Bessede Eco-friendly Innovations in Electricity Transmission and Distribution Networks

1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-78242-019-4
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 0, 442 Seiten

Reihe: Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy

Electricity transmission and distribution (T&D) networks carry electricity from generation sites to demand sites. With the increasing penetration of decentralised and renewable energy systems, in particular variable power sources such as wind turbines, and the rise in demand-side technologies, the importance of innovative products has never been greater. Eco-design approaches and standards in this field are aimed at improving the performance as well as the overall sustainability of T&D network equipment. This multidisciplinary reference provides coverage of developments and lessons-learned in the fields of eco-design of innovation from product-specific issues to system approaches, including case studies featuring problem-solving methodologies applicable to electricity transmission and distribution networks. - Discusses key environmental issues and methodologies for eco-design, and applies this to development of equipment for electricity transmission and distribution. - Provides analysis of using and assessing advanced equipment for wind energy systems. - Includes reviews of the energy infrastructure for demand-side management in the US and Scandinavia.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Bessede, Jean-Luc

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Related titles;3
3;Eco-friendly Innovations in Electricity Transmission and Distribution Networks;4
4;Copyright;5
5;Contents;6
6;Dedication;14
7;List of contributors;16
8;Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy;18
9;Acknowledgements;22
10;Introduction;24
11;Part 1 Eco-design and innovation in electricity transmission and distribution networks;32
11.1;1 - The implications of climate change and energy security for global electricity supply: the Energy (R)evolution;34
11.1.1;1.1 Greenhouse emissions and climate change;34
11.1.2;1.2 Primary energy resources;46
11.1.3;1.3 The fossil fuels;47
11.1.4;1.4 Carbon dioxide capture and storage and clean coal technologies;55
11.1.5;1.5 Uranium resources and nuclear energy;57
11.1.6;1.6 Contribution of all fossil and nuclear fuels4,5;59
11.1.7;1.7 What is the solution for saving the planet?;61
11.1.8;1.8 Development of global energy demand;67
11.1.9;1.9 The hydrogen economy11;71
11.1.10;1.10 Conclusions;73
11.1.11;Acknowledgements;75
11.1.12;References and further reading;75
11.1.13;1. Author biography;75
11.2;2 - Key performance indicators in assessing new technology for electricity transmission and distribution networks;78
11.2.1;2.1 Introduction;78
11.2.2;2.2 Key performance indicators to assess the environmental impact of transmission and distribution networks;79
11.2.3;2.3 Test networks;86
11.2.4;2.4 A methodology for evaluating KPIs;88
11.2.5;2.5 Results;89
11.2.6;References;94
11.3;3 - Improving European Union ecodesign standardization;96
11.3.1;3.1 Standardization policy;96
11.3.2;3.2 Product ecodesign;97
11.3.3;3.3 Ecodesign methodology;99
11.3.4;3.4 Ecodesign for energy-related products: the new scope of the ErP directive;101
11.3.5;3.5 Applying ecodesign directive to electricity transmission and distribution technology: power transformers;103
11.3.6;3.6 Methodology for ecodesign of energy-related products (MeerP);104
11.3.7;3.7 Two European initiatives on resource efficiency and critical raw materials;105
11.3.8;3.8 The product environmental footprint;107
11.3.9;3.9 Future trends;108
11.3.10;References and further reading;111
11.3.11;List of acronyms used;112
11.4;4 - Approaches for multi-objective optimization in the ecodesign of electric systems;114
11.4.1;4.1 Introduction;114
11.4.2;4.2 Ecodesign principles;114
11.4.3;4.3 Matching models and algorithms;115
11.4.4;4.4 Multi-objective algorithms and techniques;118
11.4.5;4.5 Optimization problem transformation techniques;121
11.4.6;4.6 Summary: using different techniques;126
