Ashby / Jones Engineering Materials 2

An Introduction to Microstructures, Processing and Design
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-9721-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 369 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: International Series on Materials Science and Technology

Provides a thorough explanation of the basic properties of materials; of how these can be controlled by processing; of how materials are formed, joined and finished; and of the chain of reasoning that leads to a successful choice of material for a particular application. The materials covered are grouped into four classes: metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. Each class is studied in turn, identifying the families of materials in the class, the microstructural features, the processes or treatments used to obtain a particular structure and their design applications. The text is supplemented by practical case studies and example problems with answers, and a valuable programmed learning course on phase diagrams.

Mike Ashby is one of the world's foremost authorities on materials selection. He is sole or lead author of several of Elsevier's top selling engineering textbooks, including Materials and Design: The Art and Science of Material Selection in Product Design, Materials Selection in Mechanical Design, Materials and the Environment, Materials and Sustainable Development, and Materials: Engineering, Science, Processing and Design. He is also co-author of the books Engineering Materials 1&2, and Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Design.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ashby, Michael F.

Jones, D. R. H.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Engineering Materials 2: An Introduction to Microstructures, Processing and Design;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;GENERAL INTRODUCTION;10
6;Part A: Metals;12
6.1;CHAPTER 1. METALS;14
6.1.1;Introduction;14
6.1.2;Metals for a model traction engine;14
6.1.3;Metals for drinks cans;19
6.1.4;Metals for artificial hip joints;19
6.1.5;Data for metals;22
6.1.6;Further reading;23
6.2;CHAPTER 2. METAL STRUCTURES;24
6.2.1;Introduction;24
6.2.2;Crystal and glass structures;24
6.2.3;Structures of solutions and compounds;26
6.2.4;Phases;27
6.2.5;Grain and phase boundaries;28
6.2.6;Shapes of grains and phases;29
6.2.7;Summary: constitution and structure;32
6.2.8;Background reading;33
6.2.9;Further reading;33
6.3;CHAPTER 3. EQUILIBRIUM CONSTITUTION AND PHASE DIAGRAMS;34
6.3.1;Introduction;34
6.3.2;Definitions;34
6.3.3;The lead-tin phase diagram;35
6.3.4;Incompletely defined constitutions;39
6.3.5;Other phase diagrams;40
6.3.6;Further reading;41
6.4;CHAPTER 4. CASE STUDIES IN PHASE DIAGRAMS;42
6.4.1;Introduction;42
6.4.2;Choosing soft solders;42
6.4.3;Pure silicon for microchips;45
6.4.4;Making bubble-free ice;50
6.4.5;Further reading;52
6.5;CHAPTER 5. THE DRIVING FORCE FOR STRUCTURAL CHANGE;53
6.5.1;Introduction;53
6.5.2;Driving forces;53
6.5.3;Reversibility;55
6.5.4;Stability, instability and metastability;57
6.5.5;The driving force for solidification;58
6.5.6;Solid-state phase changes;60
6.5.7;Precipitate coarsening;60
6.5.8;Grain growth;62
6.5.9;Recrystallisation;62
6.5.10;Sizes of driving forces;62
6.5.11;Further reading;62
6.6;CHAPTER 6. KINETICS OF STRUCTURAL CHANGE: I—DIFFUSIVE TRANSFORMATIONS;63
