Benson Principles of Health Interoperability HL7 and SNOMED

2. Auflage 2012
ISBN: 978-1-4471-2801-4
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 316 Seiten, eBook

Reihe: Health Information Technology Standards

The aims and scope of the second edition are unchanged from the first edition. The major market is in health informatics education. The three part format, which covers principles of health interoperability, HL7 and interchange formats, and SNOMED CT and clinical terminology, works well.

In the US, The ONC (Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology) has estimated that the HITECH stimulus will create more than 50,000 new jobs for health informatics professionals, who need to be educated.

Zielgruppe

Professional/practitioner

Autoren/Hrsg.

Benson, Tim

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword to the First Edition;7
2;Foreword to the Second Edition;9
3;Preface;11
4;Series Preface;13
5;About the Author;15
6;Acknowledgments;17
7;Contents;19
8;Part I: Principles of Health Interoperability;27
8.1;Chapter 1: The Health Information Revolution;28
8.1.1;Healthcare is Communication;28
8.1.1.1;Rules for Twenty-First-Century Healthcare;30
8.1.2;Information Handling;31
8.1.2.1;Use of Information;31
8.1.3;Clinical Decisions;32
8.1.4;Lessons of History;34
8.1.4.1;El Camino Hospital;34
8.1.4.2;Problem-Oriented Medical Records;35
8.1.4.3;Success in GP Surgeries;36
8.1.4.4;Failure in NHS Hospitals;36
8.1.4.5;The NHS National Programme;37
8.1.4.6;Canada;39
8.1.4.7;Denmark;39
8.1.5;Meaningful Use;39
8.1.5.1;Meaningful Use Stage 1;40
8.1.6;References;44
8.2;Chapter 2: Why Interoperability is Hard;46
8.2.1;Why Standards are Needed;47
8.2.2;Electronic Health Records;49
8.2.3;The Devil is in the Detail;51
8.2.3.1;Addresses;52
8.2.4;Complexity Creates Errors;54
8.2.4.1;Change Management;56
8.2.5;References;56
8.3;Chapter 3: Models;58
8.3.1;The Importance of Models;58
8.3.1.1;Models in Interoperability Standards;59
8.3.1.2;Model-Driven Architecture;60
8.3.2;Life Cycle;61
8.3.3;Scope;61
8.3.4;Storyboards;63
8.3.4.1;Fred and His Dog;64
8.3.5;Requirements Specification;66
8.3.6;Conceptual Design;67
8.3.7;Technology-Specific Specification;69
8.3.8;An Example: Colorectal Cancer Referral;70
8.3.9;References;74
8.4;Chapter 4: UML and XML;75
8.4.1;UML;75
8.4.1.1;Class Diagrams;77
8.4.1.2;Modeling Behavior;81
8.4.2;BPMN;85
8.4.3;XML;88
8.4.3.1;XML Documents;88
8.4.3.2;XML Elements;89
8.4.4;XML Attributes;90
8.4.4.1;XML Schema;90
8.4.4.2;Namespaces;92
8.4.4.3;Style Sheets;92
8.4.4.4;XPath;92
8.4.5;Reference;94
8.5;Chapter 5: Privacy;95
8.5.1;Data Protection;96
8.5.1.1;OECD Principles;97
8.5.1.2;Information Governance;98
8.5.1.3;Authentication;99
8.5.1.4;Authorization;99
8.5.2;Consent Management;100
8.5.3;Cryptography;102
8.5.3.1;Digital Signature;104
8.5.3.2;Encryption;104
8.5.3.3;Other Security Services;105
8.5.4;Refere nces;105