11.4.7;References;127
11.5;5 - Strategic environmental assessment of power plants and electricity transmission and distribution networks;130
11.5.1;5.1 Introduction;130
11.5.2;5.2 SEA in different countries;131
11.5.3;5.3 The contribution of SEA to sustainability;133
11.5.4;5.4 SEA in the power planning process;134
11.5.5;5.5 Stages of SEA;138
11.5.6;5.6 SEA indicators: measuring differences within power plan alternatives;143
11.5.7;5.7 Conclusions and future trends;145
11.5.8;5.8 Sources of further information and advice;146
11.5.9;Acknowledgements;147
11.5.10;References;147
12;Part 2 Application and assessment of advanced equipment for electricity transmission and distribution networks;152
12.1;6 - Life cycle assessment of equipment for electricity transmission and distribution networks;154
12.1.1;6.1 Introduction;154
12.1.2;6.2 Introduction to life cycle assessment;154
12.1.3;6.3 Applying LCA in practice: power transformer;156
12.1.4;6.4 Applying LCA in practice: a 765kV AC transmission system;160
12.1.5;6.5 Conclusions;163
12.1.6;References;164
12.2;7 - Superconducting DC cables to improve the efficiency of electricity transmission and distribution networks: an overview;166
12.2.1;7.1 Introduction;166
12.2.2;7.2 Superconducting cable systems: key elements;166
12.2.3;7.3 Superconducting materials;168
12.2.4;7.4 Cable conductors and electrical insulation;171
12.2.5;7.5 Cable cryostat;173
12.2.6;7.6 Cable terminations and joints;176
12.2.7;7.7 Cryogenic machine;178
12.2.8;7.8 Superconductive cable system configurations;179
12.2.9;7.9 Power dissipation sources in the superconducting system;179
12.2.10;7.10 Power losses from AC ripples;182
12.2.11;7.11 Comparing power dissipation in a DC superconducting system to a conventional system;186
12.2.12;7.12 Opportunities for DC superconducting cables;193
12.2.13;7.13 Conclusions;195
12.2.14;References;197
12.3;8 - Improving energy efficiency in railway powertrains;200
12.3.1;8.1 Introduction;200
12.3.2;8.2 Upstream design of an onboard energy storage system;201
12.3.3;8.3 Techniques to optimize the design of the ESS;204
12.3.4;8.4 Downstream optimization of a transformer and its rectifier;207
12.3.5;8.5 Techniques to optimize the design of the transformer and rectifier;209
12.3.6;8.6 Conclusion;211
12.3.7;References;212
12.4;9 - Reducing the environmental impacts of power transmission lines;214
12.4.1;9.1 Introduction;214
12.4.2;9.2 Environmental challenges relating to grid lines;214
12.4.3;9.3 Environmental legislation and guidelines;216
12.4.4;9.4 The importance of stakeholder engagement;220
12.4.5;9.5 The challenges of implementing nature legislation;221
12.4.6;9.6 Biodiversity along grid lines;223
12.4.7;9.7 Best practice approaches;223
12.4.8;9.8 Conclusion;226
12.4.9;References;227
12.4.10;Further reading and source of information;229
12.5;10 - Ecodesign of equipment for electricity distribution networks;230
12.5.1;10.1 Introduction;230
12.5.2;10.2 Legislation and standards in Europe relating to energy-efficient design;233
12.5.3;10.3 The product environmental profile program for energy-efficient design;236
12.5.4;10.4 Typical electricity distribution network equipment;238
12.5.5;10.5 End-of-life management of electricity distribution network equipment;239
12.5.6;10.6 Case study: managing the recycling of medium-voltage switchgear;240
12.5.7;10.7 Meeting PEP and LCA requirements for electricity distribution network equipment;243
12.5.8;10.8 Case study: LCA of medium-voltage switchgear;243
12.5.9;10.9 Future trends;246
12.5.10;List of acronyms;248
12.5.11;References;249
13;Part 3 Application and assessment of advanced wind energy systems;250
13.1;11 - Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis in wind energy systems;252
13.1.1;11.1 Introduction;252
13.1.2;11.2 Wind turbines;253
13.1.3;11.3 Maintenance theory;256
13.1.4;11.4 Condition monitoring of WTs;258
13.1.5;11.5 Sensory signals and signal processing methods;267
13.1.6;11.6 Conclusions;267
13.1.7;List of acronyms;268
13.1.8;References;268
13.2;12 - Development of permanent magnet generators to integrate wind turbines into electricity transmission and distribution n ...;274
