Amlaner / Macdonald A Handbook on Biotelemetry and Radio Tracking

Proceedings of an International Conference on Telemetry and Radio Tracking in Biology and Medicine, Oxford, 20-22 March 1979
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-8931-4
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 824 Seiten, Web PDF

A Handbook on Biotelemetry and Radio Tracking presents the proceedings of an International Conference on Telemetry and Radio Tracking in Biology and Medicine, held in The University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. on March 20-22, 1979. This book illustrates the advances connected with every aspect of biotelemetry and radio tracking. Organized into five parts encompassing 101 chapters, this compilation of papers begins with an overview of the method that allows assessment or control of biological parameters from animals, subjects, and patients with comparatively little disturbance and restraint. This text then examines radio telemetry as a system for telemetry or communications over great distances. Other chapters consider better transmitter design and construction of radio tracking. This book discusses as well telemetric measurements of hemodynamic response to driving in coronary patients. The final chapter deals with the study of the coastal movements of Atlantic salmon tagged with ultrasonic transmitters. This book is a valuable resource for biological researchers and ecologists.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Amlaner, Charles J.

Macdonald, David W.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;A Handbook on Biotelemetry and Radio TracKing;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Preface;12
6;Conference Participants;14
7;Commercial Exhibitions;20
8;Part I: Introductory Reviews;22
8.1;Chapter 1. Artifact Free Measurement of Biological Parameters: Biotelemetry, a Historical Review and Layout of Modern Developments;24
8.1.1;DEFINITION AND PRINCIPLE OF BIOTELEMETRY;25
8.1.2;EARLY DEVELOPMENTS;25
8.1.3;CARDIOVASCULAR PARAMETERS;28
8.1.4;RESPIRATORY PARAMETERS;32
8.1.5;LOCOMOTIVE PARAMETERS;33
8.1.6;NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND GASTRO-INTESTINAL PARAMETERS;35
8.1.7;REFERENCES;37
8.2;Chapter 2. The Advantages of Short Range Telemetry through the Intact Skin for Physiological Measurements in Both Animals and Man;42
8.2.1;INTRODUCTION;42
8.2.2;CARRIER FREQUENCY;43
8.2.3;ELECTRONIC SIGNAL CONDITIONING;45
8.2.4;HUMAN APPLICATIONS;48
8.2.5;CONCLUSION;51
8.2.6;REFERENCES;51
8.3;Chapter 3. Physiology of Large Mammals by Implanted Radio Capsules
;54
8.3.1;INTRODUCTION;54
8.3.2;HEART RATE AND DAILY BEHAVIOR RECORDING;55
8.3.3;INTERPRETATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL TELEMETRY DATA;55
8.3.4;DAY-NIGHT PHYSIOLOGICAL SETTINGS RECORDED FROM WOLVERINES AND OPPOSSUMS;56
8.3.5;THE IOWA IMPLANT PROCEDURE;56
8.3.6;THE MIDLINE CLOSE-POSITIONED ELECTRODES;57
8.3.7;EXAMPLES OF MIDLINE ECG RECORDING;58
8.3.8;FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF TELEMETRY;59
8.3.9;REFERENCES;63
8.4;Chapter 4. Physiological Radio Telemetry of Vertebrates;66
8.4.1;INTRODUCTION;66
8.4.2;ADVANTAGES OF RADIO TELEMETRY;66
8.4.3;PHYSIOLOGICAL RADIO TELEMETRY;67
8.4.4;USING BIOTELEMETRY;69
8.4.5;AREAS REQUIRING ATTENTION;73
8.4.6;SUMMARY;74
8.4.7;REFERENCES;74
