The Caspian Sea Encyclopedia

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-11524-0
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 525 Seiten

'The Caspian Sea Encyclopedia' is the second one in the new series of encyclo- dias about the seas of the former Soviet Union published by Springer-Verlag. The ?rst volume - 'The Aral Sea Encyclopedia' was published by Springer in 2009. The series will be continued by 'The Black Sea Encyclopedia' in 2010. Today the Caspian Sea is known to readers thanks to its oil and gas resources, sturgeon and caviar, signi?cant sea-level variations, socio-economic and political problems. The Caucasus and Central Asia (http://eurodialogue. org/?les/fckeditor_?les/Caspian-s- map2. png) vii viii Introduction For more than 250 years the Caspian Sea was shared by two states: Russia (the Soviet Union) and Persia (Iran). After the disintegration of the USSR in 1992, the new independent states of Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan have radically changed the political and economic situation in the region. In addition to Russia and Iran, who had determined the situation on the Caspian for a long period, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan are now interested parties, beginning a new stage in the historical development of the Caspian region. This increase in the number of the Caspian legal entities from two to ?ve has given rise to a whole tangle of geopolitical, economic, international legal, ethnic and environmental problems, each of which demands its own approach and settlement mechanism.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;5
2;Introduction;7
3;A;12
3.1; Abakku, Abakko Sea;12
3.2; Abaskun, Abeskun, Abestun;12
3.3; Abaskun (Abeskun) Sea;12
3.4; Abich William German, German Vilgelmovich (1806--1886);12
3.5; Abrasion (L. abrasio -- scrubbing off);13
3.6; Abrasion Terrace;14
3.7; Abu Khamid Al-Garnati (1080 or 1100--1169 or 1170);14
3.8; Academic Expeditions of 1768--1774;14
3.9; Ada Kosa;15
3.10; Adji-Darya ("Kazakh bitter sea") ;15
3.11; Adji Lake;15
3.12; Adjibai Spawning Grounds;15
3.13; Ag-Deniz;15
3.14; Agrakhan Bay;15
3.15; Agrakhan Cossack Host;15
3.16; Agrakhan Herring;16
3.17; Agrakhan Peninsula;16
3.18; Agrakhan Shad (Alosa sphaerocephald);16
3.19; Agreement Between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Azerbaijan Republic on the Delineation of the Caspian Seabed Between the Republic of Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan Republic;16
3.20; Agreement Between the Russian Federation and the Azerbaijan Republic on the Delineation of Contaguous Areas of the Caspian Seabed;17
3.21; Agreement Between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan on Delineation of the Caspian Seabed for Exercising Sovereign Rihts to Subsoil Use;17
3.22; Agreement Between the Russian Federation, the Azerbaijan Republic, and the Republic of Kazakhstan on the Point of Junction of the Delineation Lines of the Contaguous Areas of the Caspian Seabed;18
3.23; Agricultural Afforestation;18
3.24; Agricultural Foresty;18
3.25; Aguly (self-name -- agul);18
3.26; Ailag (Ailagy);19
3.27; Akchagyl Layer, Akchagyl;19
3.28; Akchagyl Relicts;19
3.29; Akchagyl Sea, Basin;19
3.30; Akhan, Okhan;20
3.31; Akhan Fishing, Fishery;20
3.32; Akhmaz;20
3.33; Akhtuba;20
3.34; Akhtubinsk;20
3.35; Akkol (Kumyk. -- "White lake");20
3.36; Aksaraisky;21
3.37; Aksaraisky Gas Condensate Field;21
3.38; Aktam;21
3.39; Aktash;21
3.40; Aktash Lakes;21
3.41; Aktau;21
3.42; Aktau;21
3.43; Aktau Marine Merchant Port;22
3.44; Aladja;23
3.45; Albania, Albanian State, Caucasian Albania, Alvania;23
3.46; Albanian Gates;23
3.47; Albanian Sea;23
3.48; Aleshrud;23
3.49; Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky Bay;23
3.50; Alexander Wall, Alexander Rampart (Persian -- Sadd-e-Eskandar, Turkmenian -- Kyzylalan);24
3.51; Alexanderbay Bay;24
3.52; Aligul;24
3.53; Alikazgan;24
3.54; Alluvial Soils (synonym floodplain);24
3.55; Alluvium;24
3.56; Amir Abad;24
3.57; Amir Kolaie, Natural Preserve;25
3.58; Amol;25
3.59; Amu-Darya;25
3.60; Amudarya (from Amu -- the name of city Amul (Amue, Amu, former Chardjou) on this river, Persian -- Darya -- a great full-flow river; Ancient Greek Oxus, Latin Oxus -- Oks or Oksu, Arabic Djeikhun);25
3.61; Amudarya-Caspian Route;26
3.62; Anadromous Fish;26
3.63; Anchorage;26
3.64; Anchovy Sprat (Clupeonella engrauliformis);26
3.65; Andiiskoye Koisu;27
3.66; Andreyev Shoal;27
3.67; Andriyevsky Shoal;27
3.68; Andrusov Nikolai Ivanovich (1861--1924);27
3.69; Anthropogenic Desertification;27
3.70; Anthropogenic Load;28
3.71; Anzali (Enzeli) Bay (before 1980 -- Pahalavi);28
3.72; Anzali Military Operation;29
3.73; Apollov Boris Alexandrovich (1889--1969);29
3.74; Apraksin Fedor Matveevich (1661--1728);29
3.75; Apsheron (formerly Zeinalabdin Tagiev);30
3.76; Apsheron Archipelago;30
3.77; Apsheron Bay;30
3.78; Apsheron Group of Health Resorts;30
3.79; Apsheron Layer, Apsheron (named for the Apsheron Peninsula);31
3.80; Apsheron Peninsula;31
3.81; Apsheron Region;32
3.82; Apsheron Sea, Basin;32
3.83; Apsheron Sill;32
3.84; Apsheron Strait;32
3.85; Aquaculture;32
3.86; Aqusa;32
3.87; Araks (Persian Aras -- "a river");32
3.88; Arakum Lakes;33
3.89; Aral-Caspian Region (sometimes Aral-Caspian Land-Locked Flow Area);33
3.90; Archipelago;33
3.91; Arctic Species, Caspian Intruders; Arctic Relicts;34
3.92; Arid Soils;34
3.93; Aridity;34
3.94; Artemiev Nikolai Ivanovich (1835--1896) and Dmitry Ivanovich (unknown) ;34
3.95; Artyom Island;34
3.96; Aschysor;35
3.97; Ashiki (in the Karakalpakian -- "tongue");35
3.98; Ashkhabad, Ashgabad (from Arabian ashk -- "love" and abad -- "city");36
3.99; Ashur-Adeh;36
3.100; Aslamka, Oslamka;37
3.101; Association of Universities of the Caspian States;37
3.102; Astana (translated from the Kazakh language "capital"), Tselinograd (from 1961 to 1992), Akmola (up to 1998) ;38
3.103; Astara (from Azeri low place, lowland, Persian estera-hat rest);38
3.104; AstaraGassan-Kuli Line;38
3.105; Astara Iranian;38
3.106; Astaracay;39
3.107; Astarinsky Region;39
3.108; Astrabad;39
3.109; Astrabad Bay;39
3.110; Astrabad Herring;39
3.111; Astrabad Spit;39
3.112; Astrakhan ("Djutarkhan" from the Turk Khadjitarkhan (Adjyashtarkhan));39
3.113; Astrakhan Army;42
3.114; Astrakhan-Caspian Navy Fleet;42
3.115; Astrakhan Cossack Host;42
3.116; Astrakhan Defense;42
3.117; Astrakhan Fish Plant;42
3.118; Astrakhan Fresh-Water Sea;43
3.119; Astrakhan Gas-Condensate Complex;43
3.120; Astrakhan Gas-Condensate Field;43
3.121; Astrakhan Gubernia;44
3.122; Astrakhan Khanate;44
3.123; Astrakhan Kholodilnik;44
3.124; Astrakhan Kremlin;45
3.125; Astrakhan Naval College;45
