Watson Bioactive Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements in Neurological and Brain Disease

Prevention and Therapy
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-12-411529-3
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 528 Seiten

Nutritional supplement research concerning brain health and neurological disease is becoming an important focus. While nutritional supplements are very popular for general health and well being, the effectiveness of common supplements and their impact on general brain health and for the treatment or prevention of neurological disease is not clearly understood. This comprehensive introduction to bioactive nutraceuticals for brain and neurological provides a foundation review for research neuroscientists, clinical neurologists, pharmacology researchers and nutrition scientists on what we know now about these supplements and the brain and where focused research is still necessary. - Foundational review content covering nutrition and brain and neurological health - Reviews known nutritional supplements and impact on brain and neurological health - Comprehensive coverage ideal for research scientists and clinical practitioners

Autoren/Hrsg.

Watson, Ronald Ross

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;BIOACTIVE NUTRACEUTICALS AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS IN NEUROLOGICAL AND BRAIN DISEASE;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;Preface;14
6;About the Editors;16
7;Contributors;18
8;Acknowledgments;22
9;SECTION I -
THE ROLE OF COMPLEMENTARYAND ALTERNATIVE SUPPLEMENTS:;24
9.1;Chapter 1 - Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Botanical Extracts Contribute to Their Protective Effects in Brain Edema in Cerebral Ischemia;26
9.1.1;INTRODUCTION;26
9.1.2;ROLE OF PROINFLAMMATORY PROTEINS IN BRAIN EDEMA IN ISCHEMIC INJURY;27
9.1.3;THE ROLE OF BOTANICAL EXTRACTS IN ATTENUATING BRAIN EDEMA AND CELL SWELLING IN ISCHEMIA;28
9.1.4;THE ROLE OF BOTANICAL EXTRACTS IN REDUCING INFLAMMATION IN INJURY;30
9.1.5;CONCLUSION;30
9.1.6;CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT;30
9.1.7;Acknowledgments;34
9.1.8;References;34
9.2;Chapter 2 - Blueberry Polyphenols and Neuroprotection;40
9.2.1;INTRODUCTION;40
9.2.2;BLUEBERRY POLYPHENOLS;40
9.2.3;NEURODEGENERATION: MECHANISMS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR BRAIN PERFORMANCE;42
9.2.4;NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF BLUEBERRY POLYPHENOLS;43
9.2.5;CONCLUSIONS;48
9.2.6;References;48
9.3;Chapter 3 - Neuropharmacology Effects of Saffron (Crocus sativus) and Its Active Constituents;52
9.3.1;INTRODUCTION;52
9.3.2;ANIMAL STUDIES;54
9.3.3;CLINICAL STUDIES;59
9.3.4;CONCLUSION;59
9.3.5;References;59
9.4;Chapter 4 - Lutein, Brain, and Neurological Functions;64
9.4.1;ADULTS AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION;65
9.4.2;EYE–BRAIN CONNECTION;65
9.4.3;CAROTENOIDS IN EYE AND BRAIN;65
9.4.4;EARLY LIFE PERIOD;66
9.4.5;INFLUENCE OF CAROTENOIDS ON BRAIN FUNCTIONS;67
9.4.6;LUTEIN AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION;68
9.4.7;LUTEIN AND PARKINSON’S DISEASE;68
9.4.8;LUTEIN AND HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE;69
9.4.9;CONCLUSION;69
9.4.10;References;69
9.5;Chapter 5 - Bioactive Nutrients for Brain Health: An Overview;72
9.5.1;An Overview;72
9.5.2;DIET AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION;74
9.5.3;References;77
9.6;Chapter 6 - Using Paullinia cupana (Guarana) to Treat Fatigue and Other Symptoms of Cancer and Cancer Treatment;80
9.6.1;INTRODUCTION;80
9.6.2;PAULLINIA CUPANA (GUARANA);80
9.6.3;CANCER-RELATED FATIGUE;81
9.6.4;THE USE OF GUARANA FOR CRF TREATMENT;82
9.6.5;MECHANISM OF ACTION OF GUARANA IN PATIENTS WITH CRF;83
9.6.6;PRELIMINARY DATA ON THE DRY GUARANA EXTRACT FOR TERMINAL CANCER PATIENTS WITH HISTORY OF WEIGHT LOSS (TUMOR CACHEXIA);83