8.5;Chapter 5. Approaches, Field Considerations and Problems Associated with Radio Tracking Carnivores;78
8.5.1;INTRODUCTION;78
8.5.2;APPROACHES TO RADIO TRACKING STUDIES;79
8.5.3;FIELD CONSIDERATIONS;80
8.5.4;PROBLEMS;81
8.5.5;CONCLUSIONS;82
8.5.6;REFERENCES;83
8.6;Chapter 6. Application of Radio Tracking in Wildlife Research in the Netherlands;86
8.6.1;INTRODUCTION;86
8.6.2;GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND REQUIREMENTS;87
8.6.3;APPLICATION OF 154 MHz TRANSMITTERS;104
8.6.4;EQUIPMENT;88
8.6.5;APPLICATION OF 27 MHz TRANSMITTERS;99
8.6.6;APPLICATION OF 154 MHz TRANSMITTERS;104
8.7;Chapter 7. Making the Most of Radio Tracking—A Summary of Wolf Studies in Northeastern Minnesota;106
8.7.1;INTRODUCTION;107
8.7.2;WOLF STUDIES;109
8.7.3;METHODS;110
8.7.4;RESULTS;111
8.7.5;CONCLUSION;114
8.7.6;REFERENCES;115
8.8;Chapter 8. Radio Monitoring Birds of Prey;118
8.8.1;INTRODUCTORY REVIEW;118
8.8.2;SELECTIVE PREDATION BY GOSHAWKS;119
8.8.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;121
8.8.4;RADIO TAGGING FOR PREDATION ASSESSMENT;123
8.8.5;REFERENCES;124
8.9;Chapter 9. An Analysis of Objectives in Telemetry Studies of Fish in the Natural Environment;126
8.9.1;INTRODUCTION;126
8.9.2;ACOUSTIC TRANSMISSION;127
8.9.3;RADIO TELEMETRY;130
8.9.4;SATELLITES;131
8.9.5;ATTACHMENT OF TRANSMITTERS TO THE FISH;132
8.9.6;APPLICATIONS;133
8.9.7;CONCLUSIONS;137
8.9.8;REFERENCES;137
8.10;Chapter 10. Biotelemetry with Radionuclide Tracers;140
8.10.1;INTRODUCTION;140
8.10.2;MATERIALS AND METHODS;141
8.10.3;APPLICATIONS;145
8.10.4;DISCUSSION;148
8.10.5;REFERENCES;150
8.11;Chapter 11. Radar as an Aid to the Study of Insect Flight;152
8.11.1;INTRODUCTION;152
8.11.2;RADAR ENTOMOLOGY FIELD TRIALS;153
8.11.3;CURRENT CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS;155
8.11.4;CONCLUSIONS;159
8.11.5;REFERENCES;159
9;Part II: Design, Construction and Performance;162
9.1;Chapter 12. A Practical Guide to Radio Tracking;164
9.1.1;INTRODUCTION;164
9.1.2;TRANSMITTERS;164
9.1.3;BATTERIES;167
9.1.4;TRANSMITTER LIFETIME CALCULATIONS;168
9.1.5;ENCAPSULATION AND ATTACHMENT;170
9.1.6;BASIC RADIO TRACKING;171
9.1.7;CONCLUSION;176
9.1.8;REFERENCES;177
9.2;Chapter 13. An Elementary Guide to Practical Aspects of Radio Tracking Mammals;182
9.2.1;INTRODUCTION;182
9.2.2;TERMINOLOGY;183
9.2.3;REGULATIONS;184
9.2.4;THE TRANSMITTER;184
9.2.5;THE RECEIVER;186
9.2.6;ANTENNAS;187
9.2.7;NUMBER OF ANIMALS TO BE TRACKED;187
9.2.8;CONCLUSIONS;188
9.2.9;REFERENCES;188
9.3;Chapter 14. A Simple and Cheap Radio Tracking System for Use on Hedgehogs;190
9.3.1;INTRODUCTION;190
9.3.2;THE RECEIVER;190
9.3.3;THE TRANSMITTER;191
9.3.4;RESULTS;194
9.3.5;REFERENCE;194
9.4;Chapter 15. Plans for a Lightweight Inexpensive Radio Transmitter;196
9.4.1;INTRODUCTION;196
9.4.2;COMPONENTS, SUPPLIERS*, AND EQUIPMENT;196
9.4.3;PREPARATION OF COMPONENTS;197
9.4.4;CONSTRUCTION;197
9.4.5;TROUBLE SHOOTING;200
9.4.6;MODIFICATIONS;200
9.4.7;SUPPLIER'S ADDRESSES;200
9.5;Chapter 16. Modulators for Miniature Tracking Transmitters;202
9.5.1;INTRODUCTION;202
9.5.2;FIXED RATE PULSE GENERATOR;202
9.5.3;VARIABLE RATE PULSE GENERATOR;203
9.5.4;CONCLUSION;204
9.5.5;REFERENCES;205
9.6;Chapter 17. A Versatile Coded Wildlife Transmitter;206
9.6.1;INTRODUCTION;206
9.6.2;CIRCUIT DESIGN;206
9.6.3;PULSE GENERATION AND CODING;207
9.6.4;ACTIVITY AND MORTALITY MONITORING;208