3.126; Astrakhan Naval Rescue-Coordinating Center;46
3.127; Astrakhan Port;46
3.128; Astrakhan Region;47
3.129; Astrakhan Revolt (1705--1706);50
3.130; Astrakhan Roach, Ice-Fished;50
3.131; Astrakhan Roads;50
3.132; Astrakhan Shipbuilder;50
3.133; Astrakhan Shipbuilding Production Association;51
3.134; Astrakhan State Biosphere Nature Reserve (Formerly V.I. Lenin Astrakhan Nature Reserve);51
3.135; Astrakhan State Technical University;52
3.136; Astrakhan Volga Water Divide;53
3.137; Astrakhanka, Agrakhanka;54
3.138; Astrakhanka;54
3.139; Atherina Caspian (Atherina mochon pontica natio caspia);54
3.140; Atrau, Otrau;54
3.141; Atrek (Etrek) (Etrek -- Turkmenian., Atrak -- Persian) ;54
3.142; Atrek River Delta;55
3.143; Atropatena;55
3.144; Atyrau (former Guriev);55
3.145; Atyraubalyk;56
3.146; Atyrau Oil Processing Works (OPW Atyrau);56
3.147; Atyrau Region (formerly the Guriev Region, renamed in 1992);57
3.148; Autumn Herring or Ladyfish (Alosa brashnikovi autumnalis);59
3.149; Avandelta;59
3.150; Avarskaya Koisu;59
3.151; Avartsy (self-called -- maarulal, which means "highlander"; maar -- "mountain");59
3.152; Ayuka (1642--1724) ;60
3.153; Azami;60
3.154; Azerbaijan;60
3.155; Azerbaijan International Operating Company (AIOC);60
3.156; Azerbaijan Republic;60
3.157; Azerbaijan Research Institute for Fishery (Aznirkh);66
3.158; Azerbaijan State Caspian Sea Steamship Line;67
3.159; Azerbaijanis;67
3.160; Azerbajani (or Kura) Roach (Rutilus rutilus caspicis nation kurensis);68
3.161; Azeri;68
3.162; AzovCaspian Canal;68
4;B;70
4.1; Babol;70
4.2; Babol;70
4.3; Babolsar (formerly Mashadener, translated as "Mashhad's head");70
4.4; Backs;70
4.5; Baers Hills;70
4.6; Bagless Beach Seine;71
4.7; Baida;71
4.8; Bakhr;71
4.9; Bakhr Al-Khazar;71
4.10; Bakhrul-Khazar, Bakhru-Khazar;71
4.11; Bakhsh;71
4.12; Bakhtemir, Bakhtemir System;71
4.13; Bakhtemir Bank;71
4.14; Bakinka;72
4.15; Bakinsky Ushi;72
4.16; Baklany Kamen;72
4.17; Baku (Baki) (from Persian Baakube (or Baadkube) meaning "the city where wind is blowing"; from Lak "a hill, small mountain");72
4.18; Baku Archipelago;73
4.19; Baku Basin;74
4.20; Baku Bay;74
4.21; Baku Commune;74
4.22; Baku Harbor;74
4.23; Baku Horizon;75
4.24; Baku International Merchant Seaport;75
4.25; Baku Khanate;76
4.26; Baku Marine Observatory;76
4.27; Baku Nautical College;76
4.28; Baku Nord;76
4.29; Baku -- Tbilisi -- Ceyhan (BTC);76
4.30; Baku Oil Region;77
4.31; Baku Province;80
4.32; Baku Sea;80
4.33; Baku Transgression (for Baku City);80
4.34; Balakhan Relics;80
4.35; Balakhany;81
4.36; Balkanabat (formerly Nebit-Dag);81
4.37; Balkansky Velajat (Balkan velajat);81
4.38; Balkhan Bay;84
4.39; Balyk;84
4.40; Balykshi;85
4.41; Banchin, Banchina;85
4.42; Bandar Anzali (1919--1980 Pahlavi);85
4.43; Bandar Torkaman (formerly Bandar Shah);85
4.44; Bank;85
4.45; Bank (Coast) Protection Structures, Coast Strengthening;86
4.46; Banok;86
4.47; Barge (French "barge");86
4.48; Barren Fish;86
4.49; Barrier Beach;86
4.50; Bartold Vasily Vladimirovich (1869--1930);86
4.51; Basic Salting;87
4.52; Baskunchak;87
4.53; Bastard Sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris);88
4.54; Batys;88
4.55; Bautino;88
4.56; Bay;88
4.57; Baer Karl Ernst, Von or Karl Maksimovich (1792--1876);89
4.58; Beak-Shaped Delta;90
4.59; Beketov Nikita Afanasievich (1729--1794);90
4.60; Bekovich-Cherkassky, Alexander (unknown--1717);90
4.61; Bektash (Bekdash, Karabogaz) (Turkish "high stone");91
4.62; Bektash (Bekdash);91
4.63; Belinsky-Caspian Waterway (BCW), Belinsky Canal, Belinsky Channel;91
4.64; Belyak;91
4.65; Belyana;91
4.66; Benchmark (Sea-Level) Gauges;92
4.67; Bender-Gyaz (Bandar-Gaz);92
4.68; Bender-Shah (Bandar-Shah);92
4.69; Benthos;92
4.70; Berg Lev Semenovich (1876--1950);92
4.71; Besh-Barmak (Turkish: five fingers);93
4.72; Bester;93
4.73; Bezymyanny;93
4.74; Bibi-Eybat (Bibiheybat);94
4.75; Big-Eyed Caspian Sprat (Clupeonella grimmi);94
4.76; Big-Eyed Shad (Alosa saposhnikovi);94
4.77; Bight;94
4.78; Bilgyah (Bilgah);94
4.79; BIOS;94
4.80; Biosphere Reserve;95
4.81; Biryuzyak;95
4.82;BlackBacked Shad (Alosa kessleri kessleri);95
4.83; Black California;96
4.84; Black Cliffs;96
4.85; Black Gorge, Black Jaws;96
4.86; Black Lands;96
4.87; Black Lands, Biosphere Nature Reserve;96
4.88; Black Storm;97
4.89; Blaramberg, Ivan Fedorovich (1800--1878);97
4.90; Blended Crudes (Brent, Urals, Arabian, EastTexas, Nigerian);97
4.91; Blinov;97
4.92; Block Salting;97
4.93; Bogaz;97
4.94; Bolda, Bolda System;98
4.95; Bolshaya Plita;98
4.96; Book for Big Drawing;98
4.97; Borisova Bank;98
4.98; Borodin Nikolai Andreevich (1861--1937);98
4.99; Borozdina;100
4.100; Bottomland Meadow;100
4.101; Bounding Embankment;100
4.102; Brazhnikovs Herring (Alosa brashnikovi);100
4.103; Breakwater;100
4.104; Breeze;100
4.105; British Caspian Flotilla;101
4.106; Broadland;101
4.107; Buddhism;101
4.108; Buinak Cape;101
4.109; Buinaksk (formerly Temir-Khan-Shura);102
4.110; Bukeevsy Orda (Internal Orda);103
4.111; Bulla;103
4.112; Bullhead-Bubyr (Knipowitschia caucasicus);103
4.113; Bullhead Khvalynsky (Neogobius caspius);103
4.114; Bullhead Neposledny (Mesogobius nonultimus);104
4.115; Bullhead-Tsutsik, Marble Bullhead (Proterorhinus marmoratus);104
4.116; Bunkering;104
4.117; Buoy (Dutch boei);104
4.118; Bureau on Study of the Caspian Sea Currents;104
4.119; Bus, Busa;104
4.120; Buzachi, Bozashchi;104
4.121; Buzan, Buzan System;105
4.122; Buzovna;105
4.123; Buzun;105
5;C;106
5.1; Cabotage, Coastal Navigation;106
5.2; Cane Thicket, Cane Banks;106
5.3; Caravan Routes (Pers. caravan from ancient -- Iranian caraban literally -- trade security);106
5.4; Caspi;106
5.5; Caspian-Aral Channel;106
5.6; Caspian Area (Oblast);106
5.7; Caspian Area of Sedentary Farming;106
5.8; Caspian Autochthonic Fauna;107
5.9; Caspian Barbell (Barbus brachycephalus caspius);107
5.10; Caspian Bighead Goby (Neogobius kessleri gorlap);107
5.11; Caspian Border Flotilla;107
5.12; Caspian Campaign of Stepan Razin;107
5.13; Caspian Caviar-and-Balyk Production Association;107
5.14; Caspian Chain;107
5.15; Caspian Climatic Region;108
5.16; Caspian Crossroads;108
5.17; Caspian Depression;108
5.18; Caspian Environmental Program, Environment Program of the Caspian Sea (CEP);108
5.19; Caspian Floating University, CFU Program;109
5.20; Caspian Gate;110
5.21; Caspian Highway;110
5.22; Caspian Higher Naval School;110
5.23; Caspian Institute of Biological Resources;111
5.24; Caspian Lowland;111
5.25; Caspian Marine Depositional Plain;111
5.26; Caspian Military Flotilla;112
5.27; Caspian Monkey Goby (Negobius fluviatilis pallasi);113
5.28; Caspian Monster;114
5.29; Caspian Mountains;114
5.30; Caspian Nautical Scientific Research Center;114
