White / Choi Polyolefins

Processing, Structure Development, and Properties
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-3-446-41303-0
Verlag: Carl Hanser
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 286 Seiten

Polyolefins, the polymers synthesized from olefinic monomers, are the major commercial thermoplastics. They are also important elastomers and the components of major thermoplastic elastomers. Polyethylene and polypropylene in volume are the two largest thermoplastics and are fabricated into filaments, films, and moldings.


For the first time, the reader will find a comprehensive description of the structuring of molten polyolefins in fiber, film and molding processes with correlation between structural order such as crystalline unit cell, polymorphic effect and orientation, and processing parameters.


Contents:

- Origins of Polyolefins
- Characterization Methods
- Crystallography of Polyolefins
- Single Crystals: Structural Hierarchy and Morphology
- Spherulites and Quiescent Crystallization
- Polyolefin Copolymers and Blends
- Polymer Melt Processing, Rheological Properties, and Orientation in Flowing Polymer Melts
- Melt Spinning
- Film Processing and Profile Extrusion
- Molding
- Mechanical Properties of Polyolefins

Autoren/Hrsg.

White, James L.

Choi, Dongman

Choi, David D.

Fachgebiete

• Naturwissenschaften Chemie Organische Chemie Polymerchemie
• Technische Wissenschaften Verfahrenstechnik | Chemieingenieurwesen | Biotechnologie Technologie der Kunststoffe und Polymere
• Technische Wissenschaften Maschinenbau | Werkstoffkunde Technische Mechanik | Werkstoffkunde Materialwissenschaft: Polymerwerkstoffe

