E-Book, Englisch, 288 Seiten
Wallace / Ross Beyond Human Error
Erscheinungsjahr 2004
ISBN: 978-0-203-49117-1
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
Taxonomies and Safety Science
E-Book, Englisch, 288 Seiten
ISBN: 978-0-203-49117-1
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
A ground-breaking new book, Beyond Human Error: Taxonomies and Safety Science deconstructs the conventional concept of “human error” and provides a whole new way of looking at accidents and how they might be prevented. Based on research carried out in the rail, nuclear, and defense industries, the authors show how, by concentrating solely on ”human error,” systems and sociological factors are frequently ignored in contemporary safety science. They also argue that the “information processing” view of human cognition, the foundation of the majority of safety science and ergonomics, is hopelessly simplistic and leads to ineffective or even misguided intervention strategies. Wallace and Ross explore how what they call the “technically rational” view of science can hamper the process of creating a taxonomy of error events, and the implications this has for the current orthodoxy. In laying out the limitations of the “technically rational” viewpoint, they clearly define their own alternative approach. They begin by demonstrating that the creation of reliable taxonomies is crucial and provide examples of how they created such taxonomies in the nuclear and rail industries. They go on to offer a critique of conventional “frequentist” statistics and provide coherent, easy to use alternatives. They conclude by re-analyzing infamous disasters such as theSpace Shuttle Challenger accident to demonstrate how the “standard” view of these events ignores social and distributed factors. The book concludes with a stimulating and provocative description of the implications of this new approach for safety science, and the social sciences as a whole. While providing a clear and intelligible introduction to the theory of human error and contemporary thinking in safety science, Wallace and Ross mount a challenge to the old orthodoxy and provide a practical alternative paradigm.
Zielgruppe
Students, organizational pyschologists, ergonomics and human factors professionals.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
Safety and Science
Reflective Practice and Safety Practice
Abstraction and Safety Science
Causality and Accidents
Heinrich
The Myth of the Root Cause
Models of Accident Causation
References Safety and Taxonomies
Introduction
The Purpose of a Database and a Taxonomy
The Privileged Classifier
The Correspondence Theory of Classification
Taxonomies and Safety
Applications of Taxonomy Theory
Conclusion
References Taxonomic Consensus
Reliability and Validity
The Logic of Taxonomic Consensus
Approaches to Probability
Quantifying Taxonomic Consensus
Simple Conditional Probability for Taxonomic Consensus
Signal Detection Theory and Reliability Testing
Conclusion
References Taxonomic Output and Validity
Traditional Analyses and Possible Alternatives
Probabilistic Risk Assessment
Problems with the Null Hypothesis Test
Hot Science
Working with Taxonomic Data
Conclusion
References Psychology and Human Factors
Taxonomies and Psychology
The History of Cognitivism
Information Processing
Situated Cognition
Embodied Cognition
Distributed Cognition
Discursive Psychology
Conclusion
References Cybernetics and Systems Theory
Second-Order Cybernetics
Cybernetics, Systems Theory, and Human Behavior
Cybernetics: Conclusion
Normal Accidents
Conclusion
References Challenger and Columbia
The Challenger Disaster
Columbia
Conclusion
References
Rules and Regulations
Rules, Physics, and Cognition
Laws
Psychology
Rules and Regulations
Technical Rationality
Self-Organization
The Social View
Why Has the Accident Rate Gone Down?
Interpreting Accident Statistics
Empowerment
Conclusion
References Conclusion
Science, Etc
References
Appendix 1 Carrying Out a Reliability Trial
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