3.3;3.3. Relative Importance of Preformed vs. Induced Defenses;217
13.3.4;3.4. Conifer Defenses as a Regulator of Bark Beetle Outbreaks;218
13.4;4. Failure of conifer defenses;219
13.4.1;4.1. Contributions of Bark Beetles to Tree Death;219
13.4.2;4.2. Contributions of Symbionts to Tree Death and the Case for the Beetle-Symbiont Complex;220
13.4.3;4.3. Tree Death-Must the Trees be Killed?;220
13.4.4;4.4. Naïve Host Trees;221
13.4.5;4.5. Effects of Biotic and Abiotic Disturbances on Tree Defense;221
13.4.5.1;4.5.1. Biotic Disturbances: Defoliation and Disease;221
13.4.5.2;4.5.2. Abiotic Disturbances: Drought and High Temperatures;222
13.4.5.3;4.5.3. Tree Phenology;222
13.4.5.4;4.5.4. Effects of Thinning and other Silvicultural Measures on Tree Resistance;222
13.5;5. Conclusions;223
13.6;References;223
14;Chapter 6: Symbiotic Associations of Bark Beetles;230
14.1;1. Introduction;230
14.1.1;1.1 Why Symbioses are Important to Understand;230
14.1.2;1.2. General Description of Major Symbionts;230
14.1.3;1.3. Definition of Terms;232
14.2;2. Fungi;232
14.2.1;2.1. Biodiversity of Fungi;232
14.2.2;2.2. Ecology of Fungi;232
14.2.3;2.3. Impacts of Fungi on Bark Beetle Biology and Population Dynamics;233
14.3;3. Yeasts;235
14.3.1;3.1. Biodiversity of Yeasts;235
14.3.2;3.2. Ecology of Yeasts;235
14.3.3;3.3. Impacts on Bark Beetle Biology and Population Dynamics;236
14.4;4. Bacteria;236
14.4.1;4.1. Biodiversity of Bacteria;236
14.4.2;4.2. Ecology of Bacteria;237
14.5;5. Mites;237
14.5.1;5.1. Biodiversity of Mites;237
14.5.2;5.2. Ecology of Mites;238
14.5.3;5.3. Impacts on Bark Beetle Biology and Population Dynamics;240
14.6;6. Nematodes;254
14.6.1;6.1. Biodiversity of Nematodes;254
14.6.2;6.2. Ecology of Nematodes;254
14.6.2.1;6.2.1. Commensals;254
14.6.2.2;6.2.2. Mutualism;255
14.6.2.3;6.2.3. Parasitic;255
14.6.3;6.3. General Life History/Cycle of Nematode Parasites;256
14.6.4;6.4. Impacts on Bark Beetle Biology and Population Dynamics;257
14.7;7. Viruses;257
14.8;8. Other arthropod symbionts;258
14.9;9. Conclusions;258
14.9.1;9.1. Interesting Questions and Challenges;258
14.10;References;259
15;Chapter 7: Natural Enemies of Bark Beetles;268
15.1;1. Introduction;268
15.2;2. Predators and parasitoids of bark beetles;268
15.2.1;2.1. Woodpeckers and other Avian Predators;268
15.2.2;2.2. Arthropod Predators and Parasitoids;271
15.2.2.1;2.2.1. Predators;271
15.2.2.1.1;2.2.1.1. Coleoptera (Beetles);271
15.2.2.1.2;2.2.1.2. Diptera (Flies);279
15.2.2.1.3;2.2.1.3. Hemiptera and Heteroptera (True Bugs);283
15.2.2.1.4;2.2.1.4. Other Insect Predators;283
15.2.2.1.5;2.2.1.5. Acari (Mites);283
15.2.2.2;2.2.2. Parasitoids;283
15.2.2.2.1;2.2.2.1. General Ecology;283
15.2.2.2.2;2.2.2.2. Host Location;287
15.2.2.2.3;2.2.2.3. Braconidae;294
15.2.2.2.4;2.2.2.4. Pteromalidae;294
15.2.2.2.5;2.2.2.5. Other Parasitoids;295
15.2.2.3;2.2.3. Impact of Arthropod Natural Enemies;295
15.3;3. Pathogens of bark beetles;298
15.3.1;3.1. Pathogen Groups and their Modes of Action;298
15.3.1.1;3.1.1. Viruses;298
15.3.1.2;3.1.2. Bacteria;299
15.3.1.3;3.1.3. Algae;300
15.3.1.4;3.1.4. Fungi;301
15.3.1.4.1;3.1.4.1. Ascomycota: Hypocreales;301
15.3.1.4.2;3.1.4.2. Yeasts (Ascomycota: Saccharomycotina);304
15.3.1.4.3;3.1.4.3. Microsporidia;304
15.3.1.5;3.1.6. Protista;305
15.3.1.5.1;3.1.6.1. Rhizopoda;306
15.3.1.5.2;3.1.6.2. Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida;306
15.3.1.5.3;3.1.6.3. Apicomplexa: Neogregarinida;307
15.3.2;3.2. Issues Relating to Our Current Understanding of Insect Pathogens in Bark Beetles;307
15.4;4. Nematodes;308
15.4.1;4.1. Historical Background;308
15.4.2;4.2. General Biology;308
15.5;5. Conclusion;310
15.6;Acknowledgments;310
15.7;References;310
16;Chapter 8: Dendroctonus;326
16.1;1. Introduction;326
16.1.1;1.1. Life History;326
16.1.2;1.2. Morphology, Body Size, and Sexual Size Dimorphism;326
16.1.3;1.3. Host Range and Specialization;328
16.1.4;1.4. Communication and Host Location;329