5.31; Caspian (North-Caspian) Oil and Gas Province;114
5.32; Caspian Oil Company;115
5.33; Caspian Ordinary Kilka (Cluponella daliatula caspia);115
5.34; Caspian Ornithological Station;115
5.35; Caspian Pipeline Consortium;115
5.36; Caspian Region;116
5.37; Caspian Research Institute for Fishery (CaspNIRKh);118
5.38; Caspian Reserve;119
5.39; Caspian Riviera;119
5.40; Caspian Rose;119
5.41; Caspian Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus affinis);119
5.42; Caspian Salmon (Salmo trutta caspius);120
5.43; Caspian Scientific Research Station;121
5.44; Caspian Sea (Pers. Darya-ye-Khazar; Azer. Khezer Denizi, Turkm. Kaspi Denzi, Kazakh. Kaspi Tenizi);122
5.45; Caspian Sea;126
5.46; Caspian Sea Aral Sea Canal, (Casparal Project);127
5.47; Caspian Sea Bulletin;128
5.48; Caspian Sea Coasts;128
5.49; Caspian Sea Currents;130
5.50; Caspian Sea Department;131
5.51; Caspian Sea Level;131
5.52; Caspian Sea Lights, Signs, and Radio Aids;132
5.53; Caspian Sea Mapping;132
5.54; Caspian Sea, Names;137
5.55; Caspian Sea Persian Gulf Canal;139
5.56; Caspian Sea Pilot;139
5.57; Caspian Sea Pollution;139
5.58; Caspian Sea Shipping Company;140
5.59; Caspian Seal (Phoca caspica);142
5.60; Caspian Sigmoid;142
5.61; Caspian Summit;143
5.62; Caspian Today;143
5.63; Caspian Trout;143
5.64; Caspiana;143
5.65; Caspians;143
5.66; Caspii;144
5.67; Caspiisk (until 1947, Dvigatelstroi Settlement);144
5.68; Caspiisky;144
5.69; Catchment;144
5.70; Catchment Area (of a river, lake);144
5.71; Caucasia, Caucasian Isthmus;144
5.72; Caucasus Province;146
5.73; Caviar;146
5.74; Center for Study of Central Asia and the Caucasus;148
5.75; Central Asia;148
5.76; Central Asia and Caucasus Review;149
5.77; Central Research Institute of Sturgeon Fishery (CNIORKh);149
5.78; CentroCaspyi (Central Committee of the Caspian Navy);149
5.79; Chagalosor;149
5.80; Chala;149
5.81; Chaloos;149
5.82; Chaloos;149
5.83; Channel;149
5.84; Chastik Fish;150
5.85; Chechen Island;150
5.86; Chechen Islands;150
5.87; Chechens (self-name nokhchyi);150
5.88; Chechensky Lighthouse;150
5.89; Chekishlyar (Chekichler);150
5.90; Cheleken (Turk chel meaning desert);150
5.91; Cheleken, City;151
5.92; Cheleken Northern;151
5.93; Cheleken-Ogurchinsky Strait;151
5.94; Cheleken Shouthern;151
5.95; Cherni;151
5.96; Chertovo Gorodische (Devils city);151
5.97; Chikhachev Pyotr Aleksandrovich (1808--1890);152
5.98; Chilim (Trapa natans);152
5.99; Chilmamedkum Sands;152
5.100; Chink, Ching;153
5.101; Chirag;153
5.102; Chistaya Banka Island;153
5.103; Chubaraya Steppe;153
5.104; Chvanov;153
5.105; Chzhan Cyan (unknown -- about 103 B.C.E.);153
5.106; Cleina;154
5.107; Coastal Water Protection Zone;154
5.108; Coastal Zone;154
5.109; Coastline;154
5.110; Cochak;154
5.111; Colonizers (introduced species) of the Caspian Sea;154
5.112; Commercial Fish of the Caspian Sea;155
5.113; Commission for Integrated Study of the Caspian Sea;155
5.114; Commission on Aquatic Bioresources of the Caspian Sea;156
5.115; Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS);156
5.116; Condominium (Lat. con prefix meaning together and dominium ownership,. co-ownership);156
5.117; Consortium;156
5.118; Continental Shelf;156
5.119; Contract of the Century;157
5.120; Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES);157
5.121; Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially Waterfowl Habitat, Ramsar Convention;157
5.122; Coordinating Committee on Hydrometeorology and Monitoring of Caspian Sea Pollution (CASPCOM);157
5.123; Coschagyl;158
5.124; Count I.I.Vorontsov-Dashkovs Wine Cellars;158
5.125; Crude Oil;158
5.126; Cutoff;158
6;D;159
6.1; Daghestan, Daghestan Republic (from Turk dag mountain and stan country Country of mountains);159
6.2; Daghestan Division of CaspNIRKh;163
6.3; Daghestan Nature Reserve;164
6.4; Daghestanskie Ogni (Daghestan Lights);164
6.5; Daghestan Region;164
6.6; Daikhan Farm;165
6.7; Dailem Sea;165
6.8; Dakhistan;165
6.9; Damavand;165
6.10; Danilevsky Nikolai Yakovlevich (1822--1885);165
6.11; Dargins (self-titled dargan);166
6.12; Day of the Caspian;166
6.13; Dead Kultuk, Bay;166
6.14; Dead Zone;167
6.15; Debarcader;167
6.16; Declaration Between the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan Republic on Cooperation in the Caspian Sea;167
6.17; Deepwater Bullhead (Neogobius bathybius);167
6.18; Deflation;168
6.19; Deilem Sea;168
6.20; Delo (Cause);168
6.21; Delovoi Kaspii, International Council Business Caspian, ICBC;168
6.22; Delta;168
6.23; Department for Kalmykian Affairs;168
6.24; Department for Navigation Security on the Caspian Sea (UBEKOKASP);168
6.25; Department of Caspian Fishery and Seal Hunting (1856--1904);169
6.26; Department of the Caspian-Volga Fishery and Seal Hunting (1904--1917);169
6.27; Derbent;169
6.28; Derbent County;173
6.29; Derbent Defense Complex, Derbent Fortress;173
6.30; Derbent Hollow;174
6.31; Derbent Khanate;174
6.32; Derbent Plain;174
6.33; Derbent Sea;174
6.34; Derbent Wall;174
6.35; Dervish;174
6.36; Desertification;175
6.37; Dike;175
6.38; Divichi, Devichi;175
6.39; Divide;175
6.40; Division of the Seabed;176
6.41; Dolgii;176
6.42; Dolginskaya Herring (Alosa brashnikovi brashnikovi);176
6.43; Dorn (Berngard) Boris Andreevich (1805--1881);176
6.44; Dossor;177
6.45; Downstream;177
6.46; Downstream Migrant Fish;177
6.47; Drainage;177
6.48; Drainless Lakes;177
6.49; Dredging;177
6.50; Dredging Slot;177
6.51; Drift Fishing;178
6.52; Drift Net;178
6.53; Drilling Machine;178
6.54; Drilling Platform;178
6.55; Drilling Rig;178
6.56; Drilling Trestle;178
6.57; Drought;178
6.58; Dry Fish;179
6.59; Dubendy, Oil Terminal;179
6.60; Duvannyi;179
6.61; Dvigatel Stroi;179
7;E;180
7.1; Early Oil;180
7.2; Earthquake;180
7.3; Eastern Sea;180
7.4; Eggs in Sac;180
7.5; Eihwald Eduard Ivanovich (1795--1876);180
7.6; Elburz;180
7.7; Elista (in Kalmyk elista gazar, meaning sand-abounding terrain or sandy terrain);182
7.8; Emba;183
7.9; Emba Oil Basin;183
7.10; Emergency Oil Spill;184
7.11; Environmental Disaster;184
7.12; Environmental Impact Assessment;184
7.13; Environmental Monitoring;184
7.14; Environmental Parliament of the Volga Basin and Northern Caspian (Ecoparliament);185
7.15; Environmental Safety;185
7.16; Esenguli (formerly Gasan-Kuli);185
7.17; Esenguli Branch;185
7.18; Esenguli Etrap;186
7.19; Esenguli Nature Reserve;186
7.20; Esenguli (formerly Gasan-Kuli) Plain;186
7.21; Estakadny;187
7.22; Etrap;187
7.23; Eurasia;187
7.24; Eurasia (Azov-Caspian) Canal;187
7.25; Eurasian Balkans;187
7.26; Eustatic Variations (from Greece eustathes calm, constant);188
8;F;189
8.1; Fairway (Dutch sale, move plus water);189
8.2; Fan (Germ.);189
8.3; Fauna and Flora of the Caspian Sea;189