9.6.7;PRELIMINARY DATA ON DRY GUARANA EXTRACT FOR TREATMENT OF HOT FLASHES IN BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS;85
9.6.8;References;86
9.7;Chapter 7 - Polyphenols, Nerve Growth Factor, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, and the Brain;88
9.7.1;THE BRAIN;88
9.7.2;NEUROTROPHINS;88
9.7.3;POLYPHENOLS;89
9.7.4;POLYPHENOLS AND THE BRAIN;90
9.7.5;POLYPHENOLS AND NEUROTROPHINS;91
9.7.6;CONCLUSIONS;92
9.7.7;DISCLOSURE;92
9.7.8;References;92
9.8;Chapter 8 - The Antiaggregative, Antiamyloid Properties of Bioactive Polyphenols in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease;96
9.8.1;INTRODUCTION;96
9.8.2;(-) EPIGALLOCATECHIN-3-GALLATE;97
9.8.3;CURCUMIN;97
9.8.4;RESVERATROL;98
9.8.5;CONCLUSION;98
9.8.6;References;98
9.9;Chapter 9 - Rhinacanthus Nasutus Extract as a Neuroprotectant;100
9.9.1;RHINACANTHUS NASUTUS PROPERTIES AND USE IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE;100
9.9.2;RHINACANTHUS NASUTUS AND ITS EMERGING POTENTIAL ROLE AS A NEUROPROTECTANT;103
9.9.3;RHINACANTHUS NASUTUS, IMMUNE RESPONSE, AND NEUROPROTECTION;104
9.9.4;References;106
10;SECTION II - ROLE OF DIETS, COMPLEMENTARY,
AND ALTERNATIVE SUPPLEMENTS
IN PREVENTION AND TREATMENT
OF NEURODEGENERATIVE
DISEASES;108
10.1;Chapter 10 - Nutraceuticals, Dietary Supplements, and Functional Foods as Alternatives for the Relief of Neuropathic Pain;110
10.1.1;NUTRACEUTICALS AND FOOD SUPPLEMENTS AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN TREATMENT;112
10.1.2;CONCLUSION;114
10.1.3;References;114
10.2;Chapter 11 - The Therapeutic Activities of Selected Scrophulariaceae and Buddlejaceae Species and Their Secondary Metabolites Against Neurodegenerative Diseases;118
10.2.1;INTRODUCTION;118
10.2.2;VERBASCUM SPECIES (MULLEIN) AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITIES AGAINST NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES;121
10.2.3;SCROPHULARIA SPECIES (FIGWORT) AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITIES AGAINST NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES;123
10.2.4;BUDDLEJA SPECIES (BUTTERFLY BUSH) AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITIES AGAINST NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES;126
10.2.5;SECONDARY METABOLITES AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITIES AGAINST NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES;129
10.2.6;CONCLUSION;132
10.2.7;References;132
10.3;Chapter 12 - Ginkgo biloba Extracts in Neurological Disorders Therapy: Clinical Trials;136
10.3.1;Clinical Trials;136
10.3.2;INTRODUCTION;136
10.3.3;MEDICAL USES;137
10.3.4;DOSAGE AND DURATION;138
10.3.5;NORMAL COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING;138
10.3.6;AGE-RELATED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT;138
10.3.7;AGE-RELATED DEMENTIA AND ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE;139
10.3.8;DEMENTIA AND ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE;141
10.3.9;MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS;143
10.3.10;TARDIVE DYSKINESIA;143
10.3.11;META-ANALYSIS AND SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS OF GINKGO CLINICAL TRIALS;144
10.3.12;SIDE EFFECTS AND QUALITY ISSUES OF EGB 761®;144
10.3.13;EXPOSURE TO GINKGO LEAF EXTRACTS IN CLINICAL STUDIES;145
10.3.14;CONCLUSION;145
10.3.15;References;146
10.4;Chapter 13 - The Ketogenic Diet for the Adjuvant Treatment of Malignant Brain Tumors;148
10.4.1;INTRODUCTION;148
10.4.2;TUMOR METABOLISM;148
10.4.3;THE KETOGENIC DIET;149
10.4.4;MECHANISMS OF ACTION;150
10.4.5;CASE STUDIES AND CLINICAL TRIALS;154
10.4.6;IMPLEMENTATION OF THE KD;154
10.4.7;CONCLUSIONS;155
10.4.8;References;156
10.5;Chapter 14 - Reduction is the New Youth: The Effect of Polyphenols on Brain Aging and Diseases;160
10.5.1;The Effect of Polyphenols on Brain Aging and Diseases;160
10.5.2;CONCLUSION;162
10.5.3;References;163
10.6;Chapter 15 - Natural Sleep Aids and Polyphenols as Treatments for Insomnia;164