16.1.5;1.5. Phylogeny and Taxonomy;329
16.1.6;1.6. Population Genetics and Cryptic Species;330
16.1.7;1.7. Karyotypic Diversity;332
16.2;2. Effects of the environment;332
16.2.1;2.1. The Abiotic Environment;332
16.2.2;2.2. The Biotic Environment;334
16.2.2.1;2.2.1. The Host Tree;334
16.2.2.2;2.2.2. Interactions Within and Among Dendroctonus and other Bark Beetles;334
16.2.2.3;2.2.3. Microbial Symbioses;336
16.2.2.4;2.2.4. The Filamentous Fungi;336
16.2.3;2.3. Host Beetle Clade 1: Dendroctonus armandi;338
16.2.4;2.4. Host Beetle Clade 2: Dendroctonus simplex, D. pseudotsugae;338
16.2.5;2.5. Host Beetle Clade 3. Dendroctonus rufipennis, D. micans, D. punctatus, D. murrayanae;338
16.2.6;2.6. Host Beetle Clade 4: Dendroctonus terebrans, D. valens, D. parallelocollis, D. rhizophagus;339
16.2.7;2.7. Host Beetle Clade 5: Dendroctonus ponderosae, D. jeffreyi;340
16.2.8;2.8. Host Beetle Clade 6: Dendroctonus vitei, D. frontalis, D. mexicanus, D. adjunctus, D. approximatus, D. brevicomis;341
16.2.8.1;2.8.1. Yeasts;342
16.2.8.2;2.8.2. Bacteria;342
16.2.8.3;2.8.3. Nematodes;343
16.2.8.4;2.8.4. Mites;344
16.2.8.5;2.8.5. Natural enemies;344
16.3;3. Ecological importance;345
16.4;4. Anthropogenic effects;345
16.4.1;4.1. Alteration of Forests;345
16.4.2;4.2. Movement of Species into Novel Environments;346
16.5;5. The basic biology of dendroctonus species;347
16.5.1;5.1. Clade 1: Dendroctonus armandi;347
16.5.1.1;5.1.1. Dendroctonus armandi Tsai and Li (Chinese White Pine Beetle);347
16.5.2;5.2. Clade 2: Dendroctonus simplex, D. pseudotsugae;347
16.5.2.1;5.2.1. Dendroctonus simplex LeConte (Eastern Larch Beetle);347
16.5.2.2;5.2.2. Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins (Douglas-fir Beetle);348
16.5.3;5.3. Clade 3: Dendroctonus rufipennis, D. micans, D. punctatus, D. murrayanae;349
16.5.3.1;5.3.1. Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) (Spruce Beetle);349
16.5.3.2;5.3.2. Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann) (Greater European Spruce Beetle);350
16.5.3.3;5.3.3. Dendroctonus punctatus LeConte (Allgeheny Spruce Beetle);351
16.5.3.4;5.3.4. Dendroctonus murrayanae Hopkins (Lodgepole Pine Beetle);351
16.5.4;5.4. Clade 4: Dendroctonus terebrans, D. valens, D. parallelocollis, D. rhizophagus;352
16.5.4.1;5.4.1. Dendroctonus terebrans (Olivier) (Black Turpentine Beetle);352
16.5.4.2;5.4.2. Dendroctonus valens LeConte (Red Turpentine Beetle);352
16.5.4.3;5.4.3. Dendroctonus parallelocollis Chapuis (No Common Name);353
16.5.4.4;5.4.5. Dendroctonus rhizophagus Thomas and Bright (No Common Name);353
16.5.5;5.5. Clade 5: Dendroctonus ponderosae, D. jeffreyi;354
16.5.5.1;5.5.1. Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Mountain Pine Beetle);354
16.5.5.2;5.5.2. Dendroctonus jeffreyi Hopkins (Jeffrey Pine Beetle);356
16.5.6;5.6. Clade 6: Dendroctonus vitei, D. frontalis, D. mexicanus, D. adjunctus, D. approximates, D. brevicomis;356
16.5.6.1;5.6.1. Dendroctonus vitei Wood (No Common Name);356
16.5.6.2;5.6.2. Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Southern Pine Beetle);356
16.5.6.3;5.6.3. Dendroctonus mexicanus Hopkins (Mexican Pine Beetle);357
16.5.6.4;5.6.4. Dendroctonus adjunctus Blandford (Roundheaded Pine Beetle);357
16.5.6.5;5.6.5. Dendroctonus approximatus Dietz (Larger Mexican Pine Beetle);358
16.5.6.6;5.6.6. Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte (Western Pine Beetle);358
16.6;6. Conclusion;359
16.7;References;360
17;Chapter 9: Biology, Systematics, and Evolution of Ips;372
17.1;1. Introduction;372
17.1.1;1.1. Biology;372
17.1.2;1.2. Pheromones;372
17.1.3;1.3. Taxonomic History;373
17.1.4;1.4. Subgenera;375
17.2;2. Historical perspective of species taxonomy;375
17.3;3. Phylogenetics and population genetics;378
17.4;4. Evolution;380
17.5;5. Annotated list of ips species;381
17.6;6. Conclusion;387
17.7;Acknowledgment;387
17.8;References;388
18;Chapter 10: The Genus Tomicus;392