8.4; Ferry;190
8.5; Ferry Line;190
8.6; Ferry Line BakuKrasnovodsk (Turkmenbashi);190
8.7; Fish Breeding;191
8.8; Fish Bypass Canal;191
8.9; Fish Carving;191
8.10; Fish Glue;191
8.11; Fish Measure;191
8.12; Fish Nursery;191
8.13; Fish Pass;191
8.14; Fish-Passing Facilities;192
8.15; Fish Protection Structure;192
8.16; Fish Sheet;192
8.17; Fish Salting;192
8.18; Fishing;193
8.19; Fishing, Cossack Way;193
8.20; Fishing Season;194
8.21; Fishing Vessel;194
8.22; Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus);194
8.23; Fleet;194
8.24; Floating Beacon (Light vessel);195
8.25; Floating Booms;195
8.26; Floating Church in the Name of Saint Nicholas;195
8.27; Floating Drilling Rig;195
8.28; Flood;196
8.29; Fort Aleksandrovsky;197
8.30; Fort-Shevchenko;197
8.31; Foulings;197
8.32; Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea;197
8.33; Frazil Ice;198
8.34; Frederick, Friderick;198
8.35; Freeze-Up;198
8.36; Freshwater Fauna;198
9;G;199
9.1; Gamriozen;199
9.2; Gandzha Khanate;199
9.3; Gandzha Treaty of 1735;199
9.4; Garabogazsulfat (formerly Karabogazsulfat);200
9.5; Gasan-Kuli;200
9.6; Gasan-Kuli Herring, or Kisselevich Herring (Alosa brashnikovi kisselewitchi);200
9.7; Gas Diplomacy;200
9.8; Gas Pipelines;200
9.9; Gauging Rod (German Fustock from Fu foot and stock measuring rod);200
9.10; Gavan (Harbor);200
9.11; Gekatei Miletsky;200
9.12; Gemushovan;201
9.13; General Fishing Regulations in Russia;201
9.14; Geoherburun;202
9.15; Gilan;202
9.16; Gilanians (Gilaki);202
9.17; Gilan Sea;202
9.18; Glaubers Salt;202
9.19; Glinyanyi (made of clay);202
9.20; Gmelin Samuel Gotlib (1745--1774);203
9.21; Golestan;203
9.22; Golubyatnikov Dmitry Vasilievich (1866--1933);203
9.23; Gorgan;204
9.24; Gorgan, Gorgan Rud;204
9.25; Gorgan-Atrek Lowland;204
9.26; Gorgan Bay;205
9.27; Gorgan Strait;205
9.28; Gorodskoi Island;205
9.29; Granatka;205
9.30; Granule;205
9.31; Grease Ice;205
9.32; Great Caucasian Wall, Derbent Wall;205
9.33; Great Eastern Sea;206
9.34; Great Game;206
9.35; Great Oil;206
9.36; Great Silk Road;206
9.37; Great Sturgeon (Huso huso);208
9.38; Greater Bogdo;208
9.39; Greater Kyzylagach Bay;209
9.40; Greater and Lesser Turali, Turalinsky Lakes;210
9.41; Griboedov Alexander Sergeevich (1795--1829);210
9.42; Griva (mane);210
9.43; Grokhotka;210
9.44; Gryada (ridge);210
9.45; GUAM;210
9.46; Gubkin Ivan Mikhailovich (1871--1939);211
9.47; Gubonin Petr Ionovich (1825--1894);211
9.48; Guilguilchai Long Wall;212
9.49; (The) Gukasovs;212
9.50; Gul Kasum Kyazim Ogly (1909--1972);213
9.51; Gulistan Contract;213
9.52; Gulistan Peace, Gulistan Peace Treaty of 1813;213
9.53; Gumilev Lev Nikolaevich (1912--1992);213
9.54; Guneshli;214
9.55; Guriev;214
9.56; (The) Gurievs;214
9.57; Guriev Region;215
9.58; Guriev Trough;215
9.59; Gurkan (Gurkanian) Sea;215
10;H;216
10.1; Halophytes (from Gr. hals salt and phytou plant);216
10.2; Hazar Transgression (named after Hazars, the people who inhabited the lower reaches of the Volga and Don);216
10.3; Heraz (Haraz);216
10.4; Herd-in Fishing;216
10.5; Herodot (circa 484 B.C.E. -- circa 425 B.C.E.) (Gr. Herodotus -- of Halicarnas);216
10.6; Herrings (Clupeidae);217
10.7; High Seas;218
10.8; High Water;218
10.9; Hircania (Hyrcania);218
10.10; Hircanian (Hyrcanian) Basin;218
10.11; Hircanian (Hyrcanian) Sea;218
10.12; Hulzum Sea;219
10.13; Humboldt Alexander Friedrich (1769--1859);219
10.14; Hummock;219
10.15; Hummocks;220
10.16; Hung Fish;220
10.17; Hydrological Regime of the Rivers;220
10.18; Hydrometeorological Service of the Caspian Sea;221
10.19; Hydropower System;221
10.20; Hydrotechnical Structures;221
11;I;222
11.1; Ibn-Battuta (Batuta), Abu Abdulla Mohammad (1304--1377);222
11.2; Ice Conditions of the Caspian Sea;222
11.3; Ice Jam;224
11.4; Ichthyofauna of the Caspian Sea;224
11.5; Ignatius Stone;224
11.6; Ikryanoe;225
11.7; Ilmen;225
11.8; Ilyich Bay (formerly Bibi-Heybat Bay);225
11.9; Ilyinsky Island;225
11.10; Infused Fish;225
11.11; INOGATE;225
11.12; Integrated Program on Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring in the Caspian Sea Region (KASPAS);225
11.13; International Association of the Caviar Importers;226
11.14; Interregional Environmental Association of the Volga Basin;226
11.15; International Institute for Caspian Studies;226
11.16; International Legal Status of the Caspian Sea;226
11.17; International Ocean Institute, Caspian Sea Operational Centre;226
11.18; International Transport Corridor North-South;227
11.19; Iran;227
11.20; Iranian National Center for Oceanography;227
11.21; IRANRYBA (Iranfish);227
11.22; Islam (Arab. literally submission, obedience, surrendering oneself (to God));228
11.23; Islamic Republic of Iran;229
11.24; Island Shoal;234
11.25; Itil, Edil, Ledil;235
11.26; Itil;235
11.27; Ivashintsov Nikolay Alekseevich (1819--1871);235
11.28; Izberbash;235
11.29; Izberbash Plain;236
12;J;237
12.1; Jayranbatan Storage Reservoir;237
12.2; Jellyfish Mnemiopsis (Mnemiopsis leidyi);237
12.3; Jenkinson Anthony (1529--1611);237
12.4; Jilan Sea;238
12.5; Joint Statement of the Russian Federation and the Azerbaijan Republic on the Principles of Cooperation in the Caspian Sea;238
12.6; Joint Statement of the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea;239
12.7; Journey Beyond Three Seas;239
12.8; Jurjan Sea;240
12.9; Jut, Dzut (Turkm., Mong.);240
13;K;241
13.1; Kalmychkovs Shoalbank;241
13.2; Kalmyk Force (Stavropol Kalmyk Force);241
13.3; Kalmykia;241
13.4; Kalmyks (selfname halmg);241
13.5; Kamyzyak;242
13.6; Kamyzyak, Kamyzyak System;243
13.7; Kara-Ada;243
13.8; Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay (Kara-Bugaz, Aji-Darya, Kuli-Darya) (Turk. kara black, bogaz throat, bay, gol lake, black jaws);243
13.9; Kara-Bogaz-Gol Strait;245
13.10; Karabotan;246
13.11; Kara-Bugaz;246
13.12; Karagel (Garagol);246
13.13; Karagie Batyr;246
13.14; Karakums, Sands;247
13.15; Karazhanbas;247
13.16; Karelin Grigory Silych (1801--1872);247
13.17; Karganrud;248
13.18; Karynzharyk, Kenderli-Sor Solonchak;248
13.19; Kashagan, Eastern and Western;248
13.20; Kashkarata;249
13.21; Kaundy;249
13.22; Kavkaz and Merkurii, Shipping Company;249
13.23; Kayakent;250
13.24; Kazakh Bay;251
13.25; Kazakhs (selfname Cossacks);251
13.26; Kazakhstan;251
13.27; Kazakhstancaspiishelf;251
13.28; Kazakhstan Fisheries Research Institute (KazNIRKh);252
13.29; Kazi-Mohammad;252
13.30; Kazmunaigaz, National Company;252
13.31; Kaztransoil;252
13.32; Kenderli Cove;253
13.33; Kenderli Spit;253
13.34; Khachmas;253
13.35; Khadji-Tarkhan, Khadjitarkhan;253
13.36; Khaki, Sor;253
13.37; Khanykov Nikolai Vladimirovich (1822--1878);253
13.38; Khapuzhsky Sea;254
13.39; Kharabali;254
13.40; Khazar;254
13.41; Khazar;254