10.6.1;INTRODUCTION;164
10.6.2;HERBAL SUPPLEMENTS FOR TREATING INSOMNIA;165
10.6.3;HYPNOTIC EFFECTS OF TERRESTRIAL PLANT POLYPHENOLS;166
10.6.4;HYPNOTIC EFFECTS OF MARINE PLANT POLYPHENOLS;170
10.6.5;CONCLUSION;172
10.6.6;References;172
10.7;Chapter 16 - The Effects of Trace Element Deficiencies on Neurological Disease and Treatment with Trace Element Support;176
10.7.1;INTRODUCTION;176
10.7.2;ZINC DEFICIENCY, NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS, AND ZINC SUPPLEMENT;177
10.7.3;NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES AND MG SUPPLEMENT;178
10.7.4;SELENIUM AND NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES;178
10.7.5;IRON DEFICIENCY AND BRAIN DISEASES;179
10.7.6;COPPER DEFICIENCY AND BRAIN DISEASES;180
10.7.7;IODINE DEFICIENCY AND IODINE SUPPLEMENTATION IN NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS;180
10.7.8;CONCLUSION;180
10.7.9;References;181
10.8;Chapter 17 - Nutritional Supplementation in Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome;184
10.8.1;INTRODUCTION;184
10.8.2;IS EHLERS-DANLOS SYNDROME A NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER?;186
10.8.3;DIETARY FACTS IN EHLERS-DANLOS SYNDROME;187
10.8.4;NUTRITIONAL RESOURCES BY CLINICAL FEATURE;187
10.8.5;CONCLUSIONS;190
10.8.6;References;191
11;SECTION III - MOOD AND COGNITION BY NUTRACEUTICAL
INTERVENTIONS;194
11.1;Chapter 18 - Ayurvedic Approach to Food and Dietary Supplements for the Brain and Neurologic Health;196
11.1.1;INTRODUCTION;196
11.1.2;THE THREE DOSHAS;196
11.1.3;IMPORTANCE OF DIET AND DIGESTION;197
11.1.4;SHADARASA (SIX TYPES OF TASTE);197
11.1.5;PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSTITUTION AND FOOD;197
11.1.6;AYURVEDIC CONCEPT OF VYADHI (DISEASE);197
11.1.7;VIRUDDHA AHARA (INCOMPATIBLE FOODS);198
11.1.8;FOODS THAT ARE BENEFICIAL FOR THE BRAIN AND NEUROLOGICAL HEALTH;198
11.1.9;HERBS AND HERBAL MIXTURES FOR THE BRAIN AND NEUROLOGICAL HEALTH;198
11.1.10;GHEE AS A THERAPEUTIC VEHICLE;199
11.1.11;CONCLUSION;200
11.1.12;Acknowledgments;200
11.1.13;References;200
11.2;Chapter 19 - The Effect of Acai (Euterpe spp.) Fruit Pulp on Brain Health and Performance;202
11.2.1;INTRODUCTION;202
11.2.2;ACAI FRUIT PULP;203
11.2.3;CONCLUSION;207
11.2.4;References;207
11.3;Chapter 20 - Chili Pepper Compounds in the Management of Neuropathic Pain;210
11.3.1;INTRODUCTION;210
11.3.2;CHILI PEPPER AND ITS COMPOUNDS;210
11.3.3;PHARMACOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CAPSAICIN;212
11.3.4;FORMULATIONS OF TOPICAL CAPSAICIN;214
11.3.5;CAPSAICIN FOR THE TREATMENT OF PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIC PAIN;214
11.3.6;CONCLUSIONS;215
11.3.7;References;216
11.4;Chapter 21 - Curcumin and Neurological/Brain Disorders;220
11.4.1;INTRODUCTION;220
11.4.2;HERBAL MEDICINES AND NERVOUS SYSTEM;221
11.4.3;CURCUMIN;222
11.4.4;A CURCUMIN SOURCE WITH ENHANCED BIOAVAILABILITY;223
11.4.5;CONCLUSION;224
11.4.6;References;224
12;SECTION IV - DRUGS AND FOODS AND NUTRACEUTICAL INTERACTIONS DURING TREATMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES:TOXICITIES;228
12.1;Chapter 22 - The Effects of Taurine Exposure on the Brain and Neurological Disorders;230
12.1.1;INTRODUCTION;230
12.1.2;TAURINE DEVELOPMENTAL DISTRIBUTION IN THE BRAIN;230
12.1.3;TAURINE BIOSYNTHESIS IN THE BRAIN;231
12.1.4;BLOOD–BRAIN TAURINE TRANSPORT;232
12.1.5;ACTIONS OF TAURINE IN THE BRAIN;233
12.1.6;TAURINE IN LEARNING AND MEMORY;233
12.1.7;TAURINE IN NEURAL CONTROL OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE;234
12.1.8;References;235
12.2;Chapter 23 - Adverse Neurological Effects Caused by the Ingestion of Plants, Seeds, and Fruits;238
12.2.1;INTRODUCTION;238
12.2.2;CONSUMPTION OF TOXIC PLANTS IN THE DIET;238
12.2.3;HEALING PLANTS;239
12.2.4;ACUTE INTOXICATIONS DUE TO TOXIC PLANTS;239
12.2.5;HALLUCINOGENIC PLANTS AND CACTI;240
12.2.6;FUNGI AND MYCOTOXINS;241