18.1;1. Introduction;392
18.2;2. Taxonomic and phylogenetic aspects;392
18.2.1;2.1. Taxonomy;392
18.2.2;2.2. Phylogenetic Relationships between Species;395
18.2.3;2.3. General Morphology and Species Separation;396
18.3;3. Geographic distribution and host range;398
18.4;4. Basic biology and ecology;398
18.4.1;4.1. General Patterns, Gallery Systems, and Localization in Trees;398
18.4.2;4.2. Tomicus piniperda;400
18.4.3;4.3. Tomicus minor;403
18.4.4;4.4. Tomicus destruens;404
18.4.5;4.5. Tomicus yunnannensis;406
18.4.6;4.6. Other Tomicus Species;406
18.5;5. Biotic associations;407
18.5.1;5.1. Viruses, Bacteria, and Unicellular Eukaryotes;407
18.5.2;5.2. Fungi;408
18.5.2.1;5.2.1. Non-pathogenic Fungi;408
18.5.2.2;5.2.2. Insect-pathogenic Fungi;411
18.5.3;5.3. Nematodes;411
18.5.4;5.4. Mites (Acarina);413
18.5.5;5.5. Insects;413
18.5.6;5.6. Vertebrates;418
18.6;6. population dynamics;418
18.6.1;6.1. Principles of Population Dynamics and Strategies for Establishment on Trees;418
18.6.2;6.2. Factors involved in Population Dynamics;419
18.6.2.1;6.2.1. Fecundity and Brood Productivity;419
18.6.2.2;6.2.2. Population Regulating Factors;420
18.6.3;6.3. Density-dependent Factors;420
18.6.4;6.4. Density-independent Factors;422
18.6.5;6.5. Factors Affecting the Tree Resistance Level;423
18.6.5.1;6.5.1. Biotic Factors;423
18.6.5.2;6.5.2. Abiotic Factors;424
18.6.6;6.6. Conclusions on Population Dynamics;425
18.7;7. Dispersal;425
18.7.1;7.1. Natural Dispersal;425
18.7.2;7.2. Anthropogenic Dispersal;426
18.7.3;7.3. Climate Effects;426
18.8;8. Damage and economic and ecological importance;426
18.8.1;8.1. General Patterns;426
18.8.2;8.2. Shoot Damage;427
18.8.3;8.3. Tree Mortality;428
18.8.4;8.4. Economic Impact of Attacks;429
18.8.4.1;8.4.1. Consequences of Growth Losses and Tree Mortality;429
18.8.4.2;8.4.2. Consequences of Degradation of Timber Quality;430
18.8.5;8.5. Ecological Consequences;430
18.9;9. Management;430
18.9.1;9.1. Detection and Survey;430
18.9.2;9.2. Population Management Methods;431
18.9.2.1;9.2.1. The Case of T. piniperda;431
18.9.2.2;9.2.2. Other Tomicus Species;433
18.10;10. Conclusion;434
18.11;Acknowledgments;435
18.12;References;435
19;Chapter 11: The Genus Hypothenemus, with Emphasis on H. hampei, the Coffee Berry Borer;448
19.1;1. Introduction;448
19.2;2. The genus hypothenemus;448
19.2.1;2.1. Key Characters for Identification to Genus;448
19.2.2;2.2. Taxonomy;448
19.2.3;2.3. Typical Hypothenemus Life Cycle;451
19.2.4;2.4. Host Plants;451
19.2.5;2.5. An Introduction to Some Hypothenemus Species;451
19.2.6;2.6. Molecular Phylogenetics of Hypothenemus Species;456
19.3;3. Coffee and the coffee berry borer;456
19.3.1;3.1. Taxonomy and Synonymies;456
19.3.2;3.2. Taxonomic Characters (Figures11.3E and 11.4E);458
19.3.3;3.3. Distribution;458
19.3.4;3.4. Damage and Losses;458
19.3.5;3.5. Biology;460
19.3.5.1;3.5.1. Boring into the Berry;460
19.3.5.2;3.5.2. Oviposition;461
19.3.5.3;3.5.3. Larval Instars, Life Cycle, Adult Size, and Mating;461
19.3.5.4;3.5.4. Generations per Year;461
19.3.5.5;3.5.5. Sex Ratio;462
19.3.5.6;3.5.6. Longevity;462
19.3.5.7;3.5.7. Parthenogenesis;463
19.3.5.8;3.5.8. Functional Haplodiploidy;463
19.3.5.9;3.5.9. Pheromones;463
19.3.5.10;3.5.10. Vision;463
19.3.5.11;3.5.11. Microbiota and its Role in Caffeine Detoxification;464
19.3.5.12;3.5.12. Association with Fungi;464
19.3.5.13;3.5.13. Genome;465
19.3.6;3.6. Ecology;465
19.3.6.1;3.6.1. Host Plants;465
19.3.6.2;3.6.2. Host Finding;465
19.3.6.3;3.6.3. Dispersal;466
19.3.6.4;3.6.4. Flight;467
19.3.7;3.7. Shade;467
19.3.7.1;3.7.1. Shade and Fungal Entomopathogens;471
19.3.7.2;3.7.2. Effects of Shade on the Effectiveness of Insecticides;471
19.3.7.3;3.7.3. Shade and Ants;471
19.3.8;3.8. Rearing;472
19.3.9;3.9. Sampling;472
19.3.10;3.10. Traps and Attractants;472
19.3.11;3.11. Repellents;474
19.3.12;3.12. Plant Resistance;475
19.3.13;3.13. Endosulfan Resistance;476