13.42; Khazar Canal;254
13.43; Khazar Eli (Turkmen Khazar from the ancient name of the Caspian Sea, el (Turk.) wind);254
13.44; Khazar Khaganate;254
13.45; Khazar Nature Reserve (before 1994 Krasnovodsk nature reserve);255
13.46; Khazar Sea;255
13.47; Khazar Shipping Company;255
13.48; Khazar Transgression;255
13.49; Khazaria;255
13.50; Khazars;255
13.51; Khazovsky;256
13.52; Khazri (Azeri);256
13.53; Khlebnikov Velimir (Victor Vladimirovich) (1885--1922);256
13.54; Khorezm Sea;257
13.55; Khorosansky Sea;257
13.56; Khudat;257
13.57; Khudat-Yalaminsky Seashore;257
13.58; Khvalissky Sea;258
13.59; Khvalynsky Sea;258
13.60; Khvalynsky Transgression (derived from the ancient name of the Caspian Sea, Khvalyn);258
13.61; Kigach;258
13.62; Kir;258
13.63; Kirov Bay;258
13.64; Kirzhim, Kirshim, Kurzhum (Pers. kerdji);258
13.65; Kizlar (Turk.) girls;258
13.66; Kizlar Bay;259
13.67; Knipovich Nikolai Mikhailovich (1862--1938);260
13.68; Kokorev Vasili Aleksandrovich (1817--1889);260
13.69; Kolodkin Aleksei Emelyanovich (1775--1851);261
13.70; Kolok;261
13.71; Kolzum;261
13.72; Komsomolets;261
13.73; Komsomolsky;261
13.74; Krasnovodsk;262
13.75; Krasnovodsk Herring (Alosa brashnikov nirchi);262
13.76; Krasnovodsk Peninsula;262
13.77; Krasnovodsk Plateau;262
13.78; Krasnovodsk Region;262
13.79; Krasnovodsk Reserve;262
13.80; Krasny Yar (Red Dene);262
13.81; Krasnye Barrikady (Red Barricades);263
13.82; Krasnye Barrikady;263
13.83; Kuandy;263
13.84; Kukan;263
13.85; Kulaly;263
13.86; Kulaz, Kulas;263
13.87; Kuli-Darya (kuli sea a sea of fish, servant of the sea);263
13.88; Kuli-Mayak;264
13.89; Kultuk;264
13.90; Kultuk Zone;264
13.91; Kulzum Sea (red sea);264
13.92; Kuma;264
13.93; Kuma Plavni;264
13.94; Kumani Feodosii Nikolaevich (1830--1889);264
13.95; Kumani Shoalbank;265
13.96; Kumbashi;265
13.97; Kumyk Plain;265
13.98; Kumyks;265
13.99; Kura;266
13.100; Kura-Araks Lowland;266
13.101; Kura Barbel Sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris derjavini);267
13.102; Kura Military Flotilla;268
13.103; Kura River Delta;268
13.104; Kura Spit;268
13.105; Kura (South Caspian) Stellate Sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus stellatuis natio cyrensis);268
13.106; Kura Stone;268
13.107; Kura (Persian) Sturgeon (Acipenser gileldenstaedti persicus);268
13.108; Kurenie;269
13.109; Kurenaya, Kurenka;269
13.110; Kurkhai Fishing;269
13.111; Kuryk;269
13.112; Kutan;269
13.113; Kutum (Rutilis frisii kutum);269
13.114; Kyzyl-Agach;270
13.115; Kyzylagach Bay (formerly Kirov Bay (until 1991));270
13.116; Kyzylagach Reserve;271
13.117; Kyzyl-Su;271
14;L;272
14.1; Lagan;272
14.2; Lagan Shoalbank;272
14.3; Lagan Shoalbank Canal;272
14.4; Lahijan;272
14.5; Lakis (Lakis, Kazikumukhs);272
14.6; Land-Locked or Semi Land-Locked Sea (legal);273
14.7; Langarud, Langerud;273
14.8; Langarud, Langerud;273
14.9; Layer-Wise;273
14.10; Lebedia;273
14.11; Legal, International-Legal Status of the Caspian Sea;273
14.12; Lenkoran;274
14.13; Lenkoran District;275
14.14; Lenkoran Lowland;275
14.15; Lenkoranchai, Lenkoran;276
14.16; Lenz Emiliy Khristianovich (1804--1865);276
14.17; Letnii Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1848--1883);276
14.18; Lezgins (selfname Lezgiyar);277
14.19; Lianozov Stepan Georgievich (1872--1951);277
14.20; G.M. Lianozovs Sons;277
14.21; Light Oil;278
14.22; Lighthouse;278
14.23; Liman;278
14.24; Liman;278
14.25; Lionozov Stepan Martynovich (unknown--unknown);279
14.26; Live-Bait Fishing Boat;279
14.27; Locia (Pilot) (sailing directions) (Dutch steer a ship);279
14.28; Locked Sea;279
14.29; Lokbatan;280
14.30; Long Walls;280
14.31; Lopatin;280
14.32; Los (Elk);280
14.33; Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera);280
14.34; Lovets (catcher);281
14.35; Low-Lying Area, Low-Level Blowing Wind;281
14.36; Low-Sulfur Oil;281
14.37; Lowland (Plain) Daghestan;281
14.38; Lower Samur (Derbent) Plain;281
14.39; LUKOIL, Oil Company;282
15;M;283
15.1; Main Bank;283
15.2; Main Shirvan Drain;283
15.3; Majlis (Arab.);283
15.4; Makarkin;283
15.5; Makhachkala;283
15.6; Makhachkala Commercial Seaport;285
15.7; Makhachkala lighthouse;285
15.8; Makhachkala Southeast;286
15.9; Makhmudabad (Mahmood Abad);286
15.10; Malaya Plita (Minor Plate);286
15.11; Maly Kyzylagach Bay;286
15.12; Maly Zhemchuzhny Island;286
15.13; Man-Made Island;286
15.14; Manas;287
15.15; Manasozen;287
15.16; Manat Azerbaijani;287
15.17; Manat Turkmenian;287
15.18; Mangistau Region;288
15.19; Mangyshlak;289
15.20; Mangyshlak Bay;289
15.21; Mangyshlak Furrow;289
15.22; Mangyshlak Region;289
15.23; Mangyshlak Shelf Edge;290
15.24; Mantashev Aleksandr Ivanovich (1842--1911);290
15.25; Mantashev A.I. and Co.;290
15.26; Marco Polo (1254--1324);290
15.27; Mardakyany;291
15.28; Mareograph;291
15.29; Marine Fields of Natural Deposits;292
15.30; Maritime Complex of the Astrakhan Region;292
15.31; Maritime Hydrometeorological Center;292
15.32; Maritime (Coastal) Lowland;292
15.33; Maritime Solonchak Lowland;293
15.34; Marshy Thicket(s);293
15.35; Masazyr;294
15.36; Mature Beluga;294
15.37; Mazandaran (Mazanderan);294
15.38; Mazandaran Sea;294
15.39; Mazandaranians;294
15.40; Mazut (Fuel oil);294
15.41; Measure Great Sturgeon;294
15.42; Median Line;295
15.43; Mediterranean (Invasive) Species of the Caspian;295
15.44; Melon Growing;295
15.45; Mendeleev Dmitry Ivanovich (1834--1907);295
15.46; Mezhen (Droughty Period);295
15.47; Miankaleh;296
15.48; Middle Caspian;297
15.49; Middle Oil;297
15.50; Midstream;297
15.51; Migratory Fish;297
15.52; Mikhailov Shoalbank;297
15.53; Mochagi;297
15.54; Molod;297
15.55; Moloko (milk);297
15.56; Monitoring;297
15.57; Monster of the Caspian, Caspian Monster;297
15.58; Monteke Sands;298
15.59; Moorage Front, Moorage Line of a Port;298
15.60; Morskoi Biryuchok (sea lone wolf cub);298
15.61; Morskoi Ostrov (sea island);298
15.62; Mortso, Morso;299
15.63; Moryana, Morina;299
15.64; Moscow;299
15.65; Moscow-Caucasus Partnership for Oil Industry and Trade;300
15.66; Mozer Sands;301
15.67; Mud Cone;301
15.68; Mud Volcano;301
15.69; Mugan;301
15.70; Mugan Steppe;301
15.71; Mukhtarov Murtaza (1855--1920);302
15.72; Multi-Island or Multi-Arm Delta;302
15.73; Muravyov (Karsky) Nikolai Nikolaevich (1794--1866);302
15.74; Murd-Abi, Mord-Ab (Pers. dead water);303
15.75; Murgab(s);304
15.76; Museum of Daghestan Fishing Industry;304
15.77; Museum of Fishing History;304
15.78; Museum of Fishing History in the Lower Volga;304
15.79; Museum of the Red Banner Caspian Flotilla;304
15.80; Myopathy;304
16;N;305
16.1; Nagaev Aleksey Ivanovich (1704--1781);305
16.2; Nagiev Aga Musa;305
16.3; Nargen Island;305
16.4; Narimanov;305
16.5; Naryn-Sands, Narynskie (Urdinskie) Sands;305