12.2.7;CONCLUSION;242
12.2.8;References;242
12.3;Chapter 24 - Molecular Mechanisms of Geniposide and Genipin Against Alzheimer’s Disease;244
12.3.1;ANTI-A. TOXICITY;245
12.3.2;ANTI-OXIDATIVE STRESS;245
12.3.3;ANTIENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS;246
12.3.4;ANTI-INFLAMMATION;246
12.3.5;PROMOTING NEURITE OUTGROWTH;247
12.3.6;ACTIVATION OF GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE 1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1R);248
12.3.7;SUMMARY;248
12.3.8;Acknowledgments;248
12.3.9;References;249
12.4;Chapter 25 - Flavones and Flavonols in Brain and Disease: Facts and Pitfalls;252
12.4.1;Facts and Pitfalls;252
12.4.2;BRAIN PATHOLOGY: OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION;252
12.4.3;FLAVONES AND FLAVONOLS: CHEMICAL AND STRUCTURAL FEATURES;253
12.4.4;BRAIN EFFECTS OF FLAVONES AND FLAVONOLS: IN VIVO EVIDENCE;253
12.4.5;WORKING MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE BRAIN EFFECTS OF FLAVONES AND FLAVONOLS: IN VITRO EVIDENCE;255
12.4.6;CONCLUSION;258
12.4.7;References;258
12.5;Chapter 26 - Mercury and Neurodegeneration;260
12.5.1;SOURCES OF MERCURY EXPOSURE;260
12.5.2;HG METABOLISM;261
12.5.3;INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER DIETARY FACTORS;262
12.5.4;ROLE OF HG IN NEUROLOGICAL PATHOLOGY;262
12.5.5;TREATMENT;264
12.5.6;References;265
12.6;Chapter 27 - Ameliorative Effects of Nutraceuticals in Neurological Disorders;268
12.6.1;INTRODUCTION;268
12.6.2;GARLIC (ALLIUM SATIVUM);270
12.6.3;CURCUMIN (CURCUMA LONGA L);271
12.6.4;ASHWAGANDHA (WITHANIA SOMNIFERA);271
12.6.5;BRAHMI (BACOPA MONNIERI);272
12.6.6;BERRIES;274
12.6.7;ALMONDS (PRUNUS DULCIS/AMYGDALUS L.) AND WALNUTS (JUGLANS REGIA L.);275
12.6.8;MECHANISMS OF NUTRACEUTICALS IN AMELIORATING NEURODEGENERATION;275
12.6.9;CONCLUSION;276
12.6.10;References;276
12.7;Chapter 28 - The Role of Caffeine in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Possible Genetic and Cellular Signaling Mechanisms;284
12.7.1;Possible Genetic and Cellular Signaling Mechanisms;284
12.7.2;INTRODUCTION;284
12.7.3;THE GENETIC ROLE OF CAFFEINE IN ND;285
12.7.4;THE NON-GENETIC ROLE OF CAFFEINE IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES;289
12.7.5;CONCLUSION;295
12.7.6;References;295
12.8;Chapter 29 - Dietary Supplements as Cognitive Enhancers: The Role of Flavonoid-Rich Foods and their Relevance in Age-Related Neurodegeneration;304
12.8.1;The Role of Flavonoid-Rich Foods and their Relevance in Age-Related Neurodegeneration;304
12.8.2;INTRODUCTION;304
12.8.3;NEUROMODULATORY PATHWAYS UNDERLYING THE EFFECT OF FLAVONOIDS ON COGNITION;306
12.8.4;EFFECT OF FLAVONOIDS ON HORMETIC RESPONSE AND GUT MICROBIOTA;308
12.8.5;THE EFFECT OF FLAVONOIDS ON HUMAN COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE;309
12.8.6;CONCLUSION;309
12.8.7;References;311
13;SECTION V -
MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF NUTRACEUTICALS AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS IN NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE THERAPY: AUTOIMMUNITY AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIONS;314
13.1;Chapter 30 - Meat, Fat, and Fruit Consumption and Autoimmune Neurological and Brain Disease;316
13.1.1;OVERVIEW;316
13.1.2;INTRODUCTION;316
13.1.3;NUTRITION AND AUTOIMMUNE REGULATION;319
13.1.4;MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS;319
13.1.5;MYASTHENIA GRAVIS;322
13.1.6;ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE;322
13.1.7;CONCLUSION;324
13.1.8;References;325
13.2;Chapter 31 - Ginsenosides as Food Supplements and Their Potential Role in Immunological and Neurodegenerative Disorders;326
13.2.1;INTRODUCTION;326
13.2.2;GINSENG CHEMISTRY;327
13.2.3;DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF GINSENG;328
13.2.4;ROLE OF GINSENOSIDE IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND IMMUNOLOGICAL DISORDERS;328