19.3.14;3.14. Biological Control;476
19.3.14.1;3.14.1. Bacteria;476
19.3.14.2;3.14.2. Fungal Entomopathogens;477
19.3.14.3;3.14.3. Fungal Endophytes;480
19.3.14.4;3.14.4. Nematodes;480
19.3.14.5;3.14.5. Parasitoids;481
19.3.14.5.1;3.14.5.1. Prorops nasuta;481
19.3.14.5.1.1;Rearing Methods;482
19.3.14.5.1.2;Results of Cage Releases;483
19.3.14.5.1.3;Results of Field Releases;483
19.3.14.5.2;3.14.5.2. Cephalonomia stephanoderis;484
19.3.14.5.2.1;Rearing Methods;486
19.3.14.5.2.2;Results of Cage Releases;486
19.3.14.5.2.3;Results of Field Releases;486
19.3.14.5.3;3.14.5.3. Phymastichus coffea;487
19.3.14.5.3.1;Rearing Methods;490
19.3.14.5.3.2;Results of Cage Releases;490
19.3.14.5.3.3;Results of Field Releases;491
19.3.14.5.4;3.14.5.4. Heterospilus coffeicola;491
19.3.14.5.5;3.14.5.5. Cryptoxilos sp;492
19.3.14.5.6;3.14.5.6. Cephalonomia hyalinipennis;492
19.3.14.6;3.14.6. Predators;492
19.3.14.6.1;3.14.6.1. Ants;492
19.3.14.6.2;3.14.6.2. Birds;493
19.3.14.6.3;3.14.6.3. Thrips;494
19.3.14.6.4;3.14.6.4. Other predators;494
19.3.15;3.15. Cultural Control;494
19.3.16;3.16. Climate Change;495
19.4;4. Conclusions;495
19.5;Acknowledgments;495
19.6;References;496
20;Chapter 12: Scolytus and other Economically Important Bark and Ambrosia Beetles;516
20.1;1. Introduction to diversity of north american species;516
20.2;2. Scolytus;516
20.2.1;2.1. Overview;516
20.2.1.1;2.1.1. Diagnosis and Description (Modified from Smith and Cognato, in press) (Figure12.1);516
20.2.1.2;2.1.2. Taxonomic History;517
20.2.1.3;2.1.3. Biology;518
20.2.2;2.2. Economically Important Species;519
20.2.2.1;2.2.1. Scolytus ventralis LeConte-Fir Engraver;519
20.2.2.2;2.2.2. Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham)-Smaller European Elm Bark Beetle, European Elm Bark Beetle;519
20.2.2.3;2.2.3. Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov-Banded Elm Bark Beetle;520
20.2.2.4;2.2.4. Scolytus quadrispinosus Say-Hickory Bark Beetle;520
20.3;3. Polygraphus;521
20.3.1;3.1. Overview;521
20.3.1.1;3.1.1. Diagnosis and Description (Modified from Bright (1976) and Wood (1982)) (Figure12.2A-C);521
20.3.1.2;3.1.2. Taxonomic History;521
20.3.1.3;3.1.3. Biology;521
20.3.2;3.2. Economically Important Species;522
20.3.2.1;3.2.1. Polygraphus rufipennis Kirby-Foureyed Spruce Bark Beetle;522
20.4;4. Pseudohylesinus;522
20.4.1;4.1. Overview;522
20.4.1.1;4.1.1. Diagnosis and Description (Modified from Bright (1969, 1976) and Wood (1982)) (Figures12.2D-F);522
20.4.1.2;4.1.2. Taxonomic History;523
20.4.1.3;4.1.3. Biology;523
20.4.2;4.2. Economically Important Species;524
20.4.2.1;4.2.1. Pseudohylesinus granulatus LeConte-Fir Root Bark Beetle;524
20.5;5. Dryocoetes;524
20.5.1;5.1. Overview;524
20.5.1.1;5.1.1. Diagnosis and Description (Modified from Bright (1963) and Wood (1982)) (Figure12.3);524
20.5.1.2;5.1.2. Taxonomic History;525
20.5.1.3;5.1.3. Biology;525
20.5.2;5.2. Economically Important Species;526
20.5.2.1;5.2.1. Dryocoetes confusus Swaine-Western Balsam Bark Beetle (Figure12.3);526
20.6;6. Xyleborus;526
20.6.1;6.1. Overview;526
20.6.1.1;6.1.1. Diagnosis and Description (from Hulcr and Smith, 2010) (Figure 11.4A, B);526
20.6.1.2;6.1.2. Taxonomic History;527
20.6.1.3;6.1.3. Biology;527
20.6.1.4;6.1.4. Tree-killing Xyleborini;528
20.6.2;6.2. Economically Important Species;528
20.6.2.1;6.2.1. Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff-Redbay Ambrosia Beetle (Figure12.4A, B);528
20.7;7. Euwallacea;529
20.7.1;7.1. Overview;529
20.7.1.1;7.1.1. Diagnosis and Description (Modified from Hulcr and Smith, 2010) (Figure12.4C, D);529
20.7.1.2;7.1.2. Taxonomic History;530
20.7.1.3;7.1.3. Biology;530
20.7.2;7.2. Economically Important Species;530
20.7.2.1;7.2.1. Euwallacea destruens (Blandford);530
20.7.2.2;7.2.2. Euwallacea fornicatus (Eichhoff) (Figure12.4C, D);530
20.7.2.3;7.2.3. Euwallacea validus (Eichhoff);531
20.8;8. Xylosandrus;531
20.8.1;8.1. Overview;531