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;1 Origins of Polyolefins;16
3.1;1.1 Introduction and Prehistory;16
3.2;1.2 Polyethylene;17
3.2.1;1.2.1 Low Density Polyethylene;17
3.2.2;1.2.2 Karl Ziegler and High Density Polyethylene;18
3.2.3;1.2.3 Standard Oil of Indiana;20
3.2.4;1.2.4 Phillips Petroleum and High Density Polyethylene;20
3.2.5;1.2.5 Linear Low Density Polyethylene;21
3.3;1.3 Isotactic Polypropylene;22
3.3.1;1.3.1 Giulio Natta, Milan Politechnico and Montecatini;22
3.3.2;1.3.2 Standard Oil of Indiana and Phillips Petroleum;23
3.4;1.4 Isotactic Polybutene-1;24
3.5;1.5 Isotactic Polymers of Higher Olefins and Poly(4-Methyl Pentene-1);25
3.6;1.6 Ethylene-Propylene Rubber;26
3.7;1.7 Metallocene Polymerization;27
3.8;1.8 Stereoregular Polystyrenes;28
3.8.1;1.8.1 Isotactic Polystyrene;28
3.8.2;1.8.2 Syndiotactic Polystyrene;28
3.9;1.9 Syndiotactic Polypropylene;29
3.10;1.10 Cyclopolyolefins;29
3.11;1.11 New Metallocene Polyolefin Copolymers;31
3.12;1.12 Current Production Levels;31
3.13;1.13 Bulk Polymer Properties and Chemical Stability;32
3.14;References;34
4;2 Characterization Methods;38
4.1;2.1 Introduction;38
4.2;2.2 Asymmetric Carbon Atoms and Tacticity;38
4.2.1;2.2.1 Low Molecular Weight Compounds;38
4.2.2;2.2.2 Polyolefins [5];39
4.2.3;2.2.3 Tacticity Levels;41
4.3;2.3 Crystallinity;42
4.4;2.4 Crystal Structure [16, 17];43
4.5;2.5 Chain Conformations in Crystals;47
4.6;2.6 Molecular Weight Distribution [7, 34, 35];48
4.7;2.7 Orientation;52
4.7.1;2.7.1 Uniaxial Orientation;52
4.7.2;2.7.2 Biaxial Orientation;55
4.8;2.8 Superstructure;58
4.9;References;59
5;3 Crystallography of Polyolefins;64
5.1;3.1 Introduction;64
5.2;3.2 Early Investigations of Low Molecular Weight Paraffinic Compounds;64
5.3;3.3 Polyethylene;70
5.4;3.4 Isotactic Polypropylene;73
5.5;3.5 Syndiotactic Polypropylene;75
5.6;3.6 Isotactic Polybutene-1;77
5.7;3.7 Syndiotactic Polybutene-1;78
5.8;3.8 Isotactic Poly(4-Methyl Pentene-1);78
5.9;3.9 Isotactic Polymers of Other a-Olefins;80
5.10;3.10 Isotactic Polystyrene;81
5.11;3.11 Syndiotactic Polystyrene;82
5.12;3.12 Summary and Trends;83
5.13;References;83
6;4 Single Crystals: Structural Hierarchy and Morphology;90
6.1;4.1 Introduction;90
6.2;4.2 Polyethylene;90
6.2.1;4.2.1 Single Crystals;90
6.2.2;4.2.2 Flow-Induced Structures from Solution;92
6.2.3;4.2.3 Bulk Structure;93
6.3;4.3 Isotactic Polypropylene;95
6.3.1;4.3.1 Single Crystals;95
6.3.2;4.3.2 Flow-Induced Structures from Solution;95
6.3.3;4.3.3 Bulk Structure;96
6.4;4.4 Syndiotactic Polypropylene;97
6.5;4.5 Isotactic Polybutene-1;98
6.5.1;4.5.1 Single Crystals;98
6.5.2;4.5.2 Bulk Structure;98
6.6;4.6 Isotactic Poly(4-Methyl Pentene-1);99
6.6.1;4.6.1 Single Crystals;99
6.6.2;4.6.2 Flow-Induced Structures from Solution;99
6.6.3;4.6.3 Bulk Structures;100
6.7;4.7 Isotactic Polystyrene;100
6.7.1;4.7.1 Single Crystals;100
6.7.2;4.7.2 Flow-Induced Structures from Solution;101
6.7.3;4.7.3 Bulk Structure;101
6.8;4.8 Syndiotactic Polystyrene;102
6.8.1;4.8.1 Single Crystals;102
6.8.2;4.8.2 Bulk Structures;102
6.9;4.9 Summary;102
6.10;References;103
7;5 Spherulites and Quiescent Crystallization;106
7.1;5.1 Introduction;106
7.2;5.2 Spherulites;106
7.2.1;5.2.1 Quiescently Crystallized Polymers;106
7.2.2;5.2.2 Polyethylene;106
7.2.3;5.2.3 Isotactic Polypropylene;108
7.2.4;5.2.4 Syndiotactic Polypropylene;109
7.2.5;5.2.5 Isotactic Polybutene-1;109