9.6.5;DISCUSSION;211
9.6.6;REFERENCES;212
9.7;Chapter 18. Hybrid Microcircuits for Implantable Radio Transmitters;214
9.7.1;INTRODUCTION;214
9.7.2;HYBRID TECHNOLOGY;215
9.7.3;DISCRETE COMPONENTS;218
9.7.4;COMPARISON OF THE HYBRID TECHNOLOGIES;218
9.7.5;CONCLUSION;221
9.8;Chapter 19. Low Power VHF Transmitter for Multiplexed Telemetry;222
9.8.1;DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS;222
9.8.2;CIRCUIT;222
9.8.3;PERFORMANCE;223
9.8.4;FUTURE DEVELOPMENT;224
9.8.5;REFERENCES;225
9.9;Chapter 20. Assembly of a Small Ultrasonic Transmitter;226
9.9.1;INTRODUCTION;226
9.9.2;MATERIALS AND METHODS;226
9.9.3;REFERENCES;229
9.10;Chapter 21. Improved Techniques in the Construction of pH-sensitive Radio Pills;230
9.10.1;INTRODUCTION;230
9.10.2;METHOD;230
9.10.3;IN VITRO EVALUATION;231
9.10.4;APPLICATION;233
9.10.5;REFERENCES;233
9.11;Chapter 22. Construction Techniques Using Subminiature Discrete Components;234
9.11.1;REFERENCES;236
9.12;Chapter 23. Encapsulation and Packaging of Implanted Components;238
9.12.1;INTRODUCTION;238
9.12.2;THE ENCAPSULANT; ADHESION OR IMPERMEABILITY?;238
9.12.3;SURFACE PROPERTIES OF AN ENCAPSULATED COMPONENT;239
9.12.4;DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENCAPSULATED PARTS;242
9.12.5;HERMETIC SEALS FOR LEADS;242
9.12.6;LID SEALING MATERIALS;243
9.12.7;PERMEABLE PACKAGES;244
9.12.8;REFERENCES;245
9.13;Chapter 24. Power Sources for Implant Telemetry and Stimulation Systems;246
9.13.1;INTRODUCTION;246
9.13.2;PRIMARY BATTERIES;247
9.13.3;LITHIUM BATTERIES;247
9.13.4;NUCLEAR BATTERIES;247
9.13.5;SECONDARY BATTERIES;249
9.13.6;RF COUPLING AND MAGNETIC INDUCTION POWERING;251
9.13.7;CONCLUSION;262
9.13.8;REFERENCES;265
9.14;Chapter 25. Expanded Radío Tracking Potential in Wildlife Investigations with the Use of Solar Transmitters;268
9.14.1;INTRODUCTION;268
9.14.2;METHODS;268
9.14.3;DISCUSSION;270
9.14.4;REFERENCES;271
9.15;Chapter 26. The Design of Antennas for Use in Radio Telemetry;272
9.15.1;WAVE THEORY;272
9.15.2;TRANSMITTING ANTENNAS;273
9.15.3;RECEIVING ANTENNAS;274
9.15.4;REFERENCES;282
9.16;Chapter 27. A Collapsible Dipole Antenna for Radio Tracking on 102 MHz;284
9.16.1;INTRODUCTION;284
9.16.2;MATERIALS AND METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION;285
9.16.3;METHOD OF USE;286
9.16.4;DISCUSSION;287
9.16.5;REFERENCES;289
9.17;Chapter 28. A Practical, Remotely-controlled, Portable Radio Telemetry Receiving Apparatus;290
9.17.1;INTRODUCTION;290
9.17.2;SYSTEM LAYOUT;290
9.17.3;OPERATION;292
9.17.4;REFERENCES;294
9.18;Chapter 29. Construction of an Acoustic Receiver and Hydrophone;296
9.18.1;INTRODUCTION;296
9.18.2;MATERIALS AND METHODS;296
9.18.3;REFERENCES;298
9.19;Chapter 30. Heart Rate Telemetry Using Micropower Integrated Circuits;300
9.19.1;INTRODUCTION;300
9.19.2;CIRCUIT DESIGN;300
9.19.3;REFERENCES;307
9.20;Chapter 31. An Implantable Transducer for the Measurement of Respiratory Air Flow;308
9.20.1;REFERENCES;313
9.21;Chapter 32. Implantable Telemetry System for Strain Measurements;314
9.21.1;INTRODUCTION;314
9.21.2;THE IMPLANTED TELEMETRY TRANSMITTER;315
9.21.3;THE IMPLANTED PICKUP COIL AND RECTIFICATION UNIT;316
9.21.4;THE EXTERNAL RECEIVER;317
9.21.5;THE TELEMETRY CONSTRUCTION;317
9.21.6;CONCLUSION;317
9.21.7;REFERENCES;317
9.22;Chapter 33. An Implantable FM Telemetry System for Measuring Forces on Prosthetic Hip Joints;318