20.8.1.1;8.1.1. Diagnosis and Description (Modified from Hulcr and Smith, 2010 and Dole and Cognato, 2010) (Figure12.5A, B);531
20.8.1.2;8.1.2. Taxonomic History;532
20.8.1.3;8.1.3. Biology;532
20.8.2;8.2. Economically Important Species;532
20.8.2.1;8.2.1. Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff)-Black Twig Borer (Figure12.5A, B);532
20.8.2.2;8.2.2. Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky)-Granulate Ambrosia Beetle;533
20.8.2.3;8.2.3. Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford);533
20.9;9. Trypodendron;534
20.9.1;9.1. Overview;534
20.9.1.1;9.1.1. Diagnosis and Description (Modified from Chamberlain (1939, 1958) and Wood (1957b, 1982) (Figure12.5C-E);534
20.9.1.2;9.1.2. Taxonomic History;534
20.9.1.3;9.1.3. Biology;534
20.9.2;9.2. Economically Important Species;535
20.9.2.1;9.2.1. Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier)-Striped Ambrosia Beetle (Figure12.5C-E);535
20.10;10. Pityophthorus;535
20.10.1;10.1. Overview;535
20.10.1.1;10.1.1. Diagnosis and Description (Modified from Bright (1976, 1981) and Wood (1982)) (Figure12.7);536
20.10.1.2;10.1.2. Taxonomic History;536
20.10.1.3;10.1.3. Biology;537
20.10.2;10.2. Economically Important Species;538
20.10.2.1;10.2.1. Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman-Walnut Twig Beetle (Figure12.7);538
20.11;11. Conophthorus;538
20.11.1;11.1. Overview;538
20.11.1.1;11.1.1. Diagnosis and Description (Modified from Hopkins (1915) and Wood (1982)) (Figure12.8);538
20.11.1.2;11.1.2. Taxonomic History;539
20.11.1.3;11.1.3. Biology;539
20.11.2;11.2. Economically Important Species;540
20.11.2.1;11.2.1. Conophthorus ponderosae Hopkins-Lodgepole Cone Beetle, Ponderosa Pine Cone Beetle, Sugar Pine Cone Beetle (Figure...;540
20.12;12. Gnathotrichus;540
20.12.1;12.1. Overview;540
20.12.1.1;12.1.1. Diagnosis and Description (Modified from Blackman (1931) and Wood (1982)) (Figure12.9);540
20.12.1.2;12.1.2. Taxonomic History;541
20.12.1.3;12.1.3. Biology;541
20.12.2;12.2. Economically Important Species;542
20.12.2.1;12.2.1. Gnathotrichus sulcatus LeConte (Figure12.9);542
20.13;13. Monarthrum;542
20.13.1;13.1. Overview;542
20.13.1.1;13.1.1. Diagnosis and Description (Modified from Bright (1976) and Wood (1982, 2007)) (Figure12.10);542
20.13.1.2;13.1.2. Taxonomic History;543
20.13.1.3;13.1.3. Biology;543
20.13.2;13.2. Economically Important Species;544
20.13.2.1;13.2.1. Monarthrum fasciatum (Say) (Figure12.10);544
20.13.2.2;13.2.2. Monarthrum mali (Fitch);544
20.13.2.3;13.3.3. Monarthrum scutelllare (LeConte);544
20.14;14. Conclusion;544
20.15;Acknowledgments;545
20.16;References;545
21;Chapter 13: Modeling Bark Beetle Responses to Climate Change;554
21.1;1. Introduction;554
21.2;2. Model types and data requirements;555
21.2.1;2.1. Phenology Models;555
21.2.1.1;2.1.1. Development Time;556
21.2.1.2;2.1.2. Diapause;556
21.2.1.3;2.1.3. Cold Hardening;557
21.2.2;2.2. Ecosystem Models;557
21.2.3;2.3. Management Models;557
21.3;3. Developed models;558
21.3.1;3.1. Dendroctonus frontalis (Zimmermann);558
21.3.1.1;3.1.1. Phenology Models;558
21.3.1.2;3.1.2. Ecosystem Models;559
21.3.1.3;3.1.3. Management Models;559
21.3.2;3.2. Dendroctonus ponderosa (Hopkins);559
21.3.2.1;3.2.1. Phenology Models;559
21.3.2.1.1;3.2.1.1. Application of phenology models;561
21.3.2.2;3.2.2. Ecosystem Models;562
21.3.2.3;3.2.3. Management Models;562
21.3.3;3.3. Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby);563
21.3.3.1;3.3.1. Phenology Models;563
21.3.3.2;3.3.2. Ecosystem Models;563
21.3.3.3;3.3.3. Management Models;563
21.3.4;3.4. Hylobius abietis (L.);563
21.3.4.1;3.4.1. Phenology Models;563
21.3.4.2;3.4.2. Ecosystem Models;564
21.3.4.3;3.4.3. Management Models;564
21.3.5;3.5. Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari);564
21.3.5.1;3.5.1. Phenology Models;564
21.3.5.2;3.5.2. Ecosystem Models;564
21.3.5.3;3.5.3. Management Models;565
21.3.6;3.6. Ips typographus (L.);565