7.2.6;5.2.6 Isotactic Poly(4-methyl pentene-1);110
7.2.7;5.2.7 Isotactic Polystyrene;110
7.2.8;5.2.8 Syndiotactic Polystyrene;110
7.3;5.3 Quiescent Crystallization Kinetics;111
7.3.1;5.3.1 General;111
7.3.2;5.3.2 Polyethylene;113
7.3.3;5.3.3 Isotactic Polypropylene;114
7.3.4;5.3.4 Syndiotactic Polypropylene;115
7.3.5;5.3.5 Isotactic Polybutene-1;115
7.3.6;5.3.6 Isotactic Polystyrene;115
7.3.7;5.3.7 Syndiotactic Polystyrene;116
7.4;5.4 Time-Temperature Transformation and Continuous Cooling Transformation Plots;116
7.5;5.5 Summary and Perspectives;117
7.6;References;118
8;6 Polyolefin Copolymers and Blends;122
8.1;6.1 Introduction;122
8.2;6.2 Stereoblock Copolymers [1, 2];123
8.3;6.3 Copolymers of Polyethylene;124
8.3.1;6.3.1 General;124
8.3.2;6.3.2 Ethylene-Propylene Copolymers (EPM);125
8.3.3;6.3.3 Ethylene-Butene-1/Hexene-1 Copolymers;126
8.3.4;6.3.4 Ethylene-Octene Copolymers;126
8.3.5;6.3.5 Ethylene-Styrene Copolymers;128
8.3.6;6.3.6 Ethylene-Cyclopentene/Norbornene Copolymers;128
8.4;6.4 Copolymers of Polypropylene;129
8.4.1;6.4.1 Isotactic Polypropylene with Ethylene [53];129
8.4.2;6.4.2 Isotactic Polypropylene with Other Monomers;130
8.4.3;6.4.3 Syndiotactic Polypropylene with Butene-1;130
8.5;6.5 Blends;130
8.5.1;6.5.1 Inter-Polyolefin Homopolymer Miscibility;130
8.5.2;6.5.2 Polypropylene-Ethylene Copolymer Blends;131
8.5.3;6.5.3 Polypropylene Dynamic Vulcanizates [68];131
8.6;6.6 Perspective;132
8.7;References;132
9;7 Polymer Melt Processing, Rheological Properties, and Orientation in Flowing Polymer Melts;136
9.1;7.1 Introduction;136
9.2;7.2 Polymer Melt Processing Technology;136
9.2.1;7.2.1 Single Screw Extrusion [1, 2];136
9.2.2;7.2.2 Twin Screw Extrusion and Polyolefin Modification/Grafting [2–4];137
9.2.3;7.2.3 Die Extrusion [11];139
9.3;7.3 Rheological Properties of Polymer Melts;141
9.4;7.4 Effects of Additives;146
9.5;7.5 Early Observations of Flow Birefringence;146
9.6;7.6 Flow Birefringence and Stress;147
9.7;7.7 Stress Optical Coefficients and Molecular Structure;149
9.8;7.8 Orientation Factors and Stress in Melts;150
9.9;7.9 Flow in Dies;151
9.9.1;7.9.1 Flow Patterns and Flow Birefringence;151
9.9.2;7.9.2 Unstable Flow;153
9.9.3;7.9.3 Flow Structuring of Polyolefins;153
9.10;7.10 Summary;154
9.11;References;155
10;8 Melt Spinning;160
10.1;8.1 Introduction;160
10.2;8.2 Melt Spinning Process;160
10.2.1;8.2.1 General;160
10.2.2;8.2.2 Continuous Filaments;162
10.2.3;8.2.3 Bulked Continuous Filament Yarns;162
10.2.4;8.2.4 Staple Fibers [15];162
10.2.5;8.2.5 Spunbonded Fabrics [14, 18–21];163
10.2.6;8.2.6 Melt-Blown Fabrics [14];164
10.3;8.3 Dynamics, Heat Transfer, and Modeling in Melt Spinning;164
10.3.1;8.3.1 Dynamics and Heat Balance;164
10.3.2;8.3.2 Modeling of Melt Spinning;166
10.4;8.4 Melt Flow Instabilities;167
10.4.1;8.4.1 Die Flow (see also Section 7.9.2);167
10.4.2;8.4.2 Spinline Disturbances/Instabilities;168
10.5;8.5 Melt Spinning of Vitrifying Polyhydrocarbons;169
10.5.1;8.5.1 Atactic Polystyrene;169
10.5.2;8.5.2 Cyclopolyolefins;170
10.5.3;8.5.3 Other Vitrifying Thermoplastics;171
10.5.4;8.5.4 Modeling of Orientation-Birefringence Development;171
10.6;8.6 Polyethylene;172
10.6.1;8.6.1 High-Density Polyethylene;172
10.6.2;8.6.2 Ultrahigh Modulus Polyethylene Fibers;176
10.6.3;8.6.3 Polyethylene Copolymers;176
10.6.4;8.6.4 Polyethylene-Polystyrene Blends;177
10.7;8.7 Isotactic Polypropylene;178
10.7.1;8.7.1 High Tacticity Polymers;178