9.22.1;INTRODUCTION;318
9.22.2;DESIGN CONSTRAINTS;319
9.22.3;TRANSMITTER DESIGN;319
9.22.4;THE RECEIVING SYSTEM;322
9.22.5;CALIBRATION AND ACCURACY;323
9.22.6;RESULTS;325
9.22.7;CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION;325
9.22.8;REFERENCES;327
9.23;Chapter 34. A Monitoring Chamber* for Trout Behavior and Physiology;328
9.23.1;INTRODUCTION;328
9.23.2;THE MONITORING CHAMBER;329
9.23.3;SIGNAL RETRIEVAL AND PROCESSING;329
9.23.4;DISCUSSION;331
9.23.5;REFERENCES;332
9.24;Chapter 35. The Capture of Deer for Radio Tagging;334
9.24.1;INTRODUCTION;334
9.24.2;STOCKADES;334
9.24.3;NETTING;335
9.24.4;CAPTURE DRUGS;336
9.24.5;REFERENCES;337
9.25;Chapter 36. A Simplified Teclinique for Mobile Radio Tracking;340
9.25.1;INTRODUCTION;340
9.25.2;METHOD;341
9.25.3;REFERENCES;343
9.26;Chapter 37. Time-sharing for Biological Signals in Radio Telemetry;344
9.26.1;INTRODUCTION;344
9.26.2;METHOD;345
9.26.3;RESULTS;347
9.26.4;DISCUSSION;348
9.26.5;REFERENCES;349
9.27;Chapter 38. A New Automatic Food Dispenser;350
9.27.1;INTRODUCTION;350
9.27.2;DESIGN;350
9.27.3;DISCUSSION;352
9.27.4;REFERENCE;353
9.28;Chapter 39. Optical and Radio Optical Techniques for Tracking Nocturnal Animals;354
9.28.1;INTRODUCTION;354
9.28.2;CIRCUITS AND APPLICATIONS;355
9.28.3;REFERENCES;359
9.29;Chapter 40. Automatic Monitoring of Nest Attentiveness in Incubating Birds;360
9.29.1;INTRODUCTION;360
9.29.2;SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM;361
9.29.3;ADJUSTMENTS;364
9.29.4;APPLICATION;364
9.29.5;REFERENCES;365
9.30;Chapter 41. Continuous Observation of Individual Herring Gulls during the Incubation Season Using Radio Tags: An Evaluation of the Technique and a Cost-Benefit Analysis of Transmitter Power;366
9.30.1;INTRODUCTION;366
9.30.2;MATERIALS;366
9.30.3;METHOD;368
9.30.4;RESULTS;369
9.30.5;DISCUSSION;371
9.30.6;CONCLUSION;373
9.30.7;REFERENCES;373
10;Part III: Evaluation, Data Acqusition and Analysis;374
10.1;Chapter 42. A Comment on the Use of Radio Tracking in Ecological Research;376
10.1.1;INTRODUCTION;376
10.1.2;TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE;377
10.1.3;RADIO TRACKING'S UNFULFILLED POTENTIAL;378
10.1.4;RADIO TRACKING IN THE FUTURE;379
10.1.5;REFERENCES;380
10.2;Chapter 43. The Application of Radio Tracking and Its Effect on the Behavioral Ecology of the Water Vole, Arvicola terrestris (Lacépéde);382
10.2.1;INTRODUCTION;382
10.2.2;RADIO TRACKING TECHNIQUES;382
10.2.3;THE EFFECT OF THE RADIO COLLAR ON WATER VOLES;384
10.2.4;MATERIAL AND METHODS;384
10.2.5;RESULTS;384
10.2.6;DISCUSSION;385
10.2.7;THE APPLICATION OF RADIO TRACKING;386
10.2.8;REFERENCES;387
10.3;Chapter 44. Growth, Reproduction and Survival in Peromyscus leucopus Carrying Intraperitoneally Implanted Transmitters;388
10.3.1;INTRODUCTION;388
10.3.2;MATERIALS AND METHODS;389
10.3.3;RESULTS;390
10.3.4;DISCUSSION;393
10.3.5;REFERENCES;395
10.4;Chapter 45. An Evaluation of Several Grid Trapping Methods by Comparison with Radio Telemetry in a Home Range Study of the Eastern Chipmunk (Tamias striatus L.);396
10.4.1;INTRODUCTION;396
10.4.2;MATERIALS AND METHODS;397
10.4.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;398
10.4.4;COMPARISONS BETWEEN TRAP AND RADIO DETERMINED HOME RANGE ESTIMATES;400
10.4.5;CONCLUSIONS;405
10.4.6;REFERENCES;405