16.6; National Center for Caspian Sea Research and Study;306
16.7; Natural Gas;306
16.8; Nature Conservation;306
16.9; Nautical Mile;306
16.10; Naval Forces of the Azerbaijan Republic;306
16.11; Naval Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran;306
16.12; Naval Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan;307
16.13; Naval Forces of the Republic of Turkmenistan;307
16.14; Naval Port;307
16.15; Navigable River;307
16.16; Navigation;307
16.17; Navigation Aids;308
16.18; Navigation Period;308
16.19; Necton;308
16.20; Neft Dashlary (Neft Daslari);308
16.21; Neft (Oil), Russian Partnership;308
16.22; Neftchala;308
16.23; Neftchala District;308
16.24; Neftyanye Kamni Oilfield (Neft-Daslari);309
16.25; Neftyanye Kamni Settlement (Neft-Daslari);309
16.26; Neftyanye Kamni, Shoalbank;310
16.27; Net;310
16.28; Nikitin Afanasiy (unknown1472);310
16.29; Niz, Ponizovye (Lower Part, Low-Lying Area);311
16.30; Nizhne-Volzhsky (Lower Volga) Territory;311
16.31; Nobel Ludwig Emanuelevich (1831--1888);311
16.32; Nobels;312
16.33; Nogai Steppe;314
16.34; Nogaitsy (Nogai People);314
16.35; North (Northern) Caspian;314
16.36; North Caspian Roach (Rutilus rutilus caspicus);315
16.37; North-Caspian Shipping Company;316
16.38; North Caucasus-Mangyshlak Oil-And-Gas-Bearing Province;316
16.39; North Cheleken Bay;317
16.40; North Cheleken Spit;317
16.41; NorthSouth International Transport Corridor;317
16.42; Novocaspian Transgression;318
16.43; Novosadok;318
16.44; Novy Ostrov (new island);318
16.45; Novy Uzen (New Uzen);318
16.46; Nowshahr;318
16.47; Nulevoi Sbros (zero discharge);318
17;O;319
17.1; Oblivnoi (Slipware) Island (local name Chigil);319
17.2; October Revolution Canal;319
17.3; Offshore Kazakhstan International Operating Company;319
17.4; Ognevka;320
17.5; Ogurchinsky Island;320
17.6; Oil;320
17.7; Oil-And-Gas Terminal;320
17.8; Oil Barons, Oilbarons;320
17.9; Oil Depot;321
17.10; Oil Derrick;321
17.11; Oil Diplomacy;322
17.12; Oil Island;322
17.13; Oil Pipeline;322
17.14; Oil Production;322
17.15; Oil Production Partnership of the Nobel Brothers (Nobel Brs Partnership);322
17.16; Oil Products;323
17.17; Oil Refinery;323
17.18; Oil-Related Postage Stamps;324
17.19; Oil Slick;324
17.20; Oil Stations;324
17.21; Oil Waste Disposal Vessel;324
17.22; Okarem;325
17.23; Old Safid Rud;325
17.24; Olearius (lschlger) Adam (1603--1671);325
17.25; Olya;325
17.26; Onshore Lighthouse;325
17.27; Operator Company;325
17.28; Orel (Eagle);326
17.29; Organization of Economic Cooperation;326
17.30; Oriental Company for Insurance Goods Depots and Goods Transportation with Loans Issue;326
17.31; Oriental Herring (Alosa brashnikovi orientalis);327
17.32; Oseredok, Seredok;327
17.33; Osetrii, Sturgeon Akhan;327
17.34; Ostan;327
17.35; Osushka (mudflats);327
17.36; Osushnoi (Mud Flat) Island;327
17.37; Oxbow;327
17.38; Ozokerite;327
18;P;328
18.1; Pallas Petr Simon (1741--1811);328
18.2; Paraffin (from Latin parum, meaning barely and affinis, meaning here lacking of affinity; reflects P. neutrality towards reagents);329
18.3; Parthia, Parthian Empire;329
18.4; Patrol Boat (from French patrouiller, meaning going on guard);329
18.5; Pelican;329
18.6; Pelican Island;330
18.7; Persia;330
18.8; Persian Campaign of 1722--1723;330
18.9; Persian Campaign of 1796;330
18.10; Persian Campaign of Stepan Razin;330
18.11; Persian Sea;331
18.12; Persian (Kura River) Sturgeon (Acipenser guelddenstaedti persicus Biridin);331
18.13; Persian Treaty of 1723;331
18.14; Persians (self-name Irani);331
18.15; Peschanyi Island (sandy island);331
18.16; Peshny Islands (from peshnya, a pick used by the Urals Cossacks in winter for hunting seals on these islands);331
18.17; Peter I, The Great (1672--1725);332
18.18; Petersburg Treaty (Persian Treaty) of 1723;333
18.19; Petrochemical Plant;334
18.20; Petrovsk-Port;334
18.21; Petrovsky Beacon;334
18.22; Phytogenic Shores;334
18.23; Piedmont Island;334
18.24; Pier Offshore Drilling Method;334
18.25; Pirallahi;334
18.26; Pirsagatsky Bay;334
18.27; Pirsagatsky Stone Ridges;334
18.28; Pirshaga;334
18.29; Pit;334
18.30; Plan of Action on Protection of the Wetlands in the Volga Delta and Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain;335
18.31; Plankton;335
18.32; Plavni (marshy banks);335
18.33; Pobochina;335
18.34; Pollution Spots;335
18.35; Poloi;335
18.36; Polrud;336
18.37; Pond of Sun;336
18.38; Pool;336
18.39; Port-Ilyich;336
18.40; Port Bail;336
18.41; Port Facilities;336
18.42; Port Olya;336
18.43; Port Site;336
18.44; Port Water Area;336
18.45; Ports and Shipping Organization;337
18.46; Possible Reserves;337
18.47; Pre-Caspian, Caspian Provinces;337
18.48; Pre-Kura Lowland, Plain;337
18.49; Preserved Area;337
18.50; Preserved Area in the Northern Part of the Caspian Sea;338
18.51; Probe;338
18.52; Proletarsky Island;338
18.53; Proran;338
18.54; Protocol of Bilateral Agreement of 1998 on Delineation of the Northern Caspian Sea Bottom for Exercise of Sovereign Rights in Resource Use;338
18.55; Proven Reserves;339
18.56; Pulled-In Fish;339
18.57; Puschin Nil Lvovich (1837--1891);339
18.58; Puschin Shoal Bank;339
19;R;340
19.1; RA;340
19.2; Ragozin Viktor Ivanovich (1833--1901);340
19.3; Ramsar;340
19.4; Ramsar Convention;340
19.5; Rapa;340
19.6; Rasht;340
19.7; Rasht Treaty;341
19.8; Raskat;341
19.9; Razin Stepan Timofeevich (circa 1630--1671);341
19.10; Red Banner Caspian Military Flotilla;341
19.11; Red Fish, Red;342
19.12; Refraction;342
19.13; Regression;342
19.14; Regulations on Caspian-Volga Seal Hunting;342
19.15; Renaissance of the Volga;342
19.16; Republic of Kalmykia;343
19.17; Republic of Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan;345
19.18; Rial;350
19.19; River;351
19.20; River Arm;352
19.21; River Basin;352
19.22; River Flow Transfer;352
19.23; River Lake;352
19.24; River Sediments;352
19.25; Road to Arabs;352
19.26; Roads (Dutch.);352
19.27; Rossyp;352
19.28; Rosy Posygel;352
19.29; (The) Rothschilds;352
19.30; Rubas;353
19.31; Rudsar (Roudsar);353
19.32; Russian Caviar, JSC;353
19.33; Russian Empire;354
19.34; Russian Federal Research Institute for Fishery and Oceanography (VNIRO);354
19.35; Russian Federation Russia;355
19.36; Russian Oil-Industry Company;360
19.37; Russo-Persian Treaty;360
19.38; Russo-Persian Wars;360
19.39; Rutultsy;361
19.40; Ruysbroeck Willem van (Wilhelm von Rubruck);361
19.41; Rybachii Island;361
19.42; Rybnitsa;361
19.43; Ryn-Sands;362
20;S;363
20.1; Safid Rud (Sefid Rud);363
20.2; Safid Rud River Delta;363
20.3; Sagiz;363
20.4; Sagiz;363
20.5; Saiga Antelope (Saiga tatrica L.);364
20.6; Salination;364
20.7; Salse;364
20.8; Salting;364
20.9; Salyan;365
20.10; Salyan Sea;365