8.6;Chapter 6: Standards Development Organizations;106
8.6.1;What is a Standard?;106
8.6.2;How Standards Bodies Work;108
8.6.3;Standards Development Organizations (SDOs);109
8.6.4;HL7 International;110
8.6.4.1;HL7 Products;112
8.6.4.2;Ballot Process;112
8.6.4.3;Membership;113
8.6.4.4;The Technical Steering Committee;115
8.6.5;IHTSDO;115
8.6.6;IHE;117
8.6.7;Continua Alliance;117
8.6.8;CDISC;118
8.6.9;OpenEHR;119
8.6.10;Open Health Tools;120
8.6.11;References;121
9;Part II: HL7 and Interchange Formats;122
9.1;Chapter 7: HL7 Version 2;123
9.1.1;Message Syntax;124
9.1.1.1;Delimiters;125
9.1.1.2;Segment Definition;128
9.1.2;Segments;129
9.1.2.1;Message Heavder MSH;129
9.1.2.2;Event Type (EVN);131
9.1.2.3;Patient Identification Details (PID);131
9.1.2.4;Patient Visit (PV1);132
9.1.2.5;Request and Specimen Details (OBR);132
9.1.2.6;Result Details (OBX);132
9.1.2.7;Z-Segments;133
9.1.3;A Simple Example;134
9.1.4;Data Types;135
9.1.4.1;Simple Data Types;135
9.1.4.2;Complex Data Types;137
9.1.4.3;Names and Addresses;139
9.1.4.4;Other Complex Data Types;139
9.1.5;HL7 V2 Tables;139
9.1.6;HL7 V2 Documentation;140
9.1.7;Further Reading;141
9.2;Chapter 8: The HL7 V3 RIM;142
9.2.1;Origins;142
9.2.2;Overview;143
9.2.3;The RIM Backbone;144
9.2.3.1;Common Attributes;146
9.2.4;Act;147
9.2.5;Entity;151
9.2.6;Role;154
9.2.7;Association Classes;154
9.2.8;V3 Data Types;156
9.2.8.1;Basic Data Types;156
9.2.8.2;Instance Identifier (II);156
9.2.8.3;Code Data Types;158
9.2.8.4;Dates and Times;160
9.2.8.5;Name and Address;160
9.2.8.6;Generic Collections;161
9.2.9;Special Fields;161
9.2.10;Use of the RIM;161
9.2.11;References;162
9.3;Chapter 9: Constrained Information Models;163
9.3.1;Types of Model;163
9.3.2;Types of Constraint;165
9.3.3;Vocabulary and Value Sets;166
9.3.4;Artifact Names;166
9.3.5;A Simple Example;167
9.3.6;RMIM Notation;169
9.3.6.1;Tooling;172
9.3.6.2;Templates;172
9.3.7;Clinical Statement Pattern;172
9.3.7.1;Relationships between Entries;173
9.3.8;HL7 Development Framework;174
9.3.8.1;Profiles;176
9.3.8.2;Implementation Technology Specification (ITS);176
9.3.9;Documentation;177
9.4;Chapter 10: Clinical Document Architecture;179
9.4.1;The Document Paradigm;179
9.4.2;CDA History;181
9.4.3;Header;182
9.4.3.1;Patient;185
9.4.3.2;Author;186
9.4.3.3;Steward;187
9.4.3.4;Other Participants;187
9.4.3.5;Relationships;187
9.4.4;Body;189
9.4.4.1;Section;189
9.4.4.2;Clinical Statement;191
9.4.5;CDA Templates;191
9.4.6;Continuity of Care Document (CCD);193
9.4.6.1;CCD Body;195
9.4.7;greenCDA;196
9.4.8;References;198
9.5;Chapter 11: HL7 Dynamic Model;199
9.5.1;Interaction;199
9.5.2;Trigger Event;199
9.5.3;Application Role;201
9.5.4;Message Type;202
9.5.5;Interaction Sequence;202
9.5.6;Message Wrapper;202
9.5.7;Query;204
9.5.8;Acknowledgement;204
9.5.9;Safety;204
9.6;Chapter 12: IHE XDS;206
9.6.1;Why XDS?;206
9.6.2;XDS Metadata;207
9.6.2.1;Document Data;208
9.6.2.2;Patient Data;209
9.6.2.3;Author Data;210