13.2.5;GINSENG AND INFLAMMATION-RELATED DISEASES;329
13.2.6;GINSENOSIDES AND THEIR APPLICATION IN NEUROLOGICAL AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS;329
13.2.7;CONCLUSION;331
13.2.8;Acknowledgment;331
13.2.9;References;331
13.3;Chapter 32 - Antioxidant Actions of Spices and Their Phytochemicals on Age-Related Diseases;334
13.3.1;INTRODUCTION;334
13.3.2;SPICES IN HISTORY;335
13.3.3;CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SPICES;335
13.3.4;BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF SPICES;336
13.3.5;SPICES AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY;337
13.3.6;MECHANISMS OF ACTION;338
13.3.7;EXPOSURE TO SPICES;339
13.3.8;CONCLUSION;339
13.3.9;References;340
13.4;Chapter 33 - Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Crocus sativus L. (Saffron);342
13.4.1;INTRODUCTION;342
13.4.2;CHEMICAL COMPOSITION;342
13.4.3;SAFFRON USES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE;343
13.4.4;PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SAFFRON;343
13.4.5;ANTINOCICEPTIVE AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS;343
13.4.6;References;345
13.5;Chapter 34 - Electrophilic Derivatives of Omega-3 Fatty Acids for the Cure and Prevention of Neurodegenerative Disorders;348
13.5.1;DIETARY MODULATION OF OMEGA-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS IN CELL MEMBRANES AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS...;348
13.5.2;ENDOGENOUS GENERATION OF ELECTROPHILIC PUFAS FROM OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE;350
13.5.3;ELECTROPHILE-SENSITIVE PATHWAYS AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS;353
13.5.4;ELECTROPHILIC PUFAS AS NOVEL DRUGS FOR THE CURE AND PREVENTION OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS;357
13.5.5;References;358
13.6;Chapter 35 - Antioxidants for the Prevention and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview;364
13.6.1;INTRODUCTION;364
13.6.2;ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF MS;365
13.6.3;OXIDATIVE STRESS, OXIDANTS, AND ANTIOXIDANTS;366
13.6.4;LIPOIC ACID;368
13.6.5;VITAMIN A;369
13.6.6;VITAMIN E;370
13.6.7;COENZYME Q10;371
13.6.8;CONCLUSION;372
13.6.9;References;372
13.7;Chapter 36 - High Caloric Diets in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerois;378
13.7.1;INTRODUCTION;378
13.7.2;NUTRITION IN ALS;378
13.7.3;PERCUTANEOUS RADIOLOGICAL GASTROSTOMY AND PERCUTANEOUS ENDOSCOPIC GASTROSTOMY;379
13.7.4;HIGH-CALORIE DIETS IN ALS;379
13.7.5;NUTRACEUTICALS/DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS IN ALS;381
13.7.6;CALORIC RESTRICTION IN ALS;381
13.7.7;SUMMARY;381
13.7.8;References;382
14;SECTION VI -
HYPERTENSION AND STROKE;386
14.1;Chapter 37 -
Bioactive Nutraceuticals and Stroke:Activation of Endogenous Antioxidant Pathways and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Neurovascular Protection;388
14.1.1;INTRODUCTION;388
14.1.2;NRF2: A REDOX SENSITIVE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AND REGULATOR OF CELLULAR ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSES;389
14.1.3;NUTRITION AND STROKE;390
14.1.4;NEUROVASCULAR PROTECTION IN STROKE BY PHYTONUTRIENTS;390
14.1.5;CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES AND CONCLUDING REMARKS;396
14.1.6;Acknowledgments;396
14.1.7;References;396
14.2;Chapter 38 - Oral Feeding in Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Risk versus Benefits;404
14.2.1;Risk versus Benefits;404
14.2.2;INTRODUCTION;404
14.2.3;MALNUTRITION AND DEHYDRATION;404
14.2.4;DYSPHAGIA;405
14.2.5;NONORAL FEEDING;405
14.2.6;DYSPHAGIA THERAPY;405
14.2.7;CONCLUSION;406
14.2.8;References;406
14.3;Chapter 39 - Neuroprotection by Dietary Isoflavones and Their Role in Cerebral Ischemia;408
14.3.1;INTRODUCTION;408
14.3.2;CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA;408
14.3.3;DIETARY ISOFLAVONES;409
14.3.4;CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA PREVENTION;410