21.3.6.1;3.6.1. Phenology Models;565
21.3.6.2;3.6.2. Ecosystem Models;565
21.3.6.3;3.6.3. Management Models;566
21.4;4. Comparisons among bark beetle species in response to climate;566
21.4.1;4.1. Phenology Models;566
21.4.2;4.2. Ecosystem and Management Models;567
21.5;5. Model limitations;568
21.6;6. Conclusions;569
21.7;Acknowledgment;570
21.8;References;570
22;Chapter 14: Management Strategies for Bark Beetles in Conifer Forests;576
22.1;1. Introduction;576
22.1.1;1.1. Bark Beetle Ecology;577
22.1.2;1.2. Development of Outbreaks;578
22.2;2. Detection and survey;579
22.2.1;2.1. Aerial Survey;579
22.2.2;2.2. Ground-based Surveys;580
22.3;3. Risk and hazard rating;581
22.4;4. Direct control;583
22.4.1;4.1. Acoustics;583
22.4.2;4.2. Biological Control;583
22.4.3;4.3. Cultural;584
22.4.3.1;4.3.1. Sanitation;584
22.4.3.2;4.3.2. Salvage;585
22.4.4;4.4. Insecticides;585
22.4.5;4.5. Fire;586
22.4.6;4.6. Semiochemicals;587
22.4.6.1;4.6.1. Attractants;587
22.4.6.2;4.6.2. Inhibitors;588
22.4.6.3;4.6.3. Future Semiochemical Research;590
22.5;5. Indirect control;590
22.5.1;5.1. Thinning;590
22.5.2;5.2. Landscape Heterogeneity;592
22.5.3;5.3. Prescribed Fire;592
22.5.4;5.4. Social Acceptance of Management Strategies;592
22.6;6. Case study-management of ips typographus in central europe;592
22.6.1;6.1. Sanitation Salvage;593
22.6.2;6.2. Trap Trees;593
22.6.3;6.3. Pheromone-baited Traps;594
22.6.4;6.4. Push Pull;595
22.6.5;6.5. Debarking of Infested Host Material;595
22.6.6;6.6. Biological Control;595
22.6.7;6.7. Insecticides;595
22.6.8;6.8. Risk and Hazard Rating and Silviculture;595
22.7;7. Conclusions;596
22.8;References;597
23;Chapter 15: Economics and Politics of Bark Beetles;606
23.1;1. Introduction-ecosystems, humans, and bark beetles;606
23.2;2. Economics;606
23.2.1;2.1. Damage;606
23.2.1.1;2.1.1. Silvicultural Consequences;606
23.2.1.2;2.1.2. Environmental Consequences;607
23.2.1.3;2.1.3. Economic Consequences;608
23.2.1.4;2.1.4. Social Dimensions;608
23.2.2;2.2. Salvage;609
23.2.2.1;2.2.1. Silvicultural Salvage;609
23.2.2.2;2.2.2. Industrial Salvage;610
23.3;3. Politics;610
23.3.1;3.1. Management;610
23.3.2;3.2. Anticipating Trouble;611
23.3.2.1;3.2.1. Predictive Models;611
23.3.2.2;3.2.2. Exotic Species;611
23.4;4. A diversity of patterns-illustrative case studies;611
23.4.1;4.1. Fallen and Standing Alike-The Eight-toothed Spruce Bark Beetle in Eurasia;611
23.4.2;4.2. A Deadly Mistake, but for Which Party?-Secondary Ambrosia Beetles Attacking Living Beech in Europe;622
23.4.3;4.3. Fallen and Standing Alike-The Spruce Beetle in North America;623
23.4.4;4.4. A Political, Economic and Ecological Challenge-The Mountain Pine Beetle in British Columbia;624
23.4.5;4.5. A Chronic Presence-The Pine Engraver Across the Continent;625
23.5;5. Conclusions;627
23.6;References;627
24;Index;636

Leseproben

Dedication
We dedicate this book to Dr. Donald E. Bright, in recognition of his outstanding contributions to systematics, biology, zoogeography, and the evolution of bark and ambrosia beetles. Don was born in 1934 in Columbus, Ohio, and received his Bachelor of Science degree from Colorado State University in 1957. He served as an entomologist in the U. S. Army from 1957-1959, and in 1961 received his Master of Science degree from Brigham Young University in Utah, where he worked with Stephen L. Wood. In 1965 he was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of California at Berkeley and in 1966 he started working as a Research Scientist at the Canadian National Collection of Insects, in Ottawa. Don retired in 2003 and moved to Fort Collins, Colorado, in 2006, where he joined Colorado State University as a Faculty Affiliate at the C. P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity in the Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management. Don has published nearly 100 bark and ambrosia beetle-related publications (below), including “A Catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae” with Steve Wood (Wood and Bright, 1987, 1992), as well as three supplements to the catalog (Bright and Skidmore, 1997, 2002, Bright, 2014). Don’s contributions have been instrumental in gaining a better understanding of bark and ambrosia beetles. Publications of D. E. Bright (in chronological order):