9.6.2.4;Event Data;211
9.6.2.5;Technical Data;211
9.6.2.6;Submission Sets and Folders;212
9.6.3;XDS Transactions and Extensions;212
9.6.3.1;Point-to-Point Transmission;214
9.6.3.2;Information Retrieval;215
9.6.3.3;Security Profiles;215
9.6.3.4;OpenExchange;216
9.6.4;References;217
10;Part III: SNOMED and Terminology;218
10.1;Chapter 13: Clinical Terminology;219
10.1.1;Importance;219
10.1.2;Coding and Classification;221
10.1.3;Terminology Terms;223
10.1.4;User Requirements;224
10.1.5;Cimino’s Desiderata;226
10.1.5.1;The Chocolate Teapot;227
10.1.6;References;231
10.2;Chapter 14: Coding and Classification Schemes;232
10.2.1;International Classification of Diseases;232
10.2.2;Diagnosis-Related Groups;234
10.2.3;The Read Codes;235
10.2.3.1;Hierarchical Codes;236
10.2.3.2;Automatic Encoding;237
10.2.3.3;Diseases;238
10.2.3.4;Procedures;238
10.2.3.5;History/Symptoms;239
10.2.3.6;Occupations;240
10.2.3.7;Examination/Signs;240
10.2.3.8;Prevention;241
10.2.3.9;Administration;242
10.2.3.10;Drugs;242
10.2.3.11;Development;242
10.2.3.12;Why Read Codes Were Successful;243
10.2.3.13;Problems;244
10.2.4;SNOP and SNOMED;245
10.2.5;LOINC;246
10.2.6;UMLS;248
10.2.7;References;249
10.3;Chapter 15: SNOMED CT;250
10.3.1;Introduction;250
10.3.2;Components;252
10.3.2.1;The sctId;252
10.3.2.2;Concept;254
10.3.2.3;Description;255
10.3.2.4;Relationships;256
10.3.3;Expressions;257
10.3.3.1;Precoordination;260
10.3.3.2;Postcoordination;260
10.3.3.3;Axis Modification;261
10.3.3.4;Subsumption Testing;262
10.3.4;Other Aspects;262
10.3.4.1;Subsets;262
10.3.4.2;Cross Mappings;264
10.3.4.3;History Files;265
10.3.4.4;Releases;265
10.3.4.5;Documentation;267
10.3.5;References;267
10.4;Chapter 16: SNOMED CT Concept Model;269
10.4.1;SNOMED Hierarchies;269
10.4.2;Attributes;270
10.4.3;Object Hierarchies;272
10.4.3.1;Clinical Findings;272
10.4.3.2;Procedures;274
10.4.3.3;Situations with Explicit Context;277
10.4.3.4;Observable Entities;277
10.4.3.4.1;Event;278
10.4.3.4.2;Staging and Scales;278
10.4.3.4.3;Specimen;278
10.4.4;Value Hierarchies;278
10.4.4.1;Body Structure;278
10.4.4.2;Organism;279
10.4.4.3;Substance;279
10.4.4.4;Pharmaceutical/Biologic Product;279
10.4.4.5;Physical Object;279
10.4.4.6;Physical Force;280
10.4.4.7;Social Context;280
10.4.4.8;Environments and Geographic Locations;280
10.4.5;Miscellaneous Hierarchies;280
10.4.5.1;Qualifier Value;280
10.4.5.2;Special Concept;280
10.4.5.3;Record Artifact;280
10.4.5.4;Core Metadata Concept;281
10.4.5.5;Foundation Metadata Concept;281
10.4.5.6;Linkage Concept;281
10.5;Chapter 17: Using SNOMED and HL7 Together;283
10.5.1;Terminology Binding;283
10.5.2;Model of Use;284
10.5.3;Model of Meaning;288
10.5.4;Structural Models;289
10.5.5;Implementation Issues;291
10.5.6;When to Use HL7 and SNOMED;293
10.5.7;References;295
11;Glossary;297
12;Further Reading;316
12.1;Papers and Chapters;316
12.2;Standards and Reports;318
12.3;Books;319
12.4;On-line Resources;322
13;Index;323