14.3.5;CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA TREATMENT;411
14.3.6;REHABILITATION AND RECOVERY;411
14.3.7;MECHANISMS OF ACTION;412
14.3.8;CONCLUSION;413
14.3.9;References;413
14.4;Chapter 40 - Vitamin K Antagonists (Coumarins), Drugs Used in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardioembolism, Deep Vein Thrombosis, and Pulmonary Embolism;418
14.4.1;VITAMIN K;418
14.4.2;References;421
14.5;Chapter 41 - Prevention of Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis by Vitamin E in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats: Cellular Mechanisms of Antioxidants;422
14.5.1;Cellular Mechanisms of Antioxidants;422
14.5.2;INTRODUCTION;422
14.5.3;EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES SUGGEST THAT VITAMIN E PROTECTS AGAINST STROKE;422
14.5.4;PREVENTION OF NEURONAL DEATH BY VITAMIN E IN SHRSP/IZM RATS;423
14.5.5;COMPARISON BETWEEN ANTIHYPERTENSION DRUGS AND VITAMIN E IN DECREASING SHRSP/IZM NEURONAL DEATH;424
14.5.6;CONCLUSION;425
14.5.7;References;425
14.6;Chapter 42 - Diet, Stroke, and Traumatic Brain Injury;426
14.6.1;INTRODUCTION;426
14.6.2;SOY;426
14.6.3;OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS;427
14.6.4;PHENOLICS;428
14.6.5;GINSENG;428
14.6.6;CONCLUSION;428
14.6.7;References;428
15;SECTION VII -
SEIZURES, EPILEPSY,AND PARKINSON’S DISEASE;432
15.1;Chapter 43 - A Plant-Food Diet in the Risk and Management of Parkinson’s Disease;434
15.1.1;INTRODUCTION;434
15.1.2;EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PD;434
15.1.3;PHYSIOPATHOLOGY OF PD;435
15.1.4;ETIOLOGY OF PD;435
15.1.5;DIETARY RISK FACTORS IN PD;435
15.1.6;DIET AND LEVODOPA;436
15.1.7;LEVODOPA AND DIETARY PROTEIN;437
15.1.8;THE PROTEIN-REDISTRIBUTION DIET;437
15.1.9;A NEW STRATEGY: NORMOPROTEIC PROTEIN-REDISTRIBUTED PLANT-FOOD (VEGAN) DIET;438
15.1.10;PLANT-FOOD DIETS AND COMORBIDITY IN PD;438
15.1.11;NORMOPROTEIC PROTEIN-REDISTRIBUTED PLANT-FOOD (VEGAN) DIET: PRACTICAL ASPECTS;439
15.1.12;CONCLUSION;440
15.1.13;SUMMARY;441
15.1.14;References;441
15.2;Chapter 44 - Nutraceuticals and Other Natural Products in Parkinson’s Disease Therapy: Focus on Clinical Applications;444
15.2.1;Focus on Clinical Applications;444
15.2.2;INTRODUCTION;444
15.2.3;VITAMINS AND PD;445
15.2.4;OMEGA FATTY ACIDS;446
15.2.5;COENZYME Q10;447
15.2.6;CITICOLINE;447
15.2.7;CREATINE;447
15.2.8;GLUTATHIONE;448
15.2.9;CARNOSINE;448
15.2.10;SPICES;448
15.2.11;TEA;448
15.2.12;CONCLUSIONS;448
15.2.13;References;449
15.3;Chapter 45 - Ketogenic Diet Treatment in Adults with Refractory Epilepsy;456
15.3.1;INTRODUCTION;456
15.3.2;KETOGENIC DIET;456
15.3.3;MODIFIED ATKINS DIET;459
15.3.4;CONCLUSION;461
15.3.5;References;461
15.4;Chapter 46 - Ketogenic Diets for the Treatment of Epilepsy;464
15.4.1;THE HISTORY OF THE KETOGENIC DIET;464
15.4.2;COMPOSITION, IMPLEMENTATION, AND MAINTENANCE OF THE CLASSIC KD;465
15.4.3;ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF DIETARY THERAPIES;465
15.4.4;SIDE EFFECTS;466
15.4.5;PROPOSED MECHANISM OF ACTION;467
15.4.6;INDICATIONS FOR KDS;467
15.4.7;THE KD AS A FIRST-LINE OR EARLY TREATMENT OF EPILEPSY;468
15.4.8;CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR THE USE OF THE KD;468
15.4.9;INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE KD AND OTHER THERAPIES;468
15.4.10;THE KD AS A VIABLE LONG-TERM TREATMENT FOR EPILEPSY;469
15.4.11;THE FUTURE OF DIETARY THERAPIES;469
15.4.12;References;469
15.5;Chapter 47 - Nutritional/Metabolic Therapies in Animal Models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Seizures;472
15.5.1;BACKGROUND;472
15.5.2;THERAPEUTIC KETOSIS AS A METABOLIC THERAPY;472
15.5.3;METABOLIC SUPPLEMENTATION;473
15.5.4;KD TREATMENT FOR SEIZURE DISORDERS;473
15.5.5;EFFICACY OF METABOLIC THERAPIES IN ANIMAL MODELS OF SEIZURE;474
15.5.6;NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES;475
15.5.7;METABOLIC THERAPIES IN MOUSE MODELS OF ALS;475