20.11; Salyan Steppe;365
20.12; Samur;365
20.13; SamurApsheron Canal;366
20.14; SamurDivichin Canal;366
20.15; SamurDivichin Lowland;366
20.16; Samur Reserve;367
20.17; Samur River Delta;367
20.18; Sand Stabilization;367
20.19; Sanitary Protection Zone;367
20.20; Sapozhnikov Brothers;368
20.21; Sara;368
20.22; Sarai, SaraiBatu;369
20.23; Sari;369
20.24; Sari Herring (Alosa brashnikovi sarensis);369
20.25; Sari Shad (Alosa caspia knipowitschi);370
20.26; Sarikhum, of Sarikhum, Sarykum Barchan;370
20.27; Sarytash;371
20.28; Sarytash;371
20.29; Scientific and Production Sturgeon Culture Center Bios;371
20.30; Scow;371
20.31; Scyth Bay;371
20.32; Sea Bar;371
20.33; Sea Coastal Deposits;371
20.34; Sea Coastal Strip;371
20.35; Sea Doctrine of the Russian Federation Until 2020;371
20.36; Sea Drilling for Oil and Gas;372
20.37; Sea Exclusive Economic Zone;372
20.38; Sea Fauna;372
20.39; Sea Fishery;372
20.40; Sea Oilfield;372
20.41; Sea Pollution Control;373
20.42; Sea Routes;373
20.43; Sea Scirpus (Bolboshoenus maritimus, Scirpus maritimus);373
20.44; Sea Wars on the Caspian;374
20.45; Sefevids;374
20.46; Segoletochek, Seletochek;374
20.47; Seiches;374
20.48; Seiner;375
20.49; Seismicity;375
20.50; Self-Elevating Floating Drilling Rig;375
20.51; Semender;375
20.52; Serebryakov Jetty;376
20.53; Shafa Rud;376
20.54; Shah-Deniz;376
20.55; Shakhova Spit;376
20.56; Shalyga;376
20.57; Shalyga Island;377
20.58; Sheefish (Stenodus leucichthys leucichthys);377
20.59; Shelf (see Continental shelf);377
20.60; Shemaya;377
20.61; Shevchenko;378
20.62; Shevchenko (Aktau) Nuclear Power Plant (NPP);378
20.63; Shikhan;378
20.64; Shilat (see Iranian Fishery Organization);378
20.65; Shipping Company;378
20.66; Shirvan;378
20.67; Shomal (Persian north);378
20.68; Shore;378
20.69; Shore Ice;378
20.70; Shukhov Vladimir Grigorievich (1853--1939);378
20.71; Shuraozen;379
20.72; Signal, Shoal Bank;379
20.73; Siltation (syn. Warping);379
20.74; Sinee More (Blue Sea);380
20.75; Single-Point Mooring;380
20.76; Siyazan;380
20.77; Smoking;380
20.78; Society of Astrakhan Fish Industrialists;380
20.79; Soil Salinization;380
20.80; Soimonov Fedor Ivanovich (1682--1780);381
20.81; Sopka Gryazevaya (Mud Cone);382
20.82; Sor;382
20.83; South-Caspian Institution for Environmental Services;382
20.84; South-Caspian Lowland;382
20.85; South-Caspian Oil-Gas Province;382
20.86; Southeast Caspian Roach or Turkmen Roach (Rutilus rutilus caspicus natio knipowitschi Pravdin);383
20.87; Southeastern Kultuk, Bay;383
20.88; Southern Apsheron Bay;383
20.89; Southern Caspian;383
20.90; Southern Cheleken Bay;383
20.91; Southern Cheleken Spit;383
20.92; Southern Federal District;384
20.93; Southwestern Turkmenistan (Pre-Caspian);384
20.94; Souyutkina Spit, Cape;385
20.95; Spawning;385
20.96; Spawning Ground;385
20.97; Spawning Grounds Floating;385
20.98; Spearing;385
20.99; Special Provision;385
20.100; Special Representative of the RF President on Matters of Caspian Sea Status Regulation;385
20.101; Special Working Group (SWG) at the Level of Deputy Foreign Minsters of the Caspian States;385
20.102; Stake Net;385
20.103; Statute of the Caspian Fishery and Seal Hunting;386
20.104; Stellate Sturgeon, North Caspian Stellate Sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus);386
20.105; Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus);386
20.106; Storage Reservoir;387
20.107; Strabon (64/63, B.C.E.--23/24 C.E.);388
20.108; Strong Salting;388
20.109; Stroug;388
20.110; Sturgeon, Russian Sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedti Brandt);389
20.111; Sturgeons (Acipenseridae);390
20.112; Substeppe Ilmens;391
20.113; Substitution Principle, Swap (from English swap, meaning replacement, exchange);392
20.114; Sulak;392
20.115; Sulak;392
20.116; Sulak Plain (Lowland);392
20.117; Sulak Plavni;393
20.118; Sulak River Delta;393
20.119; Sumgait, Sumgayit;393
20.120; Summits of the Caspian States Presidents;393
20.121; Surakhany;393
20.122; Sustainability of Reserves;394
20.123; Svinoy Island;394
20.124; Swap, Swap Terms;394
20.125; System of Monitoring;394
21;T;395
21.1; Tabaristan;395
21.2; Tabaristan Sea;395
21.3; Tabasarans, Tabasaranians;395
21.4; Tagiev Gaji Zeinalabdin;395
21.5; Talgi;395
21.6; Talysh Khanate;396
21.7; Talyshes;396
21.8; Talyshskie, Talysh, Talyshinskie Mountains;396
21.9; Tamchi;396
21.10; Tanker;396
21.11; Tapuristan;396
21.12; Tarki;396
21.13; Tarki-Tau;397
21.14; Tarkov Shamkhalate;397
21.15; Tatishchev Vasilii Nikitich;397
21.16; Tats;398
21.17; TED Caspii;398
21.18; Tedzhen (Tajan);399
21.19; Tehran, Teheran;399
21.20; Temir-Khan Shura;399
21.21; Tenge;400
21.22; Tengiz, Tengiz Field;401
21.23; Tentek-Sor;401
21.24; Terek;401
21.25; Terek Breaking Waves, Terek Sand Massif (Mozer Sands);402
21.26; Terek-Kuma Canal;402
21.27; Terek-Kuma Lowland;402
21.28; Terek-Kuma Sands;402
21.29; Terek Plavni (Flooded Areas);403
21.30; Terek River Delta;403
21.31; Terek-Sulak Lowland;403
21.32; Terekmei Plain;404
21.33; Territorial Waters (Sea);404
21.34; Tesha, Teshka;404
21.35; The Caspian Region: Politics, Economics, Culture;404
21.36; The Iranian Fishery Organization;404
21.37; Tiger Shoal;405
21.38; Tinaki;405
21.39; Tolcheya (Cross Sea);405
21.40; Tonya;405
21.41; Total Allowable Catch;405
21.42; Towboat;405
21.43; Trading Company;405
21.44; Train-Ferry;405
21.45; Transcaspian;406
21.46; Transcaspian Region;406
21.47; Transcaucasia;406
21.48; Transcaucasian Federation;406
21.49; Transfrontier Waters;406
21.50; Transgression;407
21.51; Transiran Railway;407
21.52; Transit of Energy Resources;407
21.53; Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia (TRASECA);407
21.54; Treaty Between the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and Persia, the 1921 Treaty;407
21.55; Treaty on Establishment of Trade and Navigation Between the USSR and Iran;408
21.56; Treaty on Trade and Navigation Between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Iran, the 1940 Treaty;408
21.57; Tsakhury;408
21.58; Tunikabun;408
21.59; Turali Lakes;408
21.60; Turang Tappe;408
21.61; Turkistan;408
21.62; Turkistan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (TASSR);409
21.63; Turkmen;409
21.64; Turkmen Bay;409
21.65; Turkmen Roach;409
21.66; Turkmen Sea Shipping Line;409
21.67; Turkmenbashi;410
21.68; Turkmenbashi (Krasnovodsk) Bay;410
21.69; Turkmenchay Agreement (Treaty) of 1828, Turkmenchay Peace;411
21.70; Turkmenistan;411
21.71; Tuzluk;416
21.72; Twelve-Foot Road;417
21.73; Tyub-Karagan;417
21.74; Tyub-Karagan Bay;417
21.75; Tyulenii Island;417
21.76; Tyulenii Islands;417
21.77; Tyulenka;417
22;U;418
22.1; Uch;418
22.2; Uchug;418
22.3; Ufra;418
22.4; Ulsky Alexander Fedorovich (1836--1868);418