Bright DE. Bark beetles of the genus Dryocoetes Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in North America. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1963;56:103–115. Bright DE. Descriptions of three new species and new distribution records of California bark beetles. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 1964;40:165–170. Bushing RW, Bright DE. New records of hymenopterous parasites from California Scolytidae. Can. Entomol. 1965;97:199–204. Bright DE. New species of bark beetles from California with notes on synonymy (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 1966;42:295–306. Bright DE. Support for suppression of Xyleborus Bowdich, 1825. Bull. Zool. Nom. 1966;23:132. Bright DE. Catalogue of the Swaine types of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) with designations of lectotypes. Can. Entomol. 1967;99:673–681. Bright DE. Lectotype designations for Cryphalus amabilis and C. grandis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Entomol. 1967;99:681. Bright DE. A review of the genus Cactopinus, with descriptions of two new species and a new genus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Entomol. 1967;99:917–925. Bright DE. Review of the genus Leiparthrum Wollaston in North America, with a description of one new species (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Entomol. 1968;100:636–639. Bright DE. Three new species of Pityophthorus from Canada (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Entomol. 1968;100:604–608. Bright DE. Review of the tribe Xyleborini in America north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Entomol. 1968;100:1288–1323. Bright DE. Biology and taxonomy of bark beetle species in the genus Pseudohylesinus Swaine (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). University of California Publications in Entomology. 1969;54:1–46. Thomas JB, Bright DE. A new species of Dendroctonus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) from Mexico. Can. Entomol. 1970;102:479–483. Bright DE. A note concerning Pseudohylesinus sericeus (Mannerheim) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Entomol. 1970;102:499–500. Bright DE. New species, new synonymies and new records of bark beetles from Arizona and California (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 1971;47:63–70. Bright DE. Bark beetles from Newfoundland (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ann. Soc. Entomol. Que. 1971;16:124–127. Bright DE. The Scolytidae and Platypodidae of Jamaica (Coleoptera). Bulletin of the Institute of Jamaica. 1972;21:1–108. Bright DE. New species of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) from Mexico, with additional notes. 1. Tribes Xyleborini and Corthylini. Can. Entomol. 1972;104:1369–1385. Bright DE. New species of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) from Mexico, with additional notes. II. Subfamilies Scolytinae and Hylesininae. Can. Entomol. 1972;104:1489–1497. Bright D. New species of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) from Mexico, with additional notes. III. Tribe Pityophthorini (except Pityophthorus). Can. Entomol. 1972;104:1665–1679. Bright DE. Xyleborus howdenae, new name, and some corrections to “The Scolytidae and Platypodidae of Jamaica”. Coleopterists Bull. 1973;27:18. Bright DE, Stark RW. The bark and ambrosia beetles of California (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). California Insect Survey Bulletin. 