Alkemade / Hollander / Snelleman Metal Vapours in Flames

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-8537-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 1056 Seiten, Web PDF

The book is unique in comprising our present knowledge about the general state of, and the processes involving, metal vapours in combustion flames. It deals thoroughly with a great variety of experimental techniques, including many practical hints, and synthesizes the results in this field of research which are often scattered across publications in widely different areas of science and technology and over a large time span. An account is given of the results of recent and past flame experiments on the properties of metal species and the processes in which they take part. Properties and processes that are discussed 'in extenso' include the dissociation energy of metal compounds, collisional broadening of atomic lines, physical and chemical excitation and quenching of electric states, formation reactions of metal compounds, ionization and diffusion. Many of the topics and experimental methods discussed are also of interest in other fields of fundamental and applied science. In particular, explicit conclusions are drawn as to the analytical application of flame spectroscopy.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Alkemade, C. Th. J.

Hollander, Tj.

Snelleman, W.

Zeegers, P. J. Th.

Haar, D. Ter

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Metal Vapours in Flames;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;12
5;Preface;6
6;CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION;24
7;CHAPTER II. BASIC CONCEPTS AND GENERAL RELATIONSHIPS;36
7.1;1 INTRODUCTION;36
7.2;2 THE STRUCTURE AND SPECTRUM OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES (A SUMMARY);38
7.3;3 THE EQUILIBRIUM STATE;64
7.4;4 KINETIC CONCEPTS AND PROCESSES;86
7.5;5 THE INTENSITIES OF RADIATIVE TRANSITIONS;133
8;CHAPTER III. GENERAL INSTRUMENTAL ASPECTS AND EXPERIMENTAL METHODS;232
8.1;1 INTRODUCTION;232
8.2;2 BURNERS AND NEBULIZERS;234
8.3;3.SPECIAL TECHNIQUES OF SEEDING A FLAME;259
8.4;4.THE OPTICAL TRAIN;263
8.5;5. PHOTODETECTORS AND NOISE;284
8.6;6. THE ELECTRICAL MEASURING SYSTEM;300
8.7;7. LIGHT SOURCES FOR ABSORPTION AND FLUORESCENCE MEASUREMENTS;308
8.8;8. MEASUREMENT OF THE NEBULIZATION EFFICIENCY;325
8.9;9. RELEASE OF METAL VAPOUR FROM AEROSOL;329
8.10;10. THE MEASUREMENT OF FLAME TEMPERATURE;338
8.11;11. THE DETERMINATION OF THE RISE-VELOCITY OF THE BURNT FLAME GASES;352
8.12;12. THE MEASUREMENT OF THE FLAME THICKNESS AND OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF METAL VAPOUR IN THE FLAME;355
8.13;13. METHODS FOR CHECKING THE LINEARITY OF A PHOTO-ELECTRIC MEASURING SYSTEM;359
8.14;14. THE MEASUREMENT OF EMISSION;362
8.15;15. THE MEASUREMENT OF ABSORPTION;391
8.16;16. THE MEASUREMENT OF FLUORESCENCE;413
9;CHAPTER IV. TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF NONSEEDED FLAMES;436
9.1;1. INTRODUCTION;436
9.2;2. GENERAL TYPES OF FLAMES;440
9.3;3. THE STRUCTURE OF PREMIXED LAMINAR FLAMES;442
9.4;5. DEVIATIONS FROM FLAME EQUILIBRIUM COMPOSITION;457
9.5;6. MEASURED FLAME TEMPERATURES;478
9.6;7. NATURAL FLAME IONIZATION;483
9.7;8. FLAME BACKGROUND SPECTRUM;488
9.8;9. FLUCTUATIONS IN THE FLAME EMISSION;493
10;CHAPTER V. DETERMINATION OF METAL CONCENTRATION IN THE FLAME;502
10.1;1 INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS;502
10.2;2 SPECTROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF ABSOLUTE METAL CONCENTRATION;504
10.3;3 SPECTROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF CONCENTRATION RATIOS;531
10.4;4 SPECIAL METHODS OF DETERMINING ABSOLUTE METAL CONCENTRATIONS;536
10.5;5 CALCULATION OF ABSOLUTE METAL CONCENTRATION FROM MEASURED SALT SUPPLY;538
10.6;6 THE COMPARISPN METHOD AND ELEMENTS SUITABLE AS FULLY ATOMIZED STANDARDS;543
11;CHAPTER VI. EXCITATION AND DE-EXCITATION OF METAL SPECIES;552
11.1;1 INTRODUCTION;552
11.2;2 PHYSICAL EXCITATION AND DE-EXCITATION PROCESSES;557
11.3;3 CHEMICAL EXCITATION AND DE-EXCITATION PROCESSES (CHEMILUMINESCENCE);657
11.4;4 NONTHERMAL RADIATION OF ATOMIC LINES;675
12;CHAPTER VII. BROADENING AND SHIFT OF ATOMIC METAL LINES;700
12.1;I INTRODUCTION;700
12.2;2 THEORETICAL;702
12.3;3 EXPERIMENTAL;733
12.4;4 RESULTS FROM FLAME EXPERIMENTS IN COMPARISON WITH NON-FLAME RESULTS AND WITH THEORY;745
13;CHAPTER VIII. FORMATION OF METAL COMPOUNDS;774
13.1;1 INTRODUCTION;774
13.2;2 METHODS OF DETERMINING DISSOCIATION ENERGIES (D0) AND VALUES REPORTED;777
13.3;3 KIND AND ABUNDANCE OF METAL COMPOUNDS;793
13.4;4 FORMATION REACTIONS OF METAL COMPOUNDS;806
13.5;5 FLAME SPECTROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF DISSOCIATION ENERGIES;819
14;CHAPTER IX. IONIZATION IN SEEDED FLAMES;836
14.1;1 INTRODUCTION;836
14.2;2 SURVEY OF IONIZATION PROCESSES;840
14.3;3 SOME USEFUL THEORETICAL RELATIONSHIPS;851
14.4;4 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES;873
14.5;5 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;887
14.6;6 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS;905
15;CHAPTER X. DIFFUSION;932
15.1;1 INTRODUCTION;932
15.2;2 THEORETICAL ESTIMATE OF DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS;934
15.3;3 MODEL CALCULATIONS OF ATOMIC DISTRIBUTIONS;937
15.4;4 MEASUREMENTS OF DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS IN FLAMES;941
15.5;5 THE IMPORTANCE OF DIFFUSION IN METAL VAPOUR EXPERIMENTS;944
16;APPENDIX;946
17;A.1 CONVERSION FACTORS OF INCOHERENT UNITS;946
18;A.2 SOME FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS;947
19;A.3 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND TERMS USED;948
20;A.4 IONIZATION ENERGIES AND SPECTRAL LINE CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME METAL ATOMS;962
21;A.5 GENERAL RADIANT QUANTITIES;966
22;A.6 THE CONCEPT OF OPTICAL CONDUCTANCE;968
23;A.7 DERIVATION OF EXPRESSIONS FOR SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO (SIR);970
24;A.8 SPECTROGRAMS OF THE VISIBLE BANDS OF Ca, Sr AND Ba IN FLAMES;976
25;A.9 DERIVATION OF RELAXATION EQUATION INCLUDING NEGATIVE-ION FORMATION;980
26;BIBLIOGRAPHY;982
27;SUBJECT INDEX;1022
28;OTHER TITLES IN THE SERIES IN NATURAL PHILOSOPHY;1054