22.5; Ulsky Shoal;418
22.6; Ultraheavy Oil;419
22.7; UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982;419
22.8; Underwater Sill;419
22.9; Underwater Shoreface;419
22.10; Underwater Volcanism;419
22.11; Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, USSR, Soviet Union;420
22.12; Upstream;420
22.13; Upwelling (from English upwelling, up to the top and well a source);420
22.14; Ural (before 1775 Yaik);421
22.15; Ural-Caspian Canal;422
22.16; Ural-Caspian Division of CaspNIRKh (1988--1992);423
22.17; Ural-Caspian Research Fishery Institute;423
22.18; Ural Cossack Troops;423
22.19; Ural River Delta;423
22.20; Uralskaya (Ural) Borozdina;424
22.21; Ust-Kura Canal;424
22.22; Uzboi;424
22.23; Uzek, Ozek;425
23;V;426
23.1; Vilyazhchay;426
23.2; Voinovich Marko Ivanovich (1750--1807);426
23.3; Volga;427
23.4; Volga-Akhtuba Flood Plain;430
23.5; Volga-Baltic Waterway;432
23.6; Volga-Caspian Naval Flotilla;432
23.7; Volga-Caspian Sea Basin;432
23.8; Volga Delta;432
23.9; Volga Herring, Volga Multirakered Herring (Alosa kessleri volgensis);433
23.10; Volga-Kama Bank;433
23.11; Volga Mouth Area;433
23.12; Volga Mouth Offshore Area;433
23.13; Volga Naval Flotilla;434
23.14; Volga River Delta;434
23.15; Volga-Caspian Canal, Main Bank;436
23.16; Volga-Don Shipping Canal (formerly, V.I. Lenin Canal);437
23.17; Volga-Ural Sands;438
23.18; Volga Water Divide;438
23.19; Volynsky Artemii Petrovich (1689--1740);438
23.20; Vorontsov-Dashkov Illarion Ivanovich (1837--1916);439
23.21; Voropaev Grigory Vasilievich (1932--1999);440
23.22; Voskoboinikov Nikolai Ivanovich (1803--unknown);441
23.23; Voyeikov Alexander Ivanovich (1842--1916);441
23.24; Vuzovskoe Lake-Storage Reservoir;441
23.25; Vyalenie (air-sunlight drying);442
23.26; Vyaziga;443
24;W;444
24.1; Water Area (in Latin aqua water);444
24.2; Water Balance of the Caspian Sea;444
24.3; Water Impounding (Invasion);447
24.4; Water Problems Institute (WPI) of Russian Academy of Sciences;447
24.5; Water Resources;447
24.6; Water Resources;447
24.7; Water Transportation;447
24.8; Wave and Wind Atlas of the Middle and Southern Caspian;448
24.9; Wave Regime of the Caspian Sea;448
24.10; Well Boat;449
24.11; Wetlands;449
24.12; Wilayat (Velayat);449
24.13; Wind Effected Fluctuations of the Caspian Sea Level;449
24.14; Wind-Induced Drying;451
24.15; Wind Regime of the Caspian Sea;451
24.16; Wintering Hole;452
24.17; World Energy Cities Partnership;453
24.18; Wulf;453
25;Y;454
25.1; Yaichny Island;454
25.2; Yaik (in Tatar Djaik);454
25.3; Yaik-Guriev Township;454
25.4; Yaitsky (Yaik) Cossacks;454
25.5; Yaitsky Township;454
25.6; Yalama;454
25.7; Yamnoye;454
25.8; Yatov, Yatovi;454
25.9; Yeraliev;455
25.10; Yeralievo;455
25.11; Yerik;455
25.12; Young Shore Ice;455
25.13; Yuzhsibreka;455
26;Z;457
26.1; Zabrody;457
26.2; Zaburunye;457
26.3; Zagulba;457
26.4; Zaikov Boris Dmitrievich (1897--1961);457
26.5; Zakhoder Boris Nikolaevich (1898--1960);457
26.6; Zalom (Folded herring);457
26.7; Zastruga;458
26.8; Zayachii (Hares);458
26.9; Zhanaozen;458
26.10; Zhazgurly-Basgurly, Zhazgurlin Depression;458
26.11; Zhdanov Shoal;458
26.12; Zheleznye Vorota (Iron Gate);458
26.13; Zherebtsov Ivan Matveevich;458
26.14; Zhiloi (Chilov) (Pers. Ronie, then Shahidan, Rus. Zhiloi, this name is associated with fishing development in old times and with permanent habitation on fishermens island);459
26.15; Zhuz;459
26.16; Zoroastr;459
26.17; Zoroastrianism;459
27;Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Caspian Sea in the 17th--21st Centuries;461
28;References;518
29;List of Abbreviations;521

Leseproben

"B (p. 59-60)

Babol – a city located 25 km from the Caspian Sea on the east–west road connecting the coastal provinces of Gilan and Mazandaran. Founded in the sixteenth century, it was once a heavy-duty river port. Since the early nineteenth century, it has been one of the major cities in the province. Ruins of some ancient buildings are found here. Food and cotton ginning factories are also located here. The population is over 283 thou as of 2006.

Babol – a river flowing into the Caspian Sea near Babolsar. It originates in the Savadhuk Mountains and is one of the major rivers in Iran. Its watershed is 1,630 km2, its length is 78 km, and its width is about 50–60 m at its mouth down to 100 m upstream. Its average discharge is 16 m3/s. The river receives abundant water from snowmelt and rainfall. Particularly in winter and when a lot of precipitation has fallen in the mountains, it is a full-flowing river. In its upstream part, as far as Barfrush City, it is reminiscent of a real mountain river with cliffed banks rushing down steep slopes.

More downstream, it emerges onto a plain and flows into the sea, forming a wide alluvial fan and a vast, U-shaped bar composed of its own alluvial deposits. Spring floods occur in March–April when ships run all the way to Babol City. Sturgeon and other fish run into the river for spawning. Babolsar (formerly Mashadener, translated as “Mashhad’s head”) – once one of the major international trading ports in the Caspian littoral of Iran, from here the road to Mashhad starts.

The city is located 23 km from the Babol River mouth on the right bank, 20 km northward of Babol City, in Mazandaran Province. Its area is approximately 40 km2, and its population is estimated at 132 thou (2006). The city is located 4 km from the port. Soap factories, tobacco processors, and oil refineries are found here. Fisheries are found on the left bank of the Babol River. Nearby is an excellent resort with a beautiful hotel complex on the seaside.

Backs – back components of great sturgeon, sturgeon, and stellate sturgeon used for the preparation of hung balyks (balyk – smoked or sun–dried flesh of sturgeons or large salmons).

Baer’s Hills – a unique relief form that appeared after Caspian recess due to wind actions. These are parallel, nearly latitudinally striking ridges and hills in the Caspian Lowland between the Kuma and Emba River mouths and also from Astrakhan southward. Their height usually varies from 3 to 20 m, their length is to 2 km, and their width is 200–300 m, with an average spacing between ridges of 1–2 km. B.H. are composed of quartz sands and small rounded chips of solid brown clays and are compacted with clay material. Quite often their tops are broken and deflated.

In the Volga delta, B.H. has been used for a long time by the local population in construction of settlements. One of these, “Devil’s town”, is a natural and historical place of interest. Some parts of Astrakhan are also located on such hills. They received their name in honor of the outstanding natural scientist Academician"