10.5;Chapter 46. Strategies for Analyzing Radio Tracking Data;408
10.5.1;INTRODUCTION;408
10.5.2;OBJECTIVES OF MOVEMENT STUDIES;409
10.5.3;AN ANALYSIS STRATEGY;410
10.5.4;SPATIAL INVESTIGATIONS;411
10.5.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;415
10.5.6;BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS;420
10.5.7;CONCLUSIONS;422
10.5.8;REFERENCES;424
10.6;Chapter 47. The Evaluation of Home Range Size and Configuration Using Radio Tracking Data;426
10.6.1;INTRODUCTION;426
10.6.2;SOME MODELS;429
10.6.3;COMPARISON OF MODELS;430
10.6.4;INTERACTION AND OVERLAP;435
10.6.5;DYNAMIC INTERACTION;436
10.6.6;CONCLUSIONS;440
10.6.7;REFERENCES;441
10.7;Chapter 48. A Computer Based Data File Management System for Telemetry Studies on Free Ranging Animals;446
10.7.1;INTRODUCTION;446
10.7.2;COLLECTION OF DATA;446
10.7.3;DATA FILE MANAGEMENT;448
10.7.4;COMPUTER PROGRAM SHADE;448
10.7.5;REFERENCE;451
10.8;Chapter 49. Remote Data-Acquisition in Rehabilitation;452
10.8.1;INTRODUCTION;453
10.8.2;METHOD;454
10.8.3;RESULTS;455
10.8.4;DISCUSSION;457
10.9;Chapter 50. The Automatic, Continuous and Fixed Radio Tracking System of the Chizé Forest: Theoretical and Practical Analysis;460
10.9.1;INTRODUCTION;460
10.9.2;DESCRIPTION OF THE RADIO TRACKING SYSTEM;461
10.9.3;TRANSMITTERS;462
10.9.4;THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEM;463
10.9.5;EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEM;466
10.9.6;AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING;467
10.9.7;CONCLUSION;470
10.9.8;REFERENCES;472
10.10;Chapter 51. An Automatic Telemetry System for Tracking and Physiology;474
10.10.1;INTRODUCTION;474
10.10.2;OBJECTIVE;474
10.10.3;NEW APPROACH;474
10.10.4;CAPACITY;475
10.11;Chapter 52. Animal Activity Recorded by Radio Tracking and an Audio Time Lapse Recorder;478
10.11.1;INTRODUCTION;478
10.11.2;EQUIPMENT;478
10.11.3;APPLICATIONS;479
10.11.4;CONCLUSION;480
10.12;Chapter 53. Ultrasonic Tracking of Juvenile Cod by Means of a Large Spaced Hydrophone Array;482
10.12.1;INTRODUCTION;482
10.12.2;OPERATING PRINCIPLE;483
10.12.3;DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM;483
10.12.4;THE SYSTEM IN PRACTICE;485
10.12.5;ANALYSIS OF THE DATA;485
10.12.6;THE BEHAVIOR OF JUVENILE COD IN LOCH TORRIDON;489
10.12.7;REFERENCES;491
10.13;Chapter 54. Automation of Data Collection in Ultrasonic Biotelemetry;492
10.13.1;INTRODUCTION;492
10.13.2;DECODER;494
10.13.3;RECORDER;496
10.13.4;FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS;496
10.13.5;REFERENCES;497
11;Part IV: Applications in Biotelemetry;498
11.1;Chapter 55. Telemetric Measurements of Hemodynamic Responses to Car Driving in Coronary Patients;500
11.1.1;INTRODUCTION;500
11.1.2;PATIENTS AND METHOD;501
11.1.3;RESULTS;502
11.1.4;DISCUSSION;503
11.1.5;REFERENCES;506
11.2;Chapter 56. Practical Problems of Controlling Medical Implants via Radio Links;508
11.2.1;INTRODUCTION;508
11.2.2;RADIO LINKS;509
11.2.3;CONTROL CIRCUITS;509
11.2.4;RESULTS;514
11.2.5;REFERENCES;515
11.3;Chapter 57. Characterization of Diurnal Activity in Man, Using LAPSE;516
11.3.1;INTRODUCTION;516
11.3.2;LIFE STYLE (24 HOUR RECORD);516
11.3.3;EVALUATION OF STRESS (EXTRACTION OF ACUTE EPISODE);517
11.3.4;MEASUREMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL COST;517
11.3.5;COMPUTATION OF WALKING DISTANCE;518
11.3.6;REFERENCES;519