6.6.1;Introduction;63
6.6.2;Solidification;63
6.6.3;Heat-flow effects;68
6.6.4;Solid-state phase changes;69
6.6.5;Diffusion-controlled kinetics;69
6.6.6;Shapes of grains and phases;70
6.6.7;Further reading;72
6.7;CHAPTER 7. KINETICS OF STRUCTURAL CHANGE: II—NUCLEATION;73
6.7.1;Introduction;73
6.7.2;Nucleation in liquids;73
6.7.3;Heterogeneous nucleation;75
6.7.4;Nucleation in solids;78
6.7.5;Summary;79
6.7.6;Postscript;79
6.7.7;Further reading;79
6.8;CHAPTER 8. KINETICS OF STRUCTURAL CHANGE: III—DISPLACIVE TRANSFORMATIONS;80
6.8.1;Introduction;80
6.8.2;The diffusive f.c.c. . b.c.c. transformation in pure iron;81
6.8.3;The time-temperature-transformation diagram;84
6.8.4;The displacive f.c.c. . b.c.c. transformation;84
6.8.5;Details of martensite formation;86
6.8.6;The martensite transformation in steels;88
6.8.7;A martensite miscellany;90
6.8.8;Further reading;91
6.9;CHAPTER 9. CASE STUDIES IN PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS;92
6.9.1;Introduction;92
6.9.2;Making rain;92
6.9.3;Fine-grained castings;94
6.9.4;Single crystals for semiconductors;97
6.9.5;Amorphous metals;99
6.9.6;Further reading;102
6.10;CHAPTER 10. THE LIGHT ALLOYS;120
6.10.1;Introduction;120
6.10.2;Solid solution hardening;103
6.10.3;Age (precipitation) hardening;105
6.10.4;Work hardening;112
6.10.5;Thermal stability;113
6.10.6;Background reading;113
6.10.7;Further reading;113
6.11;CHAPTER 11. STEELS: I—CARBON STEELS;114
6.11.1;Introduction;114
6.11.2;Microstructures produced by slow cooling ("normalising");114
6.11.3;Mechanical properties of normalised carbon steels;119
6.11.4;Quenched and tempered carbon steels;119
6.11.5;Cast irons;123
6.11.6;Some notes on the TTT diagram;124
6.11.7;Further reading;125
6.12;CHAPTER 12. STEELS: II—ALLOY STEELS;126
6.12.1;Introduction;126
6.12.2;Hardenability;126
6.12.3;Solution hardening;129
6.12.4;Precipitation hardening;129
6.12.5;Corrosion resistance;130
6.12.6;Stainless steels;130
6.12.7;Background reading;132
6.12.8;Further reading;132
6.13;CHAPTER 13. CASE STUDIES IN STEELS;133
6.13.1;Metallurgical detective work after a boiler explosion;133
6.13.2;Welding steels together safely;136
6.13.3;The case of the broken hammer;139
6.13.4;Further reading;141
6.14;CHAPTER 14. PRODUCTION, FORMING AND JOINING OF METALS;142
6.14.1;Introduction;142
6.14.2;Casting;143
6.14.3;Working processes;146
6.14.4;Recovery and recrystallisation;150
6.14.5;Machining;152
6.14.6;Joining;153
6.14.7;Surface engineering;154
6.14.8;Energy-efficient forming;154
6.14.9;Background reading;155
6.14.10;Further reading;155
7;Part B: Ceramics and glasses;156
7.1;CHAPTER 15. CERAMICS AND GLASSES;158
7.1.1;Introduction;158
7.1.2;The generic ceramics and glasses;159
7.1.3;Cement and concrete;160
7.1.4;Ceramic composites;162
7.1.5;Data for ceramics;163
7.1.6;Further reading;163
7.2;CHAPTER 16. STRUCTURE OF CERAMICS;164
7.2.1;Introduction;164
7.2.2;Ionic and covalent ceramics;164
7.2.3;Simple ionic ceramics;165
7.2.4;Simple covalent ceramics;166
7.2.5;Silica and silicates;167
7.2.6;Silicate glasses;169
7.2.7;Ceramic alloys;170
7.2.8;The microstructure of ceramics;171
7.2.9;Vitreous ceramics;171
7.2.10;Stone or rock;172
7.2.11;Ceramic composites;172
7.2.12;Further reading;172
7.3;CHAPTER 17. THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS;173
7.3.1;Introduction;173
7.3.2;The elastic moduli;173
7.3.3;Strength, hardness and the lattice resistance;174