13.2.1;12.1 Introduction;274
13.2.2;12.2 Wind turbine power conversion: the induction generator;274
13.2.3;12.3 Wind turbine power conversion: the synchronous generator;278
13.2.4;12.4 Improving reliability: the direct drive permanent magnet generator;282
13.2.5;12.5 Optimizing direct drive permanent magnet generators;283
13.2.6;12.6 Comparing different configurations;288
13.2.7;12.7 Conclusion and future trends;291
13.2.8;References;292
13.3;13 - Advanced AC and DC technologies to connect offshore wind farms into electricity transmission and distribution networks;294
13.3.1;13.1 Introduction;294
13.3.2;13.2 Wind power development and wind turbine technologies;295
13.3.3;13.3 Wind farm configuration and wind power collection;299
13.3.4;13.4 Multiterminal HVDC for offshore wind power transmission;304
13.3.5;13.5 Control of centralised AC/DC converter for offshore wind farms with induction generators;311
13.3.6;13.6 Future trends;319
13.3.7;References;320
13.4;14 - DC grid architectures to improve the integration of wind farms into electricity transmission and distribution networks;322
13.4.1;14.1 Introduction;322
13.4.2;14.2 Benefits of using a pure DC grid;323
13.4.3;14.3 Current wind farm architectures;324
13.4.4;14.4 Case study to compare different architectures;326
13.4.5;14.5 Strengths and weaknesses of different architectures;330
13.4.6;14.6 Availability estimation;338
13.4.7;14.7 Overall comparison;340
13.4.8;14.8 Conclusions;340
13.4.9;References;341
14;Part 4 Smart grid and demand-side management for electricity transmission and distribution networks;344
14.1;15 - Improved energy demand management in buildings for smart grids: the US experience;346
14.1.1;15.1 Introduction;346
14.1.2;15.2 Smart energy infrastructure: an overview;346
14.1.3;15.3 Core technologies;350
14.1.4;15.4 Architectures for building-to-grid communications;352
14.1.5;15.5 Building applications;355
14.1.6;15.6 Case studies: building-to-grid applications for peak load reduction;359
14.1.7;15.7 Case studies: building-to-grid applications for integration of renewable power sources;364
14.1.8;15.8 Conclusions and future trends;367
14.1.9;References;368
14.2;16 - Smart meters for improved energy demand management: the Nordic experience;370
14.2.1;16.1 Introduction;370
14.2.2;16.2 The Schneider Electric experience of AMI deployment in Sweden and Finland;373
14.2.3;16.3 Planning the deployment of a massive AMI;374
14.2.4;16.4 Rollout of the AMI platform into milestone areas;377
14.2.5;16.5 Launching the operation of the AMI platform;383
14.2.6;16.6 Leveraging a smart metering infrastructure to add value;387
14.2.7;16.7 Conclusions;392
14.2.8;Reference;392
14.3;17 - Managing charging of electric vehicles in electricity transmission and distribution networks;394
14.3.1;17.1 Introduction;394
14.3.2;17.2 EV charging: issues and opportunities for the distribution grid;394
14.3.3;17.3 Impact of FR charging strategies on the distribution grid;398
14.3.4;17.4 Smart VR charging strategies: a key paradigm for electric transportation;401
14.3.5;17.5 Smart grid for vehicle charging: a case study;405
14.3.6;17.6 Conclusions;406
14.3.7;References;406
14.4;18 - The Serhatköy photovoltaic power plant and the future of renewable energy on the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus: Integrating solar photovoltaic and wind farms into electricity transmission and distribution networks;408
14.4.1;18.1 Background;408
14.4.2;18.2 Electricity sector;410
14.4.3;18.3 The solar project;413
14.4.4;18.4 The tender process and awarding of the contract;418
14.4.5;18.5 Construction of the plant;419
14.4.6;18.6 Performance of the plant;419
14.4.7;18.7 Recommendations for future improvements to the Serhatköy power plant;424
14.4.8;18.8 The Intergovernmental Programme for Climate Change;426
14.4.9;18.9 The future;427
14.4.10;18.10 Conclusions;432
14.4.11;Acknowledgements;432
14.4.12;References and further reading;432
14.4.13;18. Authors' biography;433
15;Index;434
16;Plate Captions List;444

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