Zonn / Kosarev / Glantz The Caspian Sea Encyclopedia

2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-11524-0
Verlag: Springer
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 525 Seiten, eBook

Reihe: Encyclopedia of Seas

“The Caspian Sea Encyclopedia” is the second one in the new series of encyclo- dias about the seas of the former Soviet Union published by Springer-Verlag. The ?rst volume – “The Aral Sea Encyclopedia” was published by Springer in 2009. The series will be continued by “The Black Sea Encyclopedia” in 2010. Today the Caspian Sea is known to readers thanks to its oil and gas resources, sturgeon and caviar, signi?cant sea-level variations, socio-economic and political problems. The Caucasus and Central Asia (http://eurodialogue. org/?les/fckeditor_?les/Caspian-s- map2. png) vii viii Introduction For more than 250 years the Caspian Sea was shared by two states: Russia (the Soviet Union) and Persia (Iran). After the disintegration of the USSR in 1992, the new independent states of Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan have radically changed the political and economic situation in the region. In addition to Russia and Iran, who had determined the situation on the Caspian for a long period, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan are now interested parties, beginning a new stage in the historical development of the Caspian region. This increase in the number of the Caspian legal entities from two to ?ve has given rise to a whole tangle of geopolitical, economic, international legal, ethnic and environmental problems, each of which demands its own approach and settlement mechanism.

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Zonn, Igor S.

Kosarev, Aleksey N

Glantz, Michael

Kostianoy, Andrey G.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

A.- B.- C.- D.- E.- F.- G.- H.- I.- J.- K.- L.- M.- N.- O.- P.- R.- S.- T.- U.- V.- W.- Y.- Z.- Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Caspian Sea in the 17th–21st Centuries.

Leseproben

"B (p. 59-60)

Babol – a city located 25 km from the Caspian Sea on the east–west road connecting the coastal provinces of Gilan and Mazandaran. Founded in the sixteenth century, it was once a heavy-duty river port. Since the early nineteenth century, it has been one of the major cities in the province. Ruins of some ancient buildings are found here. Food and cotton ginning factories are also located here. The population is over 283 thou as of 2006.

Babol – a river flowing into the Caspian Sea near Babolsar. It originates in the Savadhuk Mountains and is one of the major rivers in Iran. Its watershed is 1,630 km2, its length is 78 km, and its width is about 50–60 m at its mouth down to 100 m upstream. Its average discharge is 16 m3/s. The river receives abundant water from snowmelt and rainfall. Particularly in winter and when a lot of precipitation has fallen in the mountains, it is a full-flowing river. In its upstream part, as far as Barfrush City, it is reminiscent of a real mountain river with cliffed banks rushing down steep slopes.

More downstream, it emerges onto a plain and flows into the sea, forming a wide alluvial fan and a vast, U-shaped bar composed of its own alluvial deposits. Spring floods occur in March–April when ships run all the way to Babol City. Sturgeon and other fish run into the river for spawning. Babolsar (formerly Mashadener, translated as “Mashhad’s head”) – once one of the major international trading ports in the Caspian littoral of Iran, from here the road to Mashhad starts.

The city is located 23 km from the Babol River mouth on the right bank, 20 km northward of Babol City, in Mazandaran Province. Its area is approximately 40 km2, and its population is estimated at 132 thou (2006). The city is located 4 km from the port. Soap factories, tobacco processors, and oil refineries are found here. Fisheries are found on the left bank of the Babol River. Nearby is an excellent resort with a beautiful hotel complex on the seaside.

Backs – back components of great sturgeon, sturgeon, and stellate sturgeon used for the preparation of hung balyks (balyk – smoked or sun–dried flesh of sturgeons or large salmons).

Baer’s Hills – a unique relief form that appeared after Caspian recess due to wind actions. These are parallel, nearly latitudinally striking ridges and hills in the Caspian Lowland between the Kuma and Emba River mouths and also from Astrakhan southward. Their height usually varies from 3 to 20 m, their length is to 2 km, and their width is 200–300 m, with an average spacing between ridges of 1–2 km. B.H. are composed of quartz sands and small rounded chips of solid brown clays and are compacted with clay material. Quite often their tops are broken and deflated.

In the Volga delta, B.H. has been used for a long time by the local population in construction of settlements. One of these, “Devil’s town”, is a natural and historical place of interest. Some parts of Astrakhan are also located on such hills. They received their name in honor of the outstanding natural scientist Academician"