11.4;Chapter 58. Longterm Monitoring of the Electroencephalogram in Epileptic Patients;520
11.4.1;INTRODUCTION;520
11.4.2;RECORDING METHODS;521
11.4.3;DATA REDUCTION;521
11.4.4;SYSTEM FOR LONGTERM EEG MONITORING;522
11.4.5;DISCUSSION;523
11.4.6;REFERENCES;524
11.5;Chapter 59. The Radio Pressure Pill—Its Use when Measuring Truncal Stress;526
11.5.1;INTRODUCTION;526
11.5.2;THE RADIO PILL;527
11.5.3;APPLICATIONS;528
11.5.4;DISCUSSION;533
11.5.5;REFERENCES;533
11.6;Chapter 60. Radio Telemetric System for Medical Supervision during Swimming;536
11.7;Chapter 61. Chapter Prospects for the Use of Biotelemetry in Studies of the Differentiation of Mammalian Locomotor Systems;538
11.7.1;INTRODUCTION;538
11.7.2;ELECTROMYOGRAPHY;539
11.7.3;MUSCLE DIFFERENTIATION AND THE ADAPTIVE RESPONSE;540
11.7.4;CROSS-INNERVATION;540
11.7.5;THYROIDAL INFLUENCES ON SKELETAL MUSCLE;541
11.7.6;CHANGES IN ACTIVITY DURING DEVELOPMENT;543
11.7.7;CONCLUSION;543
11.7.8;REFERENCES;544
11.8;Chapter 62. Chapter Temperature Sensitive Telemetry Applied to Studies of Small Mammal Activity Patterns;546
11.8.1;REFERENCES;549
11.9;Chapter 63. Chapter The Animal as a Sound Source;550
11.9.1;INTRODUCTION;550
11.9.2;THE SOUND SIGNAL;551
11.9.3;THE SOUND RECORDING;552
11.9.4;RADIO MICROPHONES;553
11.9.5;REFERENCES;554
11.10;Chapter 64. Biotelemetry of the Vocalizations of a Group of Monkeys;556
11.10.1;INTRODUCTION;556
11.10.2;BIOTELEMETRY SYSTEM - DESCRIPTION;557
11.10.3;RESULTS;562
11.10.4;CONCLUSION;565
11.10.5;REFERENCES;565
11.11;Chapter 65. Feeding Dairy Cows by Using Radio Telemetry;566
11.11.1;INTRODUCTION;566
11.11.2;MATERIALS AND METHODS;566
11.11.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;567
11.11.4;REFERENCES;569
11.12;Chapter 66. Atropine Effect on Fear Bradycardia of the Eastern Cottontail Rabbit;570
11.12.1;INTRODUCTION;570
11.12.2;METHODS;571
11.12.3;RESULTS;571
11.12.4;.DISCUSSION;572
11.12.5;REFERENCES;575
11.13;Chapter 67. Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia in Free Ranging Woodchucks;578
11.13.1;INTRODUCTION;578
11.13.2;METHODS;579
11.13.3;RESULTS;579
11.13.4;DISCUSSION;581
11.13.5;REFERENCES;582
11.14;Chapter 68. Radio Telemetry of Heart Rate and Temperature in Fallow Deer;584
11.14.1;AIMS OF STUDY;584
11.14.2;PRELIMINARY DEVELOPMENT OF A TRANSMITTER;584
11.14.3;PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS;588
11.14.4;REFERENCES;588
11.15;Chapter 69. The Use of Radio Telemetry in the Studies of Diving and Flying of Birds;590
11.15.1;DIVING;590
11.15.2;FLYING;594
11.15.3;REFERENCES;597
11.16;Chapter 70. The Use of Radio Telemetry Devices to Measure Temperature and Heart Rate in Domestic Fowl;600
11.16.1;INTRODUCTION;600
11.16.2;RADIO TELEMETRY TRANSMITTER;601
11.16.3;EXPERIMENTS WITH BIRDS;601
11.16.4;REFERENCES;609
11.17;Chapter 71. Changing Heart Rates of Herring Gulls when Approached by Humans;610
11.17.1;INTRODUCTION;610
11.17.2;METHOD;611
11.17.3;RESULTS;612
11.17.4;DISCUSSION;614
11.17.5;REFERENCES;615
11.18;Chapter 72. Telemetry of Heart Rate as a Possible Method of Estimating Energy Expenditurein the Redshank Tringa totanus (L.);616
11.18.1;INTRODUCTION;616
11.18.2;METHODS;617
11.18.3;RESULTS;618
11.18.4;DISCUSSION;620
11.18.5;REFERENCES;622
11.19;Chapter 73. Telemetry of Heart Rate as a Measure of the Effectiveness of Dispersal Inducing Stimuliin Seagulls;624
11.19.1;INTRODUCTION;624