7.3.4;Fracture strength of ceramics;176
7.3.5;Thermal shock resistance;178
7.3.6;Creep of ceramics;178
7.3.7;Further reading;179
7.4;CHAPTER 18. THE STATISTICS OF BRITTLE FRACTURE AND CASE STUDY;180
7.4.1;Introduction;180
7.4.2;The statistics of strength and the Weibull distribution;180
7.4.3;The time-dependence of ceramic strength;184
7.4.4;Further reading;188
7.5;CHAPTER 19. PRODUCTION, FORMING AND JOINING OF CERAMICS;189
7.5.1;Introduction;189
7.5.2;The production of engineering ceramics;189
7.5.3;Forming of engineering ceramics;190
7.5.4;Production and forming of glass;193
7.5.5;The production and forming of pottery, porcelain and brick;196
7.5.6;Improving the performance of ceramics;196
7.5.7;Joining of ceramics;198
7.5.8;Further reading;200
7.6;CHAPTER 20. SPECIAL TOPIC: CEMENTS AND CONCRETES;201
7.6.1;Introduction;201
7.6.2;Chemistry of cements;201
7.6.3;The structure of Portland cement;204
7.6.4;Concrete;205
7.6.5;The strength of cement and concrete;206
7.6.6;High-strength cements;208
7.6.7;Further reading;209
8;Part C: Polymers and composites;210
8.1;CHAPTER 21. POLYMERS;212
8.1.1;Introduction;212
8.1.2;The generic polymers;213
8.1.3;Material data;216
8.1.4;Further reading;219
8.2;CHAPTER 22. THE STRUCTURE OF POLYMERS;220
8.2.1;Introduction;220
8.2.2;Molecular length and degree of polymerisation;220
8.2.3;The molecular architecture;222
8.2.4;Packing of polymer molecules and the glass transition;224
8.2.5;Further reading;228
8.3;CHAPTER 23. MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF POLYMERS;229
8.3.1;Introduction;229
8.3.2;Stiffness: the time- and temperature-dependent modulus;230
8.3.3;Strength: cold drawing and crazing;238
8.3.4;Further reading;243
8.4;CHAPTER 24. PRODUCTION, FORMING AND JOINING OF POLYMERS;244
8.4.1;Introduction;244
8.4.2;Synthesis of polymers;244
8.4.3;Polymer alloys;245
8.4.4;Forming of polymers;247
8.4.5;Joining of polymers;250
8.4.6;Further reading;251
8.5;CHAPTER 25. COMPOSITES: FIBROUS, PARTICULATE AND FOAMED;252
8.5.1;Introduction;252
8.5.2;Fibrous composites;253
8.5.3;Particulate composites;261
8.5.4;Cellular solids, or foams;261
8.5.5;Materials that can be engineered;264
8.5.6;Further reading;265
8.6;CHAPTER 26. SPECIAL TOPIC: WOOD;266
8.6.1;Introduction;266
8.6.2;The structure of wood;267
8.6.3;The mechanical properties of wood;269
8.6.4;Summary: wood compared to other materials;274
8.6.5;Further reading;274
9;Part D: Designing with metals, ceramics, polymers and composites;276
9.1;CHAPTER 27. DESIGN WITH MATERIALS;278
9.1.1;Introduction;278
9.1.2;Design methodology;280
9.1.3;Further reading;282
9.2;CHAPTER 28. CASE STUDIES IN DESIGN;283
9.2.1;1. DESIGNING WITH METALS: CONVEYOR DRUMS FOR AN IRON ORE TERMINAL;283
9.2.2;2. DESIGNING WITH CERAMICS: ICE FORCES ON OFFSHORE STRUCTURES;290
9.2.3;3. DESIGNING WITH POLYMERS: A PLASTIC WHEEL;294
9.2.4;4. DESIGNING WITH COMPOSITES: MATERIALS FOR VIOLIN BODIES;299
9.3;APPENDIX 1: TEACHING YOURSELF PHASE DIAGRAMS;307
9.3.1;TEACHING YOURSELF PHASE DIAGRAMS, PART 1 COMPONENTS, PHASES AND STRUCTURES;307
9.3.2;TEACHING YOURSELF PHASE DIAGRAMS PART 2 ONE AND TWO COMPONENT SYSTEMS;318
9.3.3;TEACHING YOURSELF PHASE DIAGRAMS, PART 3 EUTECTICS, EUTECTOIDS AND PERITECTICS;333
9.3.4;TEACHING YOURSELF PHASE DIAGRAMS, PART 4 FINAL PROBLEMS;350
10;APPENDIX 2: EXAMPLES;357
11;APPENDIX 3: SYMBOLS AND FORMULAE;369
12;INDEX;376