15.5.8;METABOLIC THERAPIES IN MOUSE MODELS OF AD;477
15.5.9;NEUROPROTECTIVE MECHANISM OF KETOSIS;478
15.5.10;CONCERNS;479
15.5.11;POTENTIAL FUTURE APPLICATION;480
15.5.12;References;480
15.6;Chapter 48 - Metabolic Dysfunctions in Epilepsy and Novel Metabolic Treatment Approaches;484
15.6.1;INTRODUCTION;484
15.6.2;GLYCOLYSIS PROVIDES ATP QUICKLY;485
15.6.3;IMPAIRMENTS OF GLYCOLYSIS IN EPILEPSY;486
15.6.4;IMPAIRMENTS OF THE TCA CYCLE IN EPILEPSY;486
15.6.5;ANTICONVULSANT EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND POTENTIAL METABOLIC TREATMENTS;488
15.6.6;ANTICONVULSANT MECHANISMS AND THE METABOLIC EFFECTS OF METABOLIC THERAPIES;490
15.6.7;CONCLUSION;492
15.6.8;References;492
15.7;Chapter 49 - Vitamin D for the Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease;498
15.7.1;INTRODUCTION;498
15.7.2;BASIC PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM OF VITAMIN D;498
15.7.3;REFERENCE INTAKE FOR VITAMIN D;499
15.7.4;TREATING VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;499
15.7.5;THEORIES LINKING VITAMIN D TO AD;500
15.7.6;CLINICAL TRIAL DATA;500
15.7.7;CONCLUSION;500
15.7.8;References;501
15.8;Chapter 50 - Is Multiple Sclerosis a Sun Deprivation Disease?: Lessons from the Past for the Future Path;504
15.8.1;Lessons from the Past for the Future Path;504
15.8.2;INTRODUCTION;504
15.8.3;MS;505
15.8.4;VITAMIN D: AN OVERVIEW;505
15.8.5;VITAMIN D AND IMMUNE FUNCTION;508
15.8.6;VITAMIN D AND MS;508
15.8.7;WHAT WE KNOW NOW: FINDINGS AND LIMITATIONS;511
15.8.8;CONCLUSION;512
15.8.9;References;514
16;Index;518

Leseproben

Contributors
Juan Andres Abin-Carriquiry,     Department of Neurochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay Zeliha S. Akdemir,     Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey Alessio Alfieri,     Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Medicine, King’s College London, United Kingdom Bahareh Amin,     Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran Giovanni Appendino,     Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy Csilla Ari,     Hyperbaric Biomedical Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA Florencia Arredondo,     Department of Neurochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay Michael Aschner,     Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA William J. Banz,     Department of Animal Science, Food, and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA Doris Barcellona,     Internal Medicine and Hemocoagulopathies Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy Aysegul Bayir,     Emergency Department, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey Muchukunte Mukunda Srinivas Bharath Department of Neurochemistry Neurotoxicology Laboratory at the Neurobiology Research Center, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India Fernanda Blasina,     Department of Neurochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay Carlo Blundo Unit of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Division of Neurology and Neurophysiopathology, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University, Rome, Italy Karin Borges,     Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia James M. Brimson,     Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Michela Bruschini,     Unit of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Division of Neurology and Neurophysiopathology, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy Valentina Carito,     Institute of Cellular Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy Francisco Javier Carod Artal,     Neurology Department, Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK; Visiting Professor of Neurology, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain Marco Castori,     Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy Mauro Ceccanti,     Center for Alcohol Abuse (Centro Riferimento