11.19.2;MATERIALS AND METHODS;625
11.19.3;RESULTS;626
11.19.4;DISCUSSION;628
11.19.5;REFERENCES;630
11.20;Chapter 74. The Conflict between Feeding and Overheating in the Aldabran Giant Tortoise;632
11.20.1;INTRODUCTION;632
11.20.2;METHODS;633
11.20.3;RESULTS;633
11.20.4;DISCUSSION;634
11.20.5;REFERENCES;636
11.21;Chapter 75. Salinity Telemetry from Estuarine Fish;638
11.21.1;INTRODUCTION;638
11.21.2;PHYSIOLOGY;638
11.21.3;SYSTEM;639
11.21.4;RECEIVER;641
11.21.5;REFERENCES;642
12;Part V: Applications in Radio Tracking;644
12.1;Chapter 76. The Serengeti Radio Tracking Program,1971-73;646
12.1.1;INTRODUCTION;646
12.1.2;EQUIPMENT;647
12.1.3;PROJECTS EMPLOYING RADIO TRACKING;647
12.1.4;CONCLUSIONS;650
12.1.5;RECOMMENDATIONS;651
12.1.6;REFERENCES;652
12.2;Chapter 77. The Social Organization of a Nocturnal Primate Revealed by Radio Tracking;654
12.2.1;INTRODUCTION;654
12.2.2;STUDY AREA AND METHODS;655
12.2.3;RESULTS;656
12.2.4;DISCUSSION;668
12.2.5;REFERENCES;669
12.3;Chapter 78. Radio Tracking in the Study of Bovine Tuberculosis in Badgers;670
12.3.1;INTRODUCTION;670
12.3.2;CATCHING AND HANDLING BADGERS;671
12.3.3;TRANSMITTER CHARACTERISTICS AND ENCAPSULATION;672
12.3.4;METHODS OF ATTACHMENT;673
12.3.5;TRACKING;674
12.3.6;RESULTS;675
12.3.7;REFERENCES;677
12.4;Chapter 79. Radío Tracking of Rattus norvegicus on Farms;678
12.4.1;INTRODUCTION;678
12.4.2;METHODS;678
12.4.3;RESULTS;679
12.4.4;DISCUSSION;683
12.4.5;REFERENCES;686
12.5;Chapter 80. The Determination of Free Ranging Rodent Activity by Telemetry;688
12.5.1;INTRODUCTION;688
12.5.2;THE TRANSMITTER;688
12.5.3;DETERMINATION OF ACTIVITY;690
12.5.4;MONITORING ANIMALS IN THE FIELD;691
12.5.5;RELIABILITY OF THE METHOD;692
12.5.6;IN THE FUTURE;692
12.5.7;GETTING STARTED;692
12.5.8;REFERENCES;693
12.6;Chapter 81. A Radio Tracking Study of Young Translocated Elephants;694
12.6.1;INTRODUCTION;694
12.6.2;MATERIAL AND METHODS;694
12.6.3;RESULTS;697
12.6.4;DISCUSSION;697
12.6.5;REFERENCES;699
12.7;Chapter 82. Territorial Behavior of the Roe Buck as Determined by Radio Tracking: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Territorial Movements;700
12.7.1;INTRODUCTION;700
12.7.2;RESULTS;701
12.7.3;DISCUSSION;701
12.7.4;REFERENCES;705
12.8;Chapter 83. Home Ranges and Patterns of Distribution of Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in an Urban Area, as Revealed by Radio Tracking;706
12.8.1;INTRODUCTION;706
12.8.2;METHODS;707
12.8.3;RESULTS;707
12.8.4;DISCUSSION;709
12.8.5;REFERENCES;710
12.9;Chapter 84. The Ranging Behavior of a Maturing Female Red Fox;712
12.9.1;DISCUSSION;716
12.9.2;REFERENCES;717
12.10;Chapter 85. Home Range and Activity Rtiythm of Adult Male Foxes during the Breeding Season;718
12.10.1;INTRODUCTION;718
12.10.2;HOME RANGE;719
12.10.3;ACTIVITY RHYTHM;720
12.10.4;REFERENCES;722
12.11;Chapter 86. Movements and Daily Activity Pattern of Radio Tracked Male Stoats;724
12.11.1;INTRODUCTION;724
12.11.2;STUDY AREA AND METHODS;724
12.11.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;725
12.11.4;REFERENCES;730
12.12;Chapter 87. Summer Activity Patterns of Radio Marked Beave;732
12.12.1;INTRODUCTION;732
12.12.2;METHODS;733
12.12.3;RESULTS;733
12.12.4;DISCUSSION;734
12.12.5;REFERENCES;736
12.13;Chapter 88. Radío Telemetric Determination of the 24-Hour Feeding Activities of Sea Otters,;738