1973;16:1–169. Bright DE. Comments on the proposed conservation of four generic names of Scolytidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Z.N.(S.) 2069-2072. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 1975;32:135. Bright DE. The Insects and Arachnids of Canada, Part 2. The Bark Beetles of Canada and Alaska (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Agriculture Canada Publication No. 1576 1976 pp. 1–241. Bright DE. Biological notes and new localities for three rare species of North American Trogositidae (Coleoptera). Coleopterists Bull. 1976;30:169–170. Bright DE. Lectotype designations for various species of North American Pityophthorus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Coleopterists Bull. 1976;30:183–188. Bright DE. New synonymy, new combinations, and new species of North American Pityophthorus(Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Part II. Great Basin Nat. 1976;36:425–444. Bright DE. New synonymy, new combinations, and new species of North American Pityophthorus(Coleoptera: Scolytidae). I. Can. Entomol. 1977;109:511–532. Bright DE. New synonomy, new species, and taxonomic notes of North American Pityophthorus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Part III. Great Basin Nat. 1978;38:71–84. Bright DE. International voucher specimen collection of Scolytidae. Entomol. Soc. Can. Bull. 1978;10:42. Campbell JM, Ball GE, Becker EC, Bright DE, Helava J, Howden HF, Parry RH, Peck SB, Smetana A. Coleoptera. In: Danks HV, ed. Canada and its Insect Fauna. 357–387. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada. 1979;108. Bright DE. Studies on West Indian Scolytidae (Coleoptera) I. New species, new distribution records and taxonomic notes. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 1981;16:151–164. Bright DE. Afrotrypetus, a new genus of bark beetles from Africa (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Coleopterists Bull. 1981;35:113–116. Bright DE. Taxonomic monograph of the genus Pityophthorus Eichhoff in North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 1981;118:1–378. Bright DE. Studies on the Xyleborini 1. Three new species of Schedlia from New Guinea (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Coleopterists Bull. 1980;34:369–372. Bright DE. Eye reduction in a cavernicolous population of Coccotrypes dactyliperda Fabricius (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Coleopterists Bull. 1981;35:117–120. Bright DE. A new synonym of Agrilus sayi (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Can. Entomol. 1981;113:871. Bright DE. Studies on West Indian Scolytidae (Coleoptera) 2. New distribution records and descriptions of a new genus and species. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 1982;17:163–186. Bright DE. Scolytidae (Coleoptera) from the Cocos Islands, Costa Rica, with description of one new species. Coleopterists Bull. 1982;36:127–130. Bright DE, Stock MW. Taxonomy and geographic variation. In: Mitton JB, Sturgeon KB, eds. Bark Beetles in North American Conifers. A System for the Study of Evolutionary Biology. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1982:46–73. Stewart WE, Bright DE. Notes on Pissodes fiskei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with a redescription of the species. Coleopterists Bull. 1982;36:445–452. Bright DE. New species and records of North American Pityophthorus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Part IV: The Scriptor Group. Great Basin Nat. 1985;45:467–475. Bright DE. New species and new records of North America Pityophthorus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Part V: The Juglandis Group. Great Basin Nat. 1985;45:476–482. Bright DE. Studies on West Indian Scolytidae (Coleoptera) 3. Checklist of Scolytidae of the West Indies, with descriptions of new species and taxonomic notes. Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum G. Frey. 1985;33(34):169–187. Bright DE. A...