Alcologico Regione Lazio-CRARL), Department of Clinical Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy George Chaldakov,     Division of Cell Biology, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria H.M. Chandola,     Chaudhary Brahm Prakash Ayurved Charak Sansthan, New Delhi, India Neelima B. Chauhan,     Neuroscience Research, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Children’s Hospital of the University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA Joseph L. Cheatwood,     Department of Anatomy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA Suengmok Cho,     Division of Metabolism and Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Sungnam, Republic of Korea Stefania Ciafrè,     Institute of Cellular Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy Chiara Cipollina Fondazione Ri.Med, Palermo, Italy Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare (IBIM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy Rich W. Clough,     Department of Anatomy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA Dominic D’Agostino,     Hyperbaric Biomedical Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA Federico Dajas,     Department of Neurochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay Sukanya Das,     Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia Gurman Dhaliwal,     University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA Filippo Di Sacco,     Department of Anesthesia, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy Marcela Díaz,     Department of Neurochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay Carolina Echeverry,     Department of Neurochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay Marco Fiore,     Institute of Cellular Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy Francesco Forfori,     Department of Anesthesia, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy Federico Franceschi,     Indena S.p.A., Milano, Italy Gislaine Francieli da Silva,     Post-Graduate Program of Pharmacutical Science, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil Stephanie J.B. Fretham,     Department of Biology, Luther College, Decorah, IA, USA Marilù Giacalone,     Department of Anesthesia, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy Adriana del Giglio,     ABC Foundation School of Medicine, Santo André, Brazil Auro del Giglio,     ABC Foundation School of Medicine, Santo André, Brazil Francesco Giunta,     Department of Anesthesia, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy Krishna Gokul,     Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition; CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India Lixia Guo Research Center of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China Chongqing Key Lab of Catalysis and Functional Organic Molecules, Chongqing Technology and Business University, China Lan Thi Hoàng Nguy?n,     Vietnamese American Medical Research Foundation, Westminster, CA, USA Hossein Hosseinzadeh,     Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran Apurva Kumar Joshi Department of Neurochemistry Neurotoxicology Laboratory at the Neurobiology Research Center, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India Vijaya Juturu,     OmniActive Health Technologies Inc., Morristown, NJ, USA Cigdem Kahraman,     Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey Salman Khan,     Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey; Seoul National University, Natural Product Research Institute, Department of Pharmacy, Seoul, South Korea Yeong Shik Kim,     Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea Pavel Klein,     Mid-Atlantic Epilepsy and Sleep Center, Bethesda, MD, USA Eric H. Kossoff,     Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Jianhui Liu Research Center of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China Chongqing...