12.13.1;INTRODUCTION;738
12.13.2;STUDY AREA AND METHODS;739
12.13.3;RESULTS;740
12.13.4;DISCUSSION;742
12.13.5;REFERENCES;744
12.14;Chapter 89. Home Range Concept and Activity Patterns of the European Wild Boar (Sus scrofa L.) as Determined by Radio Tracking;746
12.14.1;REFERENCES;749
12.15;Chapter 90. The Use of Radio Tracking in an Ecological Study of the Lesser Flamingo in the Eastern Rift Valley;750
12.15.1;INTRODUCTION;750
12.15.2;RADIO TRACKING EQUIPMENT AND METHODS;751
12.15.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;751
12.15.4;REFERENCES;753
12.16;Chapter 91. Radío Tracking in Australia;754
12.16.1;RADIO TRACKING DINGOES FROM AIRCRAFT;754
12.16.2;BRIEF NOTES ON SOME AUSTRALIAN WILDLIFE STUDIES WHICH HAVE USED RADIO TELEMETRY;758
12.16.3;REFERENCES;760
12.17;Chapter 92. Methods and Experience Gained from Biotelemetry Investigations of MoufIon (Ovis ammon musimon Schreber 1782);762
12.17.1;EQUIPMENT USED;762
12.17.2;RELIABILITY AND DURABILITY;763
12.18;Chapter 93. Satellite Radio Tracking of Polar Bears Instrumented in Alaska;764
12.18.1;INTRODUCTION;764
12.18.2;DESCRIPTION OF THE SATELLITE SYSTEM;764
12.18.3;NIMBUS TRANSMITTER DESIGN CRITERIA;765
12.18.4;DESIGN CONSIDERATION FOR POLAR BEAR TRANSMITTERS;766
12.18.5;ELECTRONICS PACKAGING;768
12.18.6;ATTACHMENT DESCRIPTION;768
12.18.7;FIELD OPERATIONS;769
12.18.8;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;770
12.18.9;CONCLUSIONS;772
12.18.10;REFERENCES;773
12.19;Chapter 94. Tracking Pelagic Dolphins by Satellite;774
12.19.1;INTRODUCTION;774
12.19.2;PRELIMINARY TESTS;774
12.19.3;MATERIALS AND METHODS;775
12.19.4;RESULTS;775
12.19.5;CONCLUSION;776
12.19.6;REFERENCE;776
12.20;Chapter 95. Radio Tracldng of Dolphins in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Using VHF and HF Equipment;778
12.20.1;INTRODUCTION;778
12.20.2;MATERIALS AND METHODS;779
12.20.3;RESULTS;780
12.20.4;CONCLUSIONS;780
12.21;Chapter 96. Homing Behavior of Juvenile Green Turtles,;782
12.21.1;INTRODUCTION;782
12.21.2;MATERIALS AND METHODS;783
12.21.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;783
12.21.4;REFERENCES;785
12.22;Chapter 97. Long Range Tracking of Crocodylus porosusin Arnhem Land, Northern Australia;786
12.22.1;INTRODUCTION;786
12.22.2;THE CURRENT TRACKING SYSTEM;787
12.22.3;THE AUTOMATIC TRACKING SYSTEM;790
12.22.4;REFERENCES;796
12.22.5;REFERENCES RELATING TO THE CROCODILE PROGRAMIN NORTHERN AUSTRALIA;796
12.23;Chapter 98. The Use of Longterm Ultrasonic Implants for the Location and Harvest of Schooling Fish;798
12.23.1;INTRODUCTION;798
12.23.2;MATERIALS AND METHODS;798
12.23.3;RESULTS;799
12.23.4;CONCLUSIONS;801
12.23.5;REFERENCES;801
12.24;Chapter 99. The Movements of Migrating Salmonids in the Vicinity of a Heated Effluent Determined by a Temperature and Pressure Sensing Radio Telemetry System;802
12.24.1;INTRODUCTION;802
12.24.2;MATERIALS AND METHODS;802
12.24.3;RESULTS;803
12.24.4;CONCLUSIONS;804
12.24.5;REFERENCES;804
12.25;Chapter 100. studies on the Behavior of Fish in Relationto Power Station Operation in the U.K.;806
12.25.1;INTRODUCTION;806
12.25.2;METHODS AND STUDY SITES;807
12.25.3;RESULTS;807
12.25.4;CONCLUSIONS;808
12.25.5;REFERENCES;809
12.26;Chapter 101. The Coastal Movements of Returning Atlantic Salmon,;810
12.26.1;DISCUSSION;810
12.26.2;REFERENCES;812
13;Author Index;814
14;Subject Index;816