10.7.2;8.7.2 Lower Tacticity Polymers;183
10.7.3;8.7.3 Isotactic Polypropylene-Particulate Compounds;186
10.7.4;8.7.4 Isotactic Polypropylene Blends;186
10.7.5;8.7.5 Isotactic Polypropylene Thermoplastic Dynamic Vulcanizates;187
10.8;8.8 Syndiotactic Polypropylene;188
10.9;8.9 Isotactic Polybutene-1;190
10.10;8.10 Isotactic Poly(4-Methyl Pentene-1);191
10.11;8.11 Syndiotactic Polystyrene;192
10.12;8.12 Trends and Conclusions;193
10.13;References;194
11;9 Film Processing and Profile Extrusion;200
11.1;9.1 Introduction;200
11.2;9.2 Film Extrusion Processes;200
11.2.1;9.2.1 Cast Film Extrusion;200
11.2.2;9.2.2 Tubular Blown Film Extrusion;201
11.2.3;9.2.3 Tentering Frame for Biaxially Oriented Film [12];202
11.2.4;9.2.4 Double Bubble Process for Biaxially Oriented Film [13];203
11.3;9.3 Dynamics, Heat Transfer, and Modeling;204
11.3.1;9.3.1 Cast Film Extrusion [16–18];204
11.3.2;9.3.2 Tubular Blown Film Extrusion;205
11.4;9.4 Melt Flow and Solidification Instabilities;207
11.4.1;9.4.1 Haze and Surface Roughness;207
11.4.2;9.4.2 Die Flow Produced Extrudate Distortion;209
11.4.3;9.4.3 Cast Film Instabilities;209
11.4.4;9.4.4 Bubble Instabilities;210
11.5;9.5 Profile Extrusion;211
11.6;9.6 Atactic Polystyrene Film;212
11.6.1;9.6.1 Tubular Blown Film;212
11.6.2;9.6.2 Biaxially Stretched Film;213
11.7;9.7 Polyethylene Film;214
11.8;9.8 Isotactic Polypropylene Film;217
11.8.1;9.8.1 Cast Film;217
11.8.2;9.8.2 Tubular Blown Film;218
11.8.3;9.8.3 Biaxially Oriented Film;219
11.9;9.9 Syndiotactic Polypropylene Film;219
11.10;9.10 Isotactic Polybutene-1 Film;221
11.11;9.11 Isotactic Poly(4-Methyl Pentene-1) Film;221
11.12;9.12 Syndiotactic Polystyrene Film;221
11.13;9.13 Summary and Conclusions;222
11.14;References;223
12;10 Molding;228
12.1;10.1 Introduction;228
12.2;10.2 Molding Processes;228
12.2.1;10.2.1 Compression Molding;228
12.2.2;10.2.2 Injection Molding;229
12.2.3;10.2.3 Blow Molding;234
12.2.4;10.2.4 Thermoforming [31];235
12.2.5;10.2.5 Scrapless Forming [32];236
12.2.6;10.2.6 Rotational Molding [33];236
12.3;10.3 Dynamics, Heat Transfer, and Modeling;237
12.3.1;10.3.1 Injection Molding;237
12.3.2;10.3.2 Blow Molding;240
12.4;10.4 Atactic Polystyrene and Vitrifying Polyolefins;241
12.4.1;10.4.1 Injection Molding;241
12.4.2;10.4.2 Blow Molding;242
12.4.3;10.4.3 Modeling of Orientation-Birefringence Development;242
12.5;10.5 Polyethylene;244
12.5.1;10.5.1 Injection Molding;244
12.5.2;10.5.2 Blow Molding;246
12.5.3;10.5.3 Rotational Molding;247
12.6;10.6 Isotactic Polypropylene;247
12.7;10.7 Syndiotactic Polypropylene;248
12.8;10.8 Isotactic Poly(4-Methyl Pentene-1);249
12.9;10.9 Isotactic Polystyrene;250
12.10;10.10 Syndiotactic Polystyrene;250
12.11;10.11 Trends and Conclusions;250
12.12;References;251
13;11 Mechanical Properties of Polyolefins;256
13.1;11.1 Introduction;256
13.2;11.2 Stress and Small Strain Elasticity;256
13.3;11.3 Influence of Molecular Weight;258
13.4;11.4 Influence of Temperature;258
13.5;11.5 Influence of Crystallinity and Comparisons to Other Materials;259
13.6;11.6 Uniaxial Large Strain Behavior [3, 4];260
13.7;11.7 Mechanical Properties of Melt-Spun/Drawn Fibers;260
13.8;11.8 High Modulus Polyolefin Fibers;263
13.9;11.9 Mechanical Properties of Films;263
13.10;11.10 Mechanical Property Modification by Copolymerization and Blending;264
13.11;References;265
14;Subject Index;266